Final Exam Review for Chapters 1-5

Describe Shared Visual Attention.

Shared visual attention is the focus of two individuals on one object. It is achieved by pointing and staring.

Using information from Chapter 1, explain the relationship between language and literacy.

The relationship between language and literacy is vocabulary. A reader will only recognize and get the meaning if most words in the text are in the reader's oral vocabulary.

A. The piggy's are scared of the wolf and run away when he says, He'll huff and puff and blow the house down. B. And the first little pig made the house of straw. But when the wolf came, he huffed and puffed and blew the house down. Then the first little pig ran to the second pigs' house. C. That is the pig. This is the house with bricks! The wolf is scary.

12. Attending to pictures, not forming stories—the child looks at the pictures in the book, labeling or making comments about them. (C) 13. Attending to pictures, forming oral stories—the child looks at the book's pictures and weaves a story across the pages. However, the child's intonation sounds like she or he is telling an oral story. The listener must be able to see the pictures to follow the story. (A) 14. Attending to pictures, forming written stories—the child reads by looking at the book's pictures, and the child's wording and intonation sound like reading. The listener does not usually have to see the pictures to follow the story. (B)

A skill domain of oral language comprehension is: A. Language conventions; B. Substantive conversation; C. Ask and answer questions; D. Clarify and extend children's talk

A. Language conventions;

Which is one of teachers' most important tasks in building partnerships with families? A. To support children learning about print B. To help parents understand their role as their child's first literacy model C. To provide parents with different learning materials D. To understand children's cultural background

B. To help parents understand their role as their child's first literacy model

The primary advantage of teacher-guided role-play for promoting oral language comprehension is: A. motivate children to have fun with language; B. help children speak and behave in an appropriate manner; C. encourage children's contributions to discussion; D. motivate children to show curiosity

B. help children speak and behave in an appropriate manner;

Listening comprehension is a critical domain for oral language comprehension because: A. it requires children to listen in order to answer questions; B. it predicts reading comprehension; C. it involves participating in conversations; D. it demands children's attention.

B. it predicts reading comprehension;

Pre-K writing centers should: A. only contain lined paper B. provide multiple types of writing implements. C. be the only place where writing material is housed in the classroom. D. should only contain fat, oversized pencils because of preschoolers' limited motor development.

B. provide multiple types of writing implements.

A think aloud strategy: A. asks questions; B. provides a model of language use; C. clarifies children's talk; D. asks children to answer questions.

B. provides a model of language use;

15. One of the most important benefits of word play is to: A. develop anaphoric reference skills; B. support phonological awareness; C. promote expressive vocabulary; D. encourage pretend talk.

B. support phonological awareness;

Dramatic play occurs when children: A. use play materials to build objects. B. take on roles and act out a story or situation. C. engage in active motor activity, such as climbing. D. are 1- and 2-years old.

B. take on roles and act out a story or situation

What advice (based on research) would you offer a new parent about their child's language development?

I would tell parents that during the first year of their child's life, that their brains are developing and make the foundation for how they learn. Research shows that children with higher level of language stimulation leads to stronger language. I would promote parents to encourage this by: responding to speech and vocalization, engaging in joint attentions, having conversations, using complex grammar and rich vocabulary, and give children information about things around them.

Explain how you would set up a classroom library center that would encourage children to engage in independent reading.

In my classroom the literacy would be separate from the rest of the classroom, would be able to fit 5 to 6 children, would have chairs, a "time-machine", open-faced shelves, and I would rotate books.

Describe the difference between incidental and intentional strategies in developing children's vocabulary.

Incidental strategies is when a teacher capitalizes on teachable moments in everyday life. This is powerful because the talk is generated towards activity goal, talk depends on child's understanding, and the child receives immediate feedback. Intentional strategies use direct adult language to teach new words.

Explain why listening comprehension is critical for early literacy and learning to read.

Listening comprehension is important because it helps children learn morphemes, syntactic units, vocabulary, sentence structure, and anaphoic references. How strong this skill is predicts their reading comprehension.

Explain the purpose of each the 4 basic components of a pre-K and K daily schedule.

