Final Exam Chapters 11-20
In the context of civil governance, which of the following are true of Locke's view on people's consent?
- In a political society, individuals consent to be bound by the majority - Laws should be framed with the consent of the majority of the population
According to John Locke, why do people create a political society?
- To have an independent judge to decide disputes - To have a set of written laws
Which of the following is a conclusion Berkeley drew from First Dialogue between Hylas and Philonus?
Only ideas exist
According to Berkeley, what did physicists include in their theories to obscure science?
metaphysics
Locke defined _____ as conformity to the law of opinion.
virtue
Hume believed that the idea of causality arises in the mind _____.
when we experience certain relations between objects
According to Rousseau, a way to confront the matter of the corruption of morals of citizens is to acknowledge the role of _____.
women
Which belief of Locke led to his rejection of the theory of innateness?
All ideas come from experience.
Which empiricist argued that an abstract term like "force" was simply a word describing our sensation of the behavior of things and gave us no more knowledge than what our senses and reflections gave us?
Berkeley
Which empiricist wrote the philosophical work Essay towards a New Theory of Vision?
Berkeley
Who argued in his New Theory of Vision that all our knowledge depended on actual vision and other sensory experiences?
Berkeley
Who argued that the notion of matter was the chief cause of error and difficulty in the sciences?
Berkeley
Identify a paradoxical argument in Rousseau's Discourse on the Arts and Sciences that the readers had difficulty understanding.
Civilization is the cause of unhappiness
_____ is the autobiography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Confessions
_____ furthered the Enlightenment agenda with his skeptical attacks on belief in God, miracles, and life after death.
David Hume
Which among the following best describes Rousseau's opinion on the character of people after art and literature?
Deceptions in relationships
_____ is Rousseau's prize-winning work that started his literary career.
Discourse on the Arts and Science
What did Locke identify as the true rule for human behavior in the ethical context?
Divine law
Who is the father of deism in Great Britain?
Edward Herbert
_____ is an epic work that contained the distinctive ideas of the philosophes published under the editorship of Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert.
Encyclopédie
During the eighteenth century Europe experienced an intellectual movement called the _____.
Enlightenment
True or false: According to Rousseau, even if the "will of all" had the same purpose as the "general will," there would still be differences between them.
False
True or false: Berkeley believed that if we accepted the existence of an inert material substance, then we would have to accept the existence of spiritual substances also in the universe.
False
True or false: Hume believed that we could assign God as the cause of the universe using the analogy of the watch.
False
_____ is the birthplace of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Geneva
What did Berkeley aim to achieve through his argument that only ideas, instead of things, exist?
He aimed to prove that ideas exist to eliminate the useless concept of matter
Identify the argument proposed by Rousseau to reject the doctrine of original sin.
He argued that the origin of evil is found in the later stages of human development in society.
Identify the set of political leaders who were criticized by Rousseau.
He criticized the ones who emphasized the economic aspects of politics.
Which philosopher aimed to emphasize that the order of the universe was simply an empirical fact and that we could not infer from it the existence of God?
Hume
Who stated that philosophers should reject every system of ethics, however subtle or ingenious, which is not founded on fact and observation?
Hume
_____ was a philosopher who wrote Essays Moral and Political.
Hume
_____ was a philosopher who wrote Treatise of Human Nature.
Hume
According to Locke, which type of knowledge is immediate, leaves no doubt, and helps us in knowing that we exist?
Intuitive
Identify Rousseau's argument against luxury.
It cannot produce a lasting society.
According to Hume, what is causality with respect to the human mind?
It is a habit of association produced by repetition of instances
Which of the following statements best defines deism?
It is the view that God created the world but thereafter left it alone
Identify the impact of luxury on artists and musicians who pursue it.
It lowers their genius to mediocre works.
What was Ralph Cudworth's position on the demonstration of God's existence?
It rested on the premise that certain principles are innate in the human mind.
When a religious doctrine goes beyond the five common notions, how should it be be viewed?
It should be viewed as fabrications by religious leaders for their own advantage
_____ did much to establish the Enlightenment conception of human nature with his view that the mind is a blank state at birth and assembles ideas as experience rushes in through the senses.
John Locke
Which philosopher gained popularity after authoring An Essay concerning Human Understanding?
Locke
Who was the first philosopher to produce a full-length inquiry into the scope and limits of the human mind?
Locke
In his most famous book, _____, Herbert lays out a philosophical system built on the theory that our minds contain instinctive "common notions" that are universally true.
On Truth
Identify the true statement about Rousseau's opinion on the character of people before art and literature.
People's morals were rude but natural
According to Herbert, who disseminates religious truth to people in religions that are completely fabricated by their religious leaders?
Philosophers
Identify a common notion that forms the basis of religion.
Proper moral behavior is the best form of worship
_____ is to the philosophy as grace is to the Christian.
Reason
What was the rallying cry of enlightenment?
Reason should guide all human efforts
According to Locke, what produces ideas in our minds that have no exact counterpart in the object?
Secondary qualities
According to Locke's philosophical thought, through what do we receive several distinct perceptions in our minds and thereby become conversant about objects external to us?
Sensation
What was Berkeley's opinion about substances?
Substances do not exist
What led Hume to deny the existence of a continuous self?
The belief that substances do not exist in any form
According to Berkeley's beliefs, what did the existence of all things depend on?
The existence of God
According to Locke, how does the mind receive simple ideas?
The mind receives them passively through the senses.
What was Berkeley's unique contribution to empiricism?
The notion that the existence of something depends on its being perceived.
According to Voltaire, how did the religious believers cause weak minds conclude that there is no God?
They advocated absurd and revolting ideas.
Which of they following statements is true of philosophers?
They challenged the traditional forms of thought concerning religion, government and morality.
According to Berkeley's philosophy, when human minds are intermittently diverted from things, where do the things exterior to the mind exist?
They exist in an omnipresent eternal mind
How do philosophers and lawmakers of a fabricated religion discover religious truth?
They find it within themselves
According to Locke, how does the mind receive complex ideas?
They form when the mind brings together a group of simple ideas.
According to Rousseau, why were the people in the state of nature happy?
They lived entirely for themselves.
Identify Voltaire's view on atheists.
They were part-time philosophers
How do Deists discover if they are punished or rewarded, in an afterlife, for their conduct?
They would discover this through reason
_____ was a product of Enlightenment Philosophy.
Thomas Reid
What did Locke believe were primary qualities?
Those that really exist in the bodies themselves
What is a philosophical work of George Berkeley?
Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonus
True or false: According to Hume, the belief that things exist external to us, is the product of human imagination.
True
What was the difference in opinion between Berkeley and Hume over the existence of substance?
Unlike Berkeley, Hume denied that substance in any form exists.
What was the difference in the views of Berkeley and Locke regarding characteristics of objects?
Unlike Locke, Berkeley believed that primary and secondary qualities are not independent of each other.
According to Locke, when is a rebellion justified in a sovereign state?
When the government is dissolved
What was Hume's explanation for the association of ideas with each other in the human mind?
Whenever there are certain qualities in ideas, these ideas are associated with each other.
According to Hume, what is the original stuff of thought called?
an impression
Hume stated that the "self" is a(n) _____.
bundle of different perceptions
Hume believed that the _____ principle is the foundation on which the validity of all knowledge depends.
casual
According to Reid's constructive theme in his philosophy, the proper approach to philosophy draws from _____.
commonsense principles of reason
Hume thought that from impressions, our imagination becomes aware of both _____.
constancy and coherence
Hume believed that when A is the cause of an effect B, then this experience can be explained by the two relations _____.
contiguity and priority in time
Hume believed that an idea is merely a(n) _____.
copy of an impression
Tindal followed the _____ approach to Deism, drawing on human experience as a means of demonstrating the religion of nature.
empirical
Hume believed that moral judgments are formed through _____.
feelings
Hume postulated that the perceptions of the mind take the forms of _____.
impressions and ideas
Berkeley believed that perceived ideas were created and caused to be in humans by a(n)----.
infinite mind
According to Rousseau, what is the consequence of people developing social contacts?
intense competition rises
What was the main aspect for which Rousseau's Discourse on the Arts and Sciences was criticized?
it was weak in reasoning.
According to Tindal's natural religion, our belief in the existence of a God comes from pure _____.
knowledge of God
According to Rousseau, social contract is a living reality that will be found wherever there are _____.
legitimate governments
Hume believed that the idea of causality suggested that between a cause A and an effect B, there is a(n) _____ between objects.
necessary connection
According to Locke, intuitive, demonstrative, and sensitive knowledge are types of _____.
perception
Hume believed that the contents of the mind could be reduced to the materials called _____, given to us by the senses and experience.
perceptions
According to Diderot, Encyclopédie could only belong to a _____ age because of the intellectual demands of the work.
philosophical
Hume believed that the _____ gives us the impression of our continuous identity.
power of memory
Rousseau states that by social contract people gain _____.
property rights in what they possess
Rousseau argued that morals had been corrupted by the replacement of religion by _____.
science
What did Locke believe to be the two sources of ideas?
sensation and reflection
According to Rousseau, _____ is the fundamental principle underlying a political association.
social contract
Berkeley believed that the ultimate reality was _____ in nature.
spiritual
Locke believed that _____ constitutes the object of sensitive knowledge.
substance
Locke believed that primary qualities subsist in ----.
substance
Locke was of the opinion that a government is dissolved when _____.
there has been an alteration of the legislature
What was Rousseau's purpose in writing The Social Contract?
to provide an answer to the question of why people ought to obey the laws of government
