FINAL EXAM PERCEPTION

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene and "b" is a recessive gene. One parent has genes Ab and the other parent has genes aa. What genes will the children probably have?

1/2 Ab and 1/2 bb

How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?

12

According to David Chalmers, consciousness is:

A fundamental property of matter

Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in?

A movement disorder

What is apoptosis?

A program of suicide by a neuron

A presynaptic terminal is known as?

An end bulb

The chemicals used as neurotransmitters in humans are found in?

Apparently all or nearly all other species

The nucleus basalts is a key part of the brains system for:

Attention

The "all-or-none" law applies to?

Axons

The term pons [meaning bridge] is named as such because:

Axons within the pons cross over from one side to the other

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.

Calcium

Large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the:

Cell body

Across mammalian species, the most constant structure [in terms of relative size] is the:

Cerebellum

The nucleus basalts sends information to the:

Cerebral Cortex

Which of the following would most likely result in an IPSP?

Chloride ions entering the cell

The ascending portion of the reticular formation:

Controls the motor areas of the brain

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?

Coronal

The large bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is called the?

Corpus Collosum

Vision is to ____ as hearing is to ____

Cranial nerve II, cranial nerve VIII

Multiple sclerosis is one of several ______.

Demyelinating diseases

Correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?

Dendrite, cell body, axon

The branching fibers that form in the information - receiving pole of the nerve cells are called?

Dendrites

Some dendrites contain additional short outgrowths. What are these outgrowths called?

Dendritic SpinesSome

Chromosomes consist of large, double-stranded molecules of:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

At high rises, MDMA:

Destroys axons that release serotonin

What type of neurons in the substantial migration deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

Which of the following means "towards the back?"

Dorsal

The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called?

Dorsal root ganglia

Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a[n]:

EEG

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA] is also known as?

Ecstasy

The Limbic system is important for:

Emotional Behaviors

The neuron excretes neurotransmitter through its membrane by a process called:

Exocytosis

The cell membrane is composed of two layers of:

Fat

The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all:

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A[n] ______ explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

Functional

Which of the following is NOT one of the many ways that genes can affect behavior?

Genes themselves cause behavior without any influence of the environment.

Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

Gray matter

If a drug binds to a particular receptor, it is said to:

Have an affinity for that type of receptor

Individuals with parietal lobe damage:

Have difficulty binding the different aspects of perception

A person with two recessive genes is considered to be ____ for that trait.

Homozygous

Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is ____ for them.

Homozygous

Although the pituitary gland is often called the master gland, its activity is regulated by the:

Hypothalamus

Chemicals known as ____ and _____ guide neuron migration

Immunoglobuline; chemokines

The Raphe System,

Increases the brains readiness to respond to stimuli

At the synapse, amphetamine:

Increases the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal

Which of the following is nOT. a function of neurotrophins?

Induce apoptosis of neurons

The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones:

Into the bloodstream

A functional explanation of why giraffes have such long necks is that:

It allows them to greater access to their food supply

What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?

It breaks acetylcholine down into components for recycling

The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that...

It can send more complex messages

What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?

It is a gas

The "spontaneous firing rate" of neuron refers to?

It's rate of producing action potentials even when it is not stimulated

What is one factor in determining whether a drug that readily attaches to a receptor will have agonistic or antagonistic effects?

Its efficacy

The parasympathetic nervous system has:

Long preganlionic and short postganglionic axons

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salvation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?

Medulla

Reflective changes in heart rate when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by which of the following?

Medulla

The hippocampus plays a major role in:

Memory

What term describes the movement of primitive neurons and glia within the developing nervous system?

Migration

Where do metabolic activities occur that provide energy for all of the other activities of the cell?

Mitochondria

The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?

Movement

The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends output to:

Much of the cerebral cortex

The stages of neurogenesis that occur for the longest duration are:

Myelination and synaptogenesis

What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system?

Neurons and Glia

Santiago Ramon u Cajal demonstrated that:

Neurons are separate form one another

Reuptake is the absorption of?

Neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron

Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as?

Nodes of Ranvier

The structure that contains the chromosomes is called the:

Nucleus

Understanding how genes, nutrition, and experience work together to produce a tendency toward a particular sexual orientation is an example of a[n] ____ explanation.

Ontogenetic

If a person believes that hormones released at different stages of the menstrual cycle affect a person's mood, then it would be considered a[n] ____ explanation.

Physiological

Proliferation is the:

Production of new cells

A strand of DNA serves as a template [model] for the synthesis of?

RNA

Which of the following actions is most likely to be dependent on inotropic effects?

Rapid muscle contraciton

Which of the following characterizes ionotropic effects?

Rapid, short-lived effects

Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves?

Sensation and muscle control of the head

LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs resemble which neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

Besides problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum would also likely have problems with:

Shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

Hormones exert their effects:

Similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity?

Slowed digestion

Like an action potential, an EPSP results from:

Sodium ions entering the cell

Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?

Somatic

Chemicals that cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:

Specialized protein channels

What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?

Substances found in the diet

What is meant by neural Darwanism?

Successful neurons develop while less successful neurons weaken or die

Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight activities?

Sympathetic

Charles S Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of which of the following?

Synapses

Specialized junctions between neurons are called:

Synapses

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect, He referred to this phenomenon as:

Temporal summation

Which of the following structures provides the main source of input for the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

The central nervous system is composed of:

The brain and spinal cord

If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?

The fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal vision.

Which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells?

The follow chemical gradients from the target cell

What is the synaptic cleft?

The gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

Which feature of a neuron limits the number of action potentials it can produce per second?

The refractory period

Which of the following is TRUE of local neurons?

They have short dendrites and axons

Which of the following is NOT true about EPSP's?

They operate on an all-or-none principle

The post central gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation?

Touch

After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:

Uninjured axons to form new branches

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in:

Vesicles

The tiny packets that contain neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron are called:

Vesicles

Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.

Vision, hearing

After learning strengthens one set of synapses, other synapses ...

Weaken

A drug that blocks the effects of neurotransmitter is a[n] ______; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a[n] ______.

antagonist; agonist

An EPSP is to ______ as an IPSP is to ______.

depolarization; hyperpolarization

The precentral gyrus is essential for?

fine movements

Saltatory conduction ____ the velocity of action potentials and ____ the amount of energy used by the neuron.

increases, decreases

A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a[n] ____ effect or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects.

inotropic, metabotropic

The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because ?

its contained in the skull

Which effect is consistently associated with a "Second messenger" ?

metabotropic

The endoplasmic reticulum is a:

network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins

Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.

norepinephrine; acetylcholine

An autosomal gene is a gene:

on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome.

Acetylcholine is synthesized in the:

presynaptic terminal

In most cases, how many neurotransmitters can activate a postsynaptic neuron?

several transmitters, with different synapses responding to different transmitters

In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitter[s] and can respond to ____ neurotransmitter[s].

several, many

The ____ of neurons most strongly differentiate them from other cells in the body.

shape

Minimalists believe that:

some animal research is acceptable, but not all

Myelin covers?

some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates.

The correct sequence of chemical events at a synapse is:

synthesis, transport, release, reuptake

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:

the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons