FINAL EXAM PSYCH

When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is, A. "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?" B. "Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?" C. "If the feared event happens, so what?" D. "What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?"

A. "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?"

_____ are considered leaders in the cognitive therapy movement. A. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis B. Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney C. Carl Jung and Fritz Perls D. John Watson and Edward Thorndike

A. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by _____. A. Albert Ellis B. Aaron Beck C. Donald Meichenbaum D. B. F. Skinner

A. Albert Ellis

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cognitive psychotherapy? A. Cognitive psychotherapy is typically more structured and less spontaneous than humanistic psychotherapy. B. Compared to behavioral psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy deemphasizes internal, mental processes. C. Relative to psychodynamic therapy, cognitive therapy's typical treatment length is 10-15 sessions longer. D. Cognitive therapy is typically more costly than psychoanalytic treatment.

A. Cognitive psychotherapy is typically more structured and less spontaneous than humanistic psychotherapy.

According to the humanistic approach, there are three essential therapeutic conditions that characterize successful therapist-client relationships. _____ is among these three essential therapeutic conditions. A. Empathy B. Conditional positive regard C. Interpretation D. Transference

A. Empathy

_____ was founded by Fritz Perls and it emphasizes a holistic approach to enhancing the client's experience. A. Gestalt therapy B. Motivational interviewing C. Psychoanalysis D. Existential therapy

A. Gestalt therapy

Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie's psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is A. imaginal exposure B. in vivo exposure C. graded exposure D. flooding

A. Imaginal exposure

_____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy. A. Relaxation training B. Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli C. Reflection D. Creation of an anxiety hierarchy

A. Relaxation training

Who among the following is not recognized as a leading proponent of cognitive therapy? A. William Miller B. Aaron Beck C. Albert Ellis D. Judith Beck

A. William Miller

According to the humanistic approach, psychological health is enhanced by A. a match between the real self and the ideal self B. conditional positive regard C. conditional positive self-regard D. incongruence

A. a match between the real self and the ideal self.

Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of _____ therapy. A. behavior B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. cognitive

A. behavior

The idea that the way we think about events determines the way we respond to them is a cornerstone of _____ therapy. A. cognitive B. behavioral C. humanistic D. psychodynamic

A. cognitive

Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by _____. A. contingencies B. cognitions C. primary reinforcers D. secondary reinforcers

A. contingencies

"If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement best summarizes the rationale behind _____. A. contingency management B. exposure therapy C. systematic desensitization D. extinction

A. contingency management

For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support. A. exposure and response prevention B. motivational interviewing C. behavioral consultation D. humanistic psychotherapy

A. exposure and response prevention

The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as _____. A. extinction B. behavioral adaptation C. flooding D. assertiveness training

A. extinction

The quality of _____ describes a match between a therapist's real and ideal selves. A. genuineness B. congruence C. empathy D. conditional worth

A. genuineness

Third-wave therapies A. have mindfulness as a core component of their treatment approach B. include acceptance and remission therapy and metabehavioral therapy C. have little empirical support D. promote the religion of Buddhism

A. have mindfulness as a core component of their treatment approach.

Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with the _____ approach to psychotherapy. A. humanistic B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. cognitive

A. humanistic

Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has ____. A. increased B.remained constant C. decreased slightly D. decreased greatly

A. increased

According to Carl Rogers, the three essential therapeutic conditions were _____ for psychotherapy to be successful with any client. A. necessary and sufficient B. sufficient, but not necessary C. necessary, but not sufficient D. neither necessary nor sufficient

A. necessary and sufficient

Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect provides the theoretical basis for _____. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. graduated exposure D. successive approximations

A. operant conditioning

Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement B. depressed people think illogically C. the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced D. depressed people lack social skills

A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement.

The term third-wave therapies is most often applied to _____ A. therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance B. brief psychodynamic therapies C. therapies based on classical conditioning D. play therapies

A. therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance

The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is A. to foster self-actualization B. to make the unconscious conscious C. rational, logical thought D. behavior change using operant and classical conditioning techniques

A. to foster self-actualization.

cognitive therapists A. use the terms thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions to refer to cognitions B. believe that psychopathology results directly from the things that happen to us C. acknowledge the usefulness of the psychoanalytic technique of word association D. attempt to "read" patients' thoughts by observing nonverbal behaviors

A. use the terms thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions to refer to cognitions.

Which of the following best describes genuineness as it is understood and applied by humanistic psychotherapists? A. a client reporting honestly to a therapist about the client's activities since the previous session B. a therapist's true feelings of empathy and prizing toward a client C. a therapist prizing a client "no matter what" D. a therapist accurately recognizing a client's emotional state even when the client has not stated it explicitly

B. A therapist's true feelings of empathy and prizing toward a client

_____ would likely have his patients compete an ABCDE chart, whereas _____ would likely have his patients complete a dysfunctional thought record. A. George Harris; Martin Seligman B. Albert Ellis; Aaron Beck C. Martin Seligman; George Harris D. Aaron Beck; Albert Ellis

B. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck

_____ is to Aaron Beck as _____ is to Albert Ellis. A. Rational emotive behavior therapy; cognitive therapy B. Cognitive therapy; rational emotive behavior therapy C. Systematic desensitization; assertiveness training D. Assertiveness training; systematic desensitization

B. Cognitive therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy

Which of the following therapies has accumulated the most empirical evidence for its efficacy in recent decades based on humanistic principles? A. Gestalt therapy B. motivational interviewing C. psychoanalysis D. existential therapy

B. Motivational interviewing

Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order? A. develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe a phenomenon, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses B. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses C. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests D. test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses

B. Observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses

Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning? A. contingency management B. systematic desensitization C. token economies D. shaping

B. Systematic desensitization

Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of _____ A. eating disorders B. anxiety disorders C. personality disorders D. schizophrenia

B. anxiety disorders

The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with _____ therapy. A. humanistic B. behavior C. cognitive D. psychodynamic

B. behavior

Dialectical behavior therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, has been found effective in the treatment of _____. A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder B. borderline personality disorder C. individuals with work-related problems that do not qualify as mental disorders D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

B. borderline personality disorder

The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is _____. A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. overgeneralization

B. catastrophizing

Thorndike is to _____ as Pavlov is to _____. A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning C. motivational interviewing; interpersonal interviewing D. interpersonal interviewing; motivational interviewing

B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

According to behavior therapists, A. client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem B. client behaviors are the problem C. phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious D. phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves

B. client behaviors are the problem.

According to the humanistic approach, conditional positive regard from others brings forth _____. A. reflection B. conditional positive self-regard C. genuineness D. self-actualization

B. conditional positive self-regard

Cognitive psychotherapy A. has not yet been found efficacious in the treatment of any specific psychological disorders B. emphasizes objective measures of psychotherapy outcome to a greater extent than psychodynamic psychotherapy C. is less effective than many humanistic approaches D. is not a recommended approach for the treatment of personality disorders

B. emphasizes objective measures of psychotherapy outcome to a greater extent than psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy A. emphasizes inferential, introspective methods of measuring change within the mind of the client B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures C. is effective with children but not adults D. eschews the scientific method

B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures.

Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom are most closely associated with _____ psychotherapy. A. psychodynamic B. existential C. behavioral D. gestalt

B. existential

The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of _____. A. token economies B. exposure therapy C. contingency management D. assertiveness training

B. exposure therapy

Which of the following best describes the three-step process typically used by cognitive psychotherapists to revise a client's cognitions? A. identify illogical thoughts, teach relaxation skills, countercondition illogical thoughts B. identify illogical thoughts, challenge illogical thoughts, replace illogical thoughts with more logical thoughts C. make unconscious illogical thoughts conscious, interpret illogical thoughts, work through illogical thoughts D. identify illogical thoughts, reflect emotional content of illogical thoughts, empathize with difficulties caused by illogical thoughts

B. identify illogical thoughts; challenge illogical thoughts; replace illogical thoughts with more logical thoughts

According to the humanistic approach, _____ is the root of psychopathology. A. reflection B. incongruence C. fixation D. negative self-regard

B. incongruence

Homework assigned as a part of cognitive therapy A. often involves attending peer-led workshops B. may be written or behavioral C. is rarely discussed during subsequent sessions D. is best conceptualized as a behavioral activation technique

B. may be written or behavioral.

According to the behavioral approach, _____ essentially means "getting something good," and _____ essentially means "losing something good." A. reinforcement; punishment B. positive reinforcement; negative punishment C. positive reinforcement; positive punishment D. negative reinforcement; negative punishment

B. positive reinforcement, negative punishment

. According to Rogers, the term _____ is synonymous with positive regard. A. reflection B. prizing C. self-actualization D. gestalt

B. prizing

In humanistic psychotherapy, _____ takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client's statements in a way that highlights the client's feelings or emotions. A. emotional transference B. reflection C. congruence D. countertransference

B. reflection

Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target A. Sherrie's emotional sadness B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day C. the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable D. Sherrie's thought that her symptoms will never end

B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day

In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the dog's food was a(n) _____. A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. neutral stimulus D. conditioned response

B. unconditioned stimulus

_____ is a cognitive technique that focuses on accepting internal psychological experiences, including emotions, thoughts, and sensations. A. Rational emotive behavior therapy B. Dialectical behavior therapy C. Acceptance and commitment therapy D. Metacognitive therapy

