Final Exam Chapters 11-20

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In the context of civil governance, which of the following are true of Locke's view on people's consent?

- In a political society, individuals consent to be bound by the majority - Laws should be framed with the consent of the majority of the population

According to John Locke, why do people create a political society?

- To have an independent judge to decide disputes - To have a set of written laws

Which of the following is a conclusion Berkeley drew from First Dialogue between Hylas and Philonus?

Only ideas exist

According to Berkeley, what did physicists include in their theories to obscure science?

metaphysics

Locke defined _____ as conformity to the law of opinion.

virtue

Hume believed that the idea of causality arises in the mind _____.

when we experience certain relations between objects

According to Rousseau, a way to confront the matter of the corruption of morals of citizens is to acknowledge the role of _____.

women

Which belief of Locke led to his rejection of the theory of innateness?

All ideas come from experience.

Which empiricist argued that an abstract term like "force" was simply a word describing our sensation of the behavior of things and gave us no more knowledge than what our senses and reflections gave us?

Berkeley

Which empiricist wrote the philosophical work Essay towards a New Theory of Vision?

Berkeley

Who argued in his New Theory of Vision that all our knowledge depended on actual vision and other sensory experiences?

Berkeley

Who argued that the notion of matter was the chief cause of error and difficulty in the sciences?

Berkeley

Identify a paradoxical argument in Rousseau's Discourse on the Arts and Sciences that the readers had difficulty understanding.

Civilization is the cause of unhappiness

_____ is the autobiography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Confessions

_____ furthered the Enlightenment agenda with his skeptical attacks on belief in God, miracles, and life after death.

David Hume

Which among the following best describes Rousseau's opinion on the character of people after art and literature?

Deceptions in relationships

_____ is Rousseau's prize-winning work that started his literary career.

Discourse on the Arts and Science

What did Locke identify as the true rule for human behavior in the ethical context?

Divine law

Who is the father of deism in Great Britain?

Edward Herbert

_____ is an epic work that contained the distinctive ideas of the philosophes published under the editorship of Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert.

Encyclopédie

During the eighteenth century Europe experienced an intellectual movement called the _____.

Enlightenment

True or false: According to Rousseau, even if the "will of all" had the same purpose as the "general will," there would still be differences between them.

False

True or false: Berkeley believed that if we accepted the existence of an inert material substance, then we would have to accept the existence of spiritual substances also in the universe.

False

True or false: Hume believed that we could assign God as the cause of the universe using the analogy of the watch.

False

_____ is the birthplace of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Geneva

What did Berkeley aim to achieve through his argument that only ideas, instead of things, exist?

He aimed to prove that ideas exist to eliminate the useless concept of matter

Identify the argument proposed by Rousseau to reject the doctrine of original sin.

He argued that the origin of evil is found in the later stages of human development in society.

Identify the set of political leaders who were criticized by Rousseau.

He criticized the ones who emphasized the economic aspects of politics.

Which philosopher aimed to emphasize that the order of the universe was simply an empirical fact and that we could not infer from it the existence of God?

Hume

Who stated that philosophers should reject every system of ethics, however subtle or ingenious, which is not founded on fact and observation?

Hume

_____ was a philosopher who wrote Essays Moral and Political.

Hume

_____ was a philosopher who wrote Treatise of Human Nature.

Hume

According to Locke, which type of knowledge is immediate, leaves no doubt, and helps us in knowing that we exist?

Intuitive

Identify Rousseau's argument against luxury.

It cannot produce a lasting society.

According to Hume, what is causality with respect to the human mind?

It is a habit of association produced by repetition of instances

Which of the following statements best defines deism?

It is the view that God created the world but thereafter left it alone

Identify the impact of luxury on artists and musicians who pursue it.

It lowers their genius to mediocre works.

What was Ralph Cudworth's position on the demonstration of God's existence?

It rested on the premise that certain principles are innate in the human mind.

When a religious doctrine goes beyond the five common notions, how should it be be viewed?

It should be viewed as fabrications by religious leaders for their own advantage

_____ did much to establish the Enlightenment conception of human nature with his view that the mind is a blank state at birth and assembles ideas as experience rushes in through the senses.

John Locke

Which philosopher gained popularity after authoring An Essay concerning Human Understanding?

Locke

Who was the first philosopher to produce a full-length inquiry into the scope and limits of the human mind?

Locke

In his most famous book, _____, Herbert lays out a philosophical system built on the theory that our minds contain instinctive "common notions" that are universally true.

On Truth

Identify the true statement about Rousseau's opinion on the character of people before art and literature.

People's morals were rude but natural

According to Herbert, who disseminates religious truth to people in religions that are completely fabricated by their religious leaders?

Philosophers

Identify a common notion that forms the basis of religion.

Proper moral behavior is the best form of worship

_____ is to the philosophy as grace is to the Christian.

Reason

What was the rallying cry of enlightenment?

Reason should guide all human efforts

According to Locke, what produces ideas in our minds that have no exact counterpart in the object?

Secondary qualities

According to Locke's philosophical thought, through what do we receive several distinct perceptions in our minds and thereby become conversant about objects external to us?

Sensation

What was Berkeley's opinion about substances?

Substances do not exist

What led Hume to deny the existence of a continuous self?

The belief that substances do not exist in any form

According to Berkeley's beliefs, what did the existence of all things depend on?

The existence of God

According to Locke, how does the mind receive simple ideas?

The mind receives them passively through the senses.

What was Berkeley's unique contribution to empiricism?

The notion that the existence of something depends on its being perceived.

According to Voltaire, how did the religious believers cause weak minds conclude that there is no God?

They advocated absurd and revolting ideas.

Which of they following statements is true of philosophers?

They challenged the traditional forms of thought concerning religion, government and morality.

According to Berkeley's philosophy, when human minds are intermittently diverted from things, where do the things exterior to the mind exist?

They exist in an omnipresent eternal mind

How do philosophers and lawmakers of a fabricated religion discover religious truth?

They find it within themselves

According to Locke, how does the mind receive complex ideas?

They form when the mind brings together a group of simple ideas.

According to Rousseau, why were the people in the state of nature happy?

They lived entirely for themselves.

Identify Voltaire's view on atheists.

They were part-time philosophers

How do Deists discover if they are punished or rewarded, in an afterlife, for their conduct?

They would discover this through reason

_____ was a product of Enlightenment Philosophy.

Thomas Reid

What did Locke believe were primary qualities?

Those that really exist in the bodies themselves

What is a philosophical work of George Berkeley?

Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonus

True or false: According to Hume, the belief that things exist external to us, is the product of human imagination.

True

What was the difference in opinion between Berkeley and Hume over the existence of substance?

Unlike Berkeley, Hume denied that substance in any form exists.

What was the difference in the views of Berkeley and Locke regarding characteristics of objects?

Unlike Locke, Berkeley believed that primary and secondary qualities are not independent of each other.

According to Locke, when is a rebellion justified in a sovereign state?

When the government is dissolved

What was Hume's explanation for the association of ideas with each other in the human mind?

Whenever there are certain qualities in ideas, these ideas are associated with each other.

According to Hume, what is the original stuff of thought called?

an impression

Hume stated that the "self" is a(n) _____.

bundle of different perceptions

Hume believed that the _____ principle is the foundation on which the validity of all knowledge depends.

casual

According to Reid's constructive theme in his philosophy, the proper approach to philosophy draws from _____.

commonsense principles of reason

Hume thought that from impressions, our imagination becomes aware of both _____.

constancy and coherence

Hume believed that when A is the cause of an effect B, then this experience can be explained by the two relations _____.

contiguity and priority in time

Hume believed that an idea is merely a(n) _____.

copy of an impression

Tindal followed the _____ approach to Deism, drawing on human experience as a means of demonstrating the religion of nature.

empirical

Hume believed that moral judgments are formed through _____.

feelings

Hume postulated that the perceptions of the mind take the forms of _____.

impressions and ideas

Berkeley believed that perceived ideas were created and caused to be in humans by a(n)----.

infinite mind

According to Rousseau, what is the consequence of people developing social contacts?

intense competition rises

What was the main aspect for which Rousseau's Discourse on the Arts and Sciences was criticized?

it was weak in reasoning.

According to Tindal's natural religion, our belief in the existence of a God comes from pure _____.

knowledge of God

According to Rousseau, social contract is a living reality that will be found wherever there are _____.

legitimate governments

Hume believed that the idea of causality suggested that between a cause A and an effect B, there is a(n) _____ between objects.

necessary connection

According to Locke, intuitive, demonstrative, and sensitive knowledge are types of _____.

perception

Hume believed that the contents of the mind could be reduced to the materials called _____, given to us by the senses and experience.

perceptions

According to Diderot, Encyclopédie could only belong to a _____ age because of the intellectual demands of the work.

philosophical

Hume believed that the _____ gives us the impression of our continuous identity.

power of memory

Rousseau states that by social contract people gain _____.

property rights in what they possess

Rousseau argued that morals had been corrupted by the replacement of religion by _____.

science

What did Locke believe to be the two sources of ideas?

sensation and reflection

According to Rousseau, _____ is the fundamental principle underlying a political association.

social contract

Berkeley believed that the ultimate reality was _____ in nature.

spiritual

Locke believed that _____ constitutes the object of sensitive knowledge.

substance

Locke believed that primary qualities subsist in ----.

substance

Locke was of the opinion that a government is dissolved when _____.

there has been an alteration of the legislature

What was Rousseau's purpose in writing The Social Contract?

to provide an answer to the question of why people ought to obey the laws of government


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