The basic components are: balanced quiet/loud times, large time for individual/small group investigation, small time for whole group activities, recognizing children's needs for different times, and personal decision making time.

Researchers have concluded that literacy development begins long before children enter the first grade. Describe two examples of what young children do that might have lead researchers to this conclusion.

Young children see the print on food packages to choose their favorite brand and are also participating in reading storybooks. Based on observations children's writing moves from scribbles to random letters.

Social Interactionist ___

C.Emphasizes the importance of both environmental factors and children's innate predisposition to make sense out of language and use it for practical purposes

Nativist theory

D. The sounds that make up a language

Neuro-biological view ___

A. Complements all three of the previous views on language development, and explains how the structural development of the brain is related to language acquisition.

Which of the following is not an appropriate way for parents to support their children's language development? A. Correcting them when they make grammatical errors B. Encouraging them to tell personal narratives C. Scaffolding their language D. Reading stories to them

A. Correcting them when they make grammatical errors

7. Read the following description of an activity in a preschool classroom. At Circle Time, the teacher and children briefly engage in a sound play activity. They touch their head and say /k/, their knees and say /a/, and their toes and say /t/. The teacher says, "What word do those three sounds make?" No child responds. "Let's say those sounds a little faster." /k/ (head) . . . /a/ (knees) . . . /t/ (toes). "What word do those three sounds make?" Again there is no response. "Let's say those sounds still faster." /k/ (head) . . . /a/ (knees) . . . /t/ (toes). "Faster." /k/ (head), /a/ (knees), /t/ (toes). Domenico yells, "CAT! It's CAT!! I got it! Let's do it again." The teacher switches to /d/ (head), /o/ (knees), /g/ (toes). From which approach does this originate? A. Emergent literacy approach B. Scientifically based reading research approach C. Neither approach D. Both approaches

A. Emergent literacy approach

9. Which strategy does the literature suggest teachers use during read-alouds to help children process the decontextualized language found in books? A. Engage children in discussions related to the story B. Read stories about topics known to the children C. Highlight the illustrations in the book D. Provide follow-up activities

A. Engage children in discussions related to the story

12. Which is not the teacher's role in encouraging children to experiment with emergent forms of reading and writing? A. Evaluate if children can write conventionally and recognize numerous printed words. B. Support children's explorations with materials and with comments. C. Confirm when the children's hypotheses about print are correct. D. Expect children to create meaning and communication through different explorations, including from print.

A. Evaluate if children can write conventionally and recognize numerous printed words.

7. Closed-ended: 8. Open-ended:. 9. Inferential: 10. Interpretative: 11. Prediction:

A. Generates the most engaging discussions, and have more than one "correct" answer. (8) B. Is an informed guess, opinion based on prior experience For example, after viewing the cover illustration, What do you think the story might be about? (11) C. An answer or conclusion that is rationally and logically made, based on the given facts or information in the text. (10) D. Gives the person answering the question scope to give the information that seems to them to be appropriate. (9) E. Limits responses, for example, yes or no answers. What color is Goldilocks hair? (7)

Which of the following is an example of functional print? A. Helper charts B. Road signs C. Restaurant menus D. Labels on soft drink cans

A. Helper charts

Which age group requires an "on demand" schedule? A. Infants B. Toddlers C. Pre-K children D. K children

A. Infants

What is not true about emergent writing? A. It is hierarchical, once children develop new skill they don't regress to less mature forms of writing B. Children often use less mature forms especially when they engage in pretend play. C. Children can use scribble-writing and pictographs together D. As children learn the alphabet, they often begin to write non-phonemic letter-like streams.

A. It is hierarchical, once children develop new skill they don't regress to less mature forms of writing

Which type of bookshelf is more effective in attracting children's attention to books? A. Open-faced shelves (cover of book is visible) B. Tradition shelves (spine of book is visible) C. Book tubs (books stored in plastic tubs)

A. Open-faced shelves (cover of book is visible)

8. Scientifically based reading research identified several key skills of early reading. Which of the following skills is not an SBRR-identified early reading skill? A. Phonology B. Phonemic awareness C. Print knowledge D. Alphabet Knowledge

A. Phonology

What statement(s) are true about the Nativist Theory? A. Places an emphasis on nature- viewing language as hard-wired or inborn. B. Language requires a caregiver to model grammar C. Believe that environment is essential for learning to communicate. D. All of the above.