C. Acceptance and commitment therapy

_____ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date. A. Relaxation training B. Exposure plus response prevention C. Assertiveness training D. Contingency management

C. Assertiveness training

In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus' beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert? A. discrimination B. operant conditioning C. generalization D. stimulus expansion

C. Generalization

Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy places the strongest emphasis on empathy provided by the therapist? A. cognitive B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. behavioral

C. Humanistic

In the early 1900s, _____ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also. A. Edward Lee Thorndike B. Sigmund Freud C. John Watson D. Donald Meichenbaum

C. John Watson

_____ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise. A. Personalization B. All-or-nothing thinking C. Mindfulness D. Commitment thinking

C. Mindfulness

Rollo's therapist is applying a technique in which he emphasizes how Rollo's behavior is inconsistent with his goals and values. Which of the following techniques Rollo's therapist is likely using? A. Gestalt therapy B. psychoanalysis C. motivational interviewing D. interpersonal psychotherapy

C. Motivational interviewing

_____, developed by William Miller, is a contemporary application of the principles of humanism. A. Existential psychotherapy B. Quality of life therapy C. Motivational interviewing D. Behavioral consultation

C. Motivational interviewing

_____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while _____ is most closely associated with operant conditioning. A. Thorndike; Skinner B. Watson; Pavlov C. Pavlov; Skinner D. Thorndike; Watson

C. Pavlov, Skinner

Ronald's parents inform him that they will only pay his college tuition and support his professional ambitions if he enters the profession of medicine, law, or engineering. What would a humanistic psychotherapist say Ronald's parents are doing in this scenario? A. identifying Ronald's real self B. identifying Ronald's ideal self C. placing conditions of worth on Ronald D. placing congruence on Ronald

C. Placing conditions of worth on Ronald

_____, according to humanists, is essentially the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us. A. Reflection B. Genuineness C. Positive regard D. Congruence

C. Positive regard

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with _____ A. Marsha Linehan B. Judith Beck C. Steven Hayes D. Aaron Beck

C. Steven Hayes

_____, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety. A. Exposure plus response prevention B. Behavioral consultation C. Systematic desensitization D. Contingency management

C. Systematic desensitization

Dr. Vogt's new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment? A. the operant conditioning technique of assertiveness training B. the operant conditioning technique of contingency management C. the classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training D. the classical conditioning technique of contingency management

C. The classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training

Thorndike's law of effect states that A. actions followed by loud noises are more likely to occur B. repetition of actions followed by electrical shock can be most accurately predicted in the future C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur D. an increase in physical stimulation will yield a decrease in mental agitation

C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur.

10. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy A. emphasizes empiricism B. defines problems in terms of observable behaviors C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors D. neither emphasizes empiricism nor defines problems in terms of observable behaviors

C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors.

According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "C" represents _____. A. cognition B. emotional consequence C. choice behavior D. applied conditioning

C. choice behavior

According to the humanistic approach, it is important for the therapist to communicate _____ to the client, which is described as the ability to sense the client's emotions compassionately and without judgment. A. genuineness B. congruence C. empathy D. conditions of worth

C. empathy

According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from A. fixations at particular developmental stages in childhood B. classical or operant conditioning C. illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives D. incongruence between the real self and the ideal self

C. illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives.

The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is A. observable behavior change via contingency management B. to make the unconscious conscious C. logical thinking D. self-actualization

C. logical thinking.

The main goal of behavior therapy is A. to make the unconscious conscious B. self-actualization C. observable behavior change D. an increase in logical, rational thought

C. observable behavior change.

A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient's A. level of introspection B. number of illogical cognitions C. observable behaviors D. positive self-regard

C. observable behaviors.

The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura's work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is _____. A. exposure therapy B. assertiveness training C. observational learning D. flooding

C. observational learning

Natalie, a psychotherapy client, is depressed about a recent breakup with her boyfriend. She believes that the breakup is entirely her fault, and that if she had done things differently, she would not be alone now. This belief best exemplifies the cognitive thought distortion known as _____. A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. mental filtering

C. personalization

The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is _____. A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. overgeneralization

C. personalization

Freud is to _____ as Maslow is to _____. A. behavioral; cognitive B. cognitive; behavioral C. psychodynamic; humanistic D. humanistic; psychodynamic

C. psychodynamic, humanistic

Elise's psychologist asks her to keep a record of beliefs that she has about events that happen her, as well as how those beliefs make her feel emotionally. With the assistance of her psychologist, Elise learns how she can dispute such beliefs and replace them with more effective new beliefs. Elise's psychologist is likely treating her with _____. A. exposure and response prevention B. cognitive reshaping C. rational emotive behavior therapy D. cognitive triad therapy

C. rational emotive behavior therapy

An individual's _____ is how the person actually is at present; the _____ is what a person could be if he or she fulfilled his or her potential. A. actual self; fulfilled self B. fulfilled self; actual self C. real self; ideal self D. ideal self; real self

C. real self, ideal self

Cognitive therapy A. tends to be brief and unstructured. B. has become a less prominent approach to psychotherapy in the 21stcentury. C. represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches. D. was established by Albert Bandura.

C. represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches.

Humanistic psychotherapists believe that individuals are born with a tendency toward healthy growth. The term that best describes this tendency is _____. A. transference B. insight C. self-actualization D. unconditional positive regard

C. self-actualization

Behavior therapies A. have little empirical support to justify their use B. do not easily lend themselves to the research process C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD D. are highly effective with children but not adults

C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD.

Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning? A. exposure therapy B. systematic desensitization C. assertiveness training D. contingency management

D. Contingency management

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true? A. He was a physiologist originally studying the digestive systems of dogs. B. He conducted research that laid the groundwork for classical conditioning. C. He found that dogs would salivate in response to a stimulus that had previously been paired with food. D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.

D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.

_____ can be defined as full engagement with one's own internal mental processes in a nonconfrontational way, which often involves a reduction in _____. A. Schema therapy; acceptance B. Metacognitive therapy; cognitive restructuring C. Insight; transference D. Mindfulness; experiential avoidance

D. Mindfulness, experiential avoidance

_____ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future A. Reinforcement B. Exposure C. Implosion D. Punishment

D. Punishment

_____ is a cognitive technique that believes when young children are exposed to poor parenting, they are likely to develop deep-seated, maladaptive cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others. A. Rational emotive therapy B. Metacognitive psychotherapy C. Acceptance and commitment therapy D. Schema therapy

D. Schema therapy

Which of the following statements about empirical studies of cognitive therapy is NOT true? A. Studies demonstrate support for DBT's use with borderline personality disorder patients. B. Studies have found that homework enhances therapy outcome. C. Studies include support for the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders with ACT. D. Studies suggest mindfulness may not be as beneficial as originally suggested by its proponents

D. Studies suggest mindfulness may not be as beneficial as originally suggested by its proponents.

According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "D" represents A. a discussion of the feelings resulting from the client's irrational thoughts B. the drive with which the irrational thought is associated C. the domain of the client's life negatively influenced by the irrational thought D. a dispute of the client's irrational thoughts

D. a dispute of the client's irrational thoughts.

Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad, which includes thoughts about _____, is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels. A. family, friends, and acquaintances B. the self, the external world, and the future C. religion, wealth, and politics D. an individual, a group, and a nation

D. an individual, a group, and a nation

According to Carl Rogers, the therapist's _____ determine(s) the success of therapy. A. mastery of the techniques of interpreting the client's transference B. ability to reflect the client's emotions C. skill in applying positive reinforcement D. attitude toward the client

D. attitude toward the client

The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client. A. cognitive therapy B. aversion therapy C. systematic desensitization D. behavioral activation

D. behavioral activation

_____ is a pioneer of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy. A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Donald Meichenbaum D. Carl Rogers

D. carl rogers

Which of the following forms of therapy most strongly emphasizes the use of teaching as a therapy tool? A. behavioral B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. cognitive

D. cognitive

Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to A. require a greater number of sessions B. emphasize the past rather than the present C. derive its roots from ancient dream analysis techniques D. focus on the client's current problems

D. focus on the client's current problems

Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness A. are Maslow's three necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy B. do not appear to be common factors C. contribute little to the success of humanistic therapy D. foster a client's self-healing

D. foster a client's self-healing.

The use of cognitive psychotherapy for medical problems A. has not yet occurred B. was a primary focus of the early work of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis but has declined in recent decades C. has been empirically demonstrated to be more beneficial than prescription medications for ulcers, diabetes, and influenza D. has increased significantly in recent decades

D. has increased significantly in recent decades.

Jill is a 13-year-old girl whose mother loves her "no matter what." According to humanistic psychotherapists, Jill's mother A. has placed excessive conditions of worth on her daughter B. has provided her daughter with conditional positive regard C. is moving Jill's real and ideal selves further apart D. is providing unconditional positive regard

D. is providing unconditional positive regard.

B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with _____. A. motivational interviewing B. interpersonal interviewing C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

Recalling the plant metaphor from the textbook, a sun shining sunlight on all angles of a plant is analogous to A. conditions of worth B. the ideal self C. the real self D. unconditional positive regard

D. unconditional positive regard.