Final Exam Review

The embryo sac of an angiosperm contains:

8 nuclei in 7 cells.

Which of the following structures is essentially a modified stem bearing modified leaