final exam

Sean is under an extreme amount of stress. He is battling with his boss about a failed project. In this time of stress, Sean turns to his friends for support and spends as much time with his children as possible. Taylor and colleagues would say that Sean is demonstrating a(n) _____ response to stress.

tend or befriend

mindfulness meditation

in a stress management, a way of paying attention to the inner state of your body and mind in order to promise relaxation

problem-focused coping

managing stress by directly confronting the source of the stress

emotion-focused coping through biofeedback

using physiological measurements to learn how to relax the muscles and slow the heart rate

Which of these people is the BEST example of a Type A personality? a) Andre, a competitive, easily angered journalist b) Clay, a reflective, open-minded artist c) Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant d) Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor

a) Andre, a competitive, easily angered journalist

Jeremy's New Year's resolution is to lose weight and stop smoking. Based on the research on self-control, which approach is likely to be MOST successful? a) Jeremy should try to lose weight first and then stop smoking b) Jeremy should accept himself as he is c) Jeremy should wait until after the New Year to focus on changes d) Jeremy should try to lose weight and stop smoking at the same time

a) Jeremy should try to lose weight first and then stop smoking

James has recently moved to a new state for his job. This is an example of: a) a significant life change b) a daily hassle c) social stress d) a catastrophe

a) a significant life change

With respect to stress, which list contains an item that does NOT belong with the others? a) aerobic exercise, building social support, preventing stress b) having a sense of control, finding meaning, preventing stress c) meditation, managing stress, religious activity d) managing stress, aerobic exercise, meditation

a) aerobic exercise, building social support, preventing stress

Kavon is torn. Two bands he loves are playing live in his town this coming weekend --- but at the same time at different clubs! Kavon faces a(n) ____ conflict in making his weekend plans. a) approach-approach b) intrinsic-extrinsic c) fight-or-flight d) approach-avoidance

a) approach-approach

Across the adult lifespan, the amount of stress that people experience: a) decreases b) remains unchanged c) increases d) varies unpredictably

a) decreases

Margaret is depressed and also has lung cancer. Any treatment for depression will: a) improve her quality of life b) cure the cancer c) increase her chances of survival d) increase her level of depression

a) improve her quality of life

Arianna experienced chronic stress for the past 10 years. Now her immune system is malfunctioning. Which type of cell in her body is LEAST likely to be impacted? a) red blood cells b) B lymphocytes c) macrophages d) T lymphocytes

a) red blood cells

Maggie just started her fourth year of medical school and is an avid cyclist. During her summer off of medical school she had a bike accident that produced a large contusion on her knee. If Maggie had the same accident during finals week, what would one expect to happen? a) she would heal more slowly than in the summer b) she would heal at the same rate as in the summer c) she would develop cancer in the damaged area d) her immune system would increase dramatically so she would heal more quickly

a) she would heal more slowly than in the summer

Personal milestones such as getting married, getting divorced, or having a child go off to college are examples of: a) significant life changes b) catastrophes c) daily hassle d) environmental stressors

a) significant life changes

Carissa is in the middle of finals week and finds that her anxiety and stress levels are making it difficult to concentrate on her studying. She should: a) spend time petting her dog b) drink more coffee to help her concentration c) smoke a cigarette d) remind herself of the importance of doing well

a) spend more time petting her dog

A local religious organization has taken an interest in reaching out to community members with AIDS. They were prompted to do this when they learned that religiously active AIDS patients seem to _____ than do their nonreligious counterparts. a) survive longer b) has more depressed moods c) have higher stress hormone levels d) exhibit fewer problem-focused coping skills

a) survive longer

Problem-focused coping

an approach to managing stress that directly targets the stressor, attempting to remove or reduce the source of the stress

emotion-focused coping

an approach to managing stress that targets the negative emotions produced by the stress, attempting to remove or reduce those emotions

Your father-in-law had a serious heart attack several weeks ago. You are concerned because he lives alone. After his heart attack, which of the following acquisitions would increase his odds of survival? a) a more reliable automobile b) a dog c) a bicycle helmet d) safety bars in his bathroom

b) a dog

After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, many people from around the country went to New York City to lend aid. This response to stress is an example of: a) resistance b) a tend-and-befriend response c) a catastrophe d) a significant life change

b) a tend-and-befriend response

emotion-focused coping

managing stress by reducing the negative feelings produced by the stress

emotion-focused coping through aerobic exercise

managing the stress response and improving mood while increasing cardiovascular health

emotion-focused coping

more likely to be used by individuals with external locus of control

problem-focused coping

more likely to be used by individuals with internal locus of control

Stress

The body's response to a threat or challenge

emotion

a conscious mental state or feeling that arises spontaneously as a reaction to events

external locus of control

belief that you have little or no personal control over events of your life; external forces, or random events, are in charge of your destiny

internal locus of control

belief that you have personal control over events of your life, and thus have the power to make changes

problem-focused coping by solving the problem

directly addressing the stress of an important writing assignment by completing the assignment

emotion-focused coping through social support

reducing the intensity of the negative stress-related emotions by seeking comfort from friends and family

Cognitive

refers to the mental activities involved in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and reasoning

exercise and mood

*Reduces stress, depression, and anxiety *cope better with stress McCann & Holmes (1984) *Treatment for depression--> aerobic exercise + antidepressants + psychotherapy

social support

in stress management, emotional support from others that helps to calm the body and reduce negative emotions

Donald takes 15-minute lunch breaks, goes to the bathroom only when he can no longer hold it anymore, has to have his cell phone with him at all times, checks his texts messages the moment he wakes up, and puts in 14-hour days at the office. Donald is a Type _______ personality.

A

Scheier & Carver (1992)

Optimists perceive more control, cope better with stressful events and enjoy better health Optimists recover faster from heart surgery optimists outlive pessimists

Being "on hold" on the phone when one calls a customer service center is annoying, and it may distract one from the other things need to do. As a stressor, being on hold exemplifies a: a) daily hassle b) catastrophe c) personal stressor d) significant life change

a) daily hassle

A study of Catholic nuns asked to write a brief autobiography at age 22 found that those who had expressed _______ in their autobiographies lived an average lived an average of 7 years longer. a) happiness, love, and other positive feelings b) fear of the future c) anger and sorrow d) narcissism

a) happiness, love, and other positive feelings

Luoe examines how social support may buffer the negative effects of stigma on the well-being of HIV-positive gay men of color. Lupe is MOST likely a _______ psychologist a) health b) clinical c) social d) medical

a) health

Regular aerobic exercise has NOT been found to: a) increase blood flow b) strengthen the heart c) lower blood pressure d) constrict blood vessels

d) constrict blood vessels

Jennifer was driving her car to school when it broke down. Which statement is true? a) the car breaking down is a chronic stress b) Jennifer's feelings of frustration are a stress reaction c) Jennifer's driving is a stressor d) Going to school is a stress response

b) Jennifer's feelings of frustration are a stress reaction

Looking for the silver lining in a challenging situation is an example of ________ coping. a) primary b) emotion-focused c) problem-focused d) secondary

b) emotion-focused

Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. According to Selye, she is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? a) 1, experiencing an alarm reaction b) 2, in a state of resistance c) 3, in a state of exhaustion d) 4, unable to recover

c) 3, in a state of exhaustion

Jane and Sue leave a building and see a dog running toward them. Jane assumes that the dog wants to play. Sue assumes the dog is going to attack. Which of these is MOST likely? a) both Sue and Jane will experience a negative stress reaction b) Jane's stress reaction will be more negative than Sue's c) Sue's stress reaction will be more negative than Jane's d) Neither Sue nor Jane will experience a negative stress reaction

c) Sue's stress reaction will be more negative than Jane's

Alan reluctantly decided to take a long-awaited trip to New Zealand. The thing that is most disturbing to him is that he must leave his pet monkey behind. There is a "pet hotel" in the city that has agreed to take him. Should Alan worry about him? a) no. Monkeys love new social situations, and their immune systems are actually strengthened by them. b) yes. Monkeys under stress due to social disruptions tend to have increased lymphocyte production c) yes. Monkeys under stress due to social disruptions have weakened immune systems d) unknown. No studies have been examining social disruptions and monkey immune systems

c) Yes. Monkeys under stress due to social disruptions have weakened immune systems

John has been an active member of his church for the past 35 years. His good health may be attributed to: a) increased practice using stress management skills b) a consistent routine c) access to a support network d) the decreased likelihood that he engages in a healthy lifestyle

c) access to a support network

In the 1990s, Alanis Morissette sang that "a traffic jam when you're already late" is ironic. Although it actually may not be ironic, this situation is indeed a(n): a) microstressor b) life change c) annoyance d) daily hassle

d) daily hassle

John has just finished a brutal tour of combat in Afghanistan where he saw a lot of fighting. Several of his friends were killed, but he was able to fight despite the death around him. The two stress hormones at play were ______ and ______. a) epinephrine; serotonin b) telomeres; epinephrine c) cortisol; epinephrine d) epinephrine; insulin

c) cortisol: epinephrine

After breaking up with her boyfriend, Jessica came down with a severe respiratory infection. Her illness may have been exacerbated to a large extent by a(n) __________ in her body's release of _________. a) decline; norepinephrine b) increase; NK cells c) decline; lymphocytes d) increase; serotonin

c) decline; lymphocytes

Aerobic exercise ______ the body's production of serotonin and _______ its production of endorphins. a) decreases; increases b) increases; decreases c) increases; increases d) decreases; decreases

c) increases; increases

Although fear can have negative consequences, it can also be adaptive. Which of the following is NOT an example of an adaptive fear response? a) fear prepares our bodies to flee from danger b) fear can bind people together as families, nations, etc. c) fear of injury can protect us from harm d) fear of rejection can lead us to engage in risky behaviors

d) fear pf rejection can leas us to engage in risky behaviors

Stressor

event or object that is the source of stress; any threat or challenge to a person

Pessimists

expect things to go badly; blame others

Optimists

expect to have control, work well under stress, and enjoy good health. it runs in families

Depression

extreme mood swing in a negative direction, accompanied by feeling of worthlessness, helplessness, and hopelessness

Sandy is a human resources director for a chain of fast-food restaurants. When interviewing perspective employees, Sandy is known to finish their sentences and to be very short with them if they do not quickly finish a sentence. According to Friedman, Rosenman, and colleagues, Sandy os a Type ______ personality.

A

People tend to use emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies when they: a) deal with the stress of daily hassles, such as obnoxious cell-phone talkers b) believe they cannot change a stressful situation c) appraise a stressful event as a challenge rather than a threat d) enter the resistance phase of the general adaption syndrome

b) believe they cannot change a stressful situation

Joseph has been experiencing financial problems associated with his recent divorce. He was able to save $300 from his tips, because he could not pay off his bills, he decided to purchase a flat-screen television to help him take his mind off his stress. This is an example of _____ coping. a) social-focused b) emotion-focused c) problem-focused d) problem-minded

b) emotion-focused

Which of the following characterizes the third place of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? a) resistance b) exhaustion c) an alarm reaction d) low blood pressure

b) exhaustion

A month ago, Jason lost his job due to circumstances beyond his control, and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her green card and that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold, so he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, what is Most likely happening to Jason? a) He is less vulnerable to disease b) his immune response is dropping c) his blood pressure is decreasing d) his stress hormone levels are depressed

b) his immune response is dropping

Susan was diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer and was referred by her doctor to a mindfulness meditation group. Her doctor explained that meditation may help her by: a) increasing appetite b) improving immune functioning and coping c) increasing social support d) increasing energy

b) improving immune functioning and coping

Some researchers suggest. that there is a link between stress and cancer. However, one problem of focusing is on this relationship is that some: a) healthy people will tell patients with cancer that their cancer is not their fault b) patients will blame themselves for their illness c) healthy people will not take credit for their healthy character d) patients will not blame themselves for their illness

b) patients will blame themselves for their illness

Which of these is NOT a reason religiously active people tend to have a longer life expectancy? a) they tend to drink less b) prayer stimulates lymphocytes c) they smoke less d) they have more social support

b) prayer stimulates lymphocytes

Attempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor is known as ________ coping. a) problem-minded b) problem-focused c) emotion-focused d) social-focused

b) problem-focused

Based on the textbook's discussion, __________ may help us better manage stress, whereas _________ may help us experience less stress in the first place. a) being optimistic; meditation b) aerobic exercise; meditation c) aerobic exercise; building social support d) having a sense of control; finding meaning

c) aerobic exercise; building social support

A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of: a) spontaneous b) the general adaptation syndrome c) stress appraisal d) biofeedback

c) stress appraisal

Which of the following is promoted by feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family? a) a reduction of natural killer cells b) the adaptation-level phenomenon c) stronger immune functioning d) reduced oxytocin level

c) stronger immune functioning

Religiously active AIDS patients ________ than do their nonreligious counterparts. a) have more depressed moods b) have higher stress hormone levels c) survive longer d) exhibit fewer problem-focused coping skills

c) survive longer

Psychologists would most likely use biofeedback to help clients reduce: a) nicotine addiction b) depression c) tension headaches d) obesity

c) tension headaches

Donald takes 15-minute lunch breaks, goes to the bathroom only when he can no longer hold it, has to have his cell phone with him at all times, checks his Blackberry the moment he wakes up, and puts in 14 hours a day at the office. Donald is a: a) type B personality b) type C personality c) type A personality d) type D personality

c) type A personality

emotion-focused coping through meditation

calming body and mind by paying attention to moment-to-moment conscious experience

___________ instruments mirror the results of a person's own efforts, enabling the person to learn which techniques do (or do not) control a particular physiological response. a) spontaneous remission b) catharsis c) polygraph d) biofeedback

d) biofeedback

biofeedback

in stress management, displaying a person's own physiological measurements so that the person can become aware of the body's reaction to stress or relaxation

aerobic exercise

in stress management, sustained exercise that improves cardiovascular functioning helps to relax the body and reduce negative emotions