A. Places an emphasis on nature- viewing language as hard-wired or inborn.

All are contexts for developing oral language comprehension except: A. Recitation; B. Language Experiences; C. Substantive Conversation; D. Instruction.

A. Recitation;

How can parents use television as a language tool? A. Select appropriate programming for children to watch B. Determine appropriate amount of time children may view television C. Watch programming with children and talk about the content D. None of the above

A. Select appropriate programming for children to watch

5. Which statement is correct about the teacher's role in the emergent literacy approach to learning? A. The teacher's role is to provide the materials, experiences, and interactions that enable children to learn to read and write. B. The teacher's role is to provide direct instruction on skills such as alphabet recognition and letter-sound relationships. C. The teacher's role is to couple instruction on vocabulary with storybook reading. D. The teacher's role is to provide instruction in small groups so that all children have a chance to respond.

A. The teacher's role is to provide the materials, experiences, and interactions that enable

The best definition of dialogic reading is: A. adult-child conversation about a book; B. a prompted approach to shared reading; C. a shared book approach to storybook reading; D. a language experience that supports oral language comprehension.

A. adult-child conversation about a book;

At the toddler level, classrooms should: A. include a large open space for motor activities. B. be organized into small, clearly defined areas. C. always be painted in bright colors to stimulate brain development. D. contain only one of each type of toy so that toddlers learn to share.

A. include a large open space for motor activities.

Socio-oral language comprehension primarily because: A. it requires language to pretend and to organize the play; B. it is highly interactive; C. it is fun for children; D. it involves role play

A. it requires language to pretend and to organize the play;

What can adults do to make it easier for children to learn English as a second language?

Adults can make it easier by: giving plenty of practice, putting signs in native English language, being understanding, patience, and trying to learn native language.

Describe one type of supportive learning environment in the classroom for oral language comprehension.

An example is role play because this helps children's language develop and shows them real life situations.

10. Echolalia 11. Fast mapping 12. Holophrastic words 13. Telegraphic speech 14. Vocables

B. (10) Word-like sounds babies make. E. (11)The ability to relate new words to preexisting internalized concepts, then remember and use them after only one exposure. A. (12)One word carried the semantic burden for a whole sentence or phrase D. (13)Two- and three-word sentences that contain only the most necessary of words to convey meaning. C. (14)A pattern of speech that exhibits conversation-like tones and behaviors, such as turn-taking, eye contact, and recognizable gestures.

11. Why is it important to develop literacy-enriched play settings around settings from the world outside the classroom that a class's young children have experienced? A. Play is central to children's learning. B. Children have the opportunity to practice literacy events they know. C. Children can write for different audiences. D. Children can engage in purposeful reading and writing activities.

B. Children have the opportunity to practice literacy events they know.

Behavior theory ___

B. Emphasizes the important role of parental reinforcement in helping children to learn the sounds, words and rules of language.

What are the school-based definitions of "language" and "literacy"? A. Language refers to speaking and literacy refers to writing. B. Language refers to symbols for transmitting meaning and literacy refers to the abilities to create meaning. C. Language refers to oral language and literacy refers to reading and writing. D. Language refers to contextualized language and literacy refers to decontextualized language.

B. Language refers to symbols for transmitting meaning and literacy refers to the abilities to create meaning.

Vocabulary knowledge is organized into: A. Speaking and listening domains; B. Receptive and expressive vocabulary; C. Language experience categories; D. Language convention areas.

B. Receptive and expressive vocabulary;

Which statement about shared, or joint attention is incorrect? A. Is achieved when one individual alerts another to an object by means of eye-gazing, pointing or other verbal or non-verbal indications. B. Requires parents to focus on their children's needs C. Requires both following eye gaze and identifying intention. D. Is an effective social communication tool.

B. Requires parents to focus on their children's needs

Which component of the pre-K and K schedule is ideal for providing explicit instruction on skills that specific children need to learn? A. Whole-group time B. Small-group time C. Center time D. Transitions

B. Small-group time

4. Standards are important to teachers and children for all of the following reasons except which reason? A. They set expectations for children's achievement. B. They tell teachers which specific curriculum to use. C. They guide teachers' decision-making about what to teach. D. They provide teachers with information on how to assess children

B. They tell teachers which specific curriculum to use.

How many books should a "well-stocked" pre-K and K classroom library contain? A. 1 book per child B. 2 to 3 books per child C. 5 to 8 books per child D. 20 to 30 books per child

C. 5 to 8 books per child

6. Which activity would you not expect to observe in a classroom where the teacher's approach to literacy learning is the Scientifically Based Reading Research (SBRR)? A. After reading a big book, the teacher inviting children to put highlighting tape over all the letter 'a' in the title. B. Alphabet charts with a poem for each letter that contains many examples of a "target letter". C. A print-rich classroom with a large number of print models (e.g., children's books, charts, play-related print). D. The teacher engaged with a small group of children playing a game of matching high-frequency words.

C. A print-rich classroom with a large number of print models (e.g., children's books, charts, play-related print).

The best definition of oral language comprehension is: A. Command of the conventions of grammar and usage; B. Identifying the meanings of new words in context; C. Ability to speak and listen with understanding; D. Ability to participate in conversations.

C. Ability to speak and listen with understanding;

In order to learn about literacy, young children need to? A. Observe their parents, other adults, or older siblings using literacy in everyday situations B. Have access to print (books) and writing materials. C. Both a and b D. None of the above

C. Both a and b

Which of the following is an example of environmental print? A. Class attendance chart B. Daily schedule C. Cheerios© box D. Directions for using the listening center

C. Cheerios© box

Which strategy will help promote Dual Language Learners' language and literacy development? A. Encourage children to only use English in the classroom. B. Have a flexible, changing schedule so that children will be surprised at what comes next in the school day. C. Include a picture dictionary in the classroom library. D. Have very short play periods so that DLL children do not become frustrated.

C. Include a picture dictionary in the classroom library.

The learning domain that best fits for the speaking and listening CCSS kindergarten standard (SL.K.3) Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something not understood is: A. Vocabulary B. Language Conventions C. Listening Comprehension D. Substantive Conversation

C. Listening Comprehension

What factor does not influence the rate of a child's language acquisition? A. Gender B. Socioeconomic level of the family C. Number of siblings D. Medical conditions

C. Number of siblings

Which statement is correct when teachers reflect on their instructional decisions? A. Teachers typically focus on past actions when they reflect on their teaching. B. Teachers only gather information from professional literature. C. Teachers study the impact of their instructional decisions on their children's development and learning. D. Teachers avoid making teaching problematic during reflection.

C. Teachers study the impact of their instructional decisions on their children's development and learning.

Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question? A. What color was Goldilocks hair? B. What did Papa Bear say when he saw his chair? C. Why do you think Goldilocks went into the Three Bears home? D. What did Goldilocks say when she tasted Momma Bears porridge?

C. Why do you think Goldilocks went into the Three Bears home?

A key feature of small group talk that supports oral language comprehension is: A. many language exchanges; B. meta-language; C. a task that leads to a goal; D. pretend talk

C. a task that leads to a goal;

At the pre-K level, classroom should: A. be organized into large open spaces. B. contain a minimum amount of literacy materials. C. be organized into clearly defined centers. D. contain a maximum of 4 centers.

C. be organized into clearly defined centers.

Sign-up sheets: A. should not be used until children are able to write their names conventionally. B. should only be used in the art and block centers. C. help children learn about the practical uses of written language. D. b and c

C. help children learn about the practical uses of written language.

Transitions: A. rarely occur at the pre-K level. B. should be lengthy so that children learn self-control. C. should be as brief as possible D. should never include educational activities

C. should be as brief as possible

5. Phonology___ 6. Morphology___ 7. Syntax___ 8. Semantics___ 9. Pragmatics

D. (5) The sounds that make up a language C. (6) The meaning bearing units of language, including words and affixes B. (7) The rules for ordering words into sentences A. (8) The shades of meaning that words convey E. (9) Deals with the conventions of becoming a competent language user. Including rules on how to engage successfully in conversation with others.

10. Why is it important to create a "community of learners" in the classroom? A. So there is more than one teacher in the classroom B. So children can demonstrate, or coach, each other C. So children see the strengths in each other D. All of the above

D. All of the above

6. Children should read: A. Narrative (storybook) texts B. Expository texts (fact-based) C. Age appropriate texts D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The best definition of incidental strategies in helping children learn new words is: A. Using oral contextual cues; B. Teaching analytical strategies; C. Interrupting reading to explain new words; D. Capitalizing on teachable moments.

D. Capitalizing on teachable moments.

Which of the following is the definition of phonological awareness? A. Knowledge of the conventions and characteristics of written language B. Knowledge about the alphabetic systems of writing C. Knowledge about reading and writing forms D. Knowledge of the speech sound system of language

D. Knowledge of the speech sound system of language

Children become skilled at contextualized language by all of the following activities except which activity? A. Listening to stories B. Engaging in conversations C. Creating fantasy worlds D. Providing explanations

D. Providing explanations.

What is the obvious connection between oral and written language? A. Text B. Symbol C. Context cue D. Vocabulary

D. Vocabulary

Critical development for phonology development begins: A. As the child begins to specialize in the sounds of their native tongue(s). B. When the child loses the ability to be a universal listener. C. During the last three months of prenatal development. D. When the parent and child interact through verbal bouts.

D. When the parent and child interact through verbal bouts.

Literacy-enriched play centers: A. contain theme-related reading and writing materials. B. are only appropriate for children who can already read and write. C. provide opportunities for young children to learn important early reading and writing skills. D. a and c

D. a and c

Computers: A. have made writing centers obsolete. B. discourage pre-K children from learning how to write by hand. C. have a negative effect on children's language development. D. are an excellent addition to pre-K writing centers.

D. are an excellent addition to pre-K writing centers.

All are prompts in dialogic reading except: A. completion; B. distancing; C. recall; D. clarifying

D. clarifying

Meta-play language involves: A. thinking aloud; B. taking a role; C. pretending one thing is another; D. using talk to manage play

D. using talk to manage play

How does functional print help children learn about literacy?

Functional print helps children learn literacy because students' get a chance to practice reading and writing skills, while learning that writing has a purpose.

Explain why oral language comprehension is more than the sum of the parts of oral language development (e.g., semantics).

Oral language is more than the sum because it requires integration of all oral language areas to speak and to listen with intent and purpose.

Describe some effective storybook reading strategies.

Read the same books again and again children learn new things each time they hear a story and look at the pictures. Ask children to find and label objects. This helps to keep them indived in the story. Ask open-ended questions. Expand you child's answer.

Describe a context or situation that develops oral language comprehension.

Substantive conversation develops oral language comprehension. A adult listens to a child, picks up on an idea, and explains it furthur.

What are the 5 "basic elements" of a well-designed pre-K and K classroom environment?

The basic elements are: carve the classroom into well-defined areas, gather appropriate resources, to support learning, place similar centers near each other, and make literacy materials part of each center.

Explain why standards are important to early childhood educators' planning, teaching, and assessing.

The standards are used by teachers to guide their decisions in the material they will provide, instruction, activities, and the assessments they will use to asses the students knowledge. Standards don't tell teachers the curriculum to use.

Describe the findings of the Hart and Risley study.

The study by Hart and Risley found: (1) the variation in children's IQs and language abilities is relative to the amount parents speak to their children, (2) children's academic successes at ages 9 and 10 are attributable to the amount of talk they hear from birth to age 3, and (3) parents of advanced children talk significantly more to their children than parents of children who are not as advanced.

Explain how literacy-enriched dramatic play center promote young children's reading and writing development.

When children use literacy in dramatic play, they start to see reading and writing as enjoyable skills, motivation to master these skills, increase in literacy activity, and that literacy skills are a part of real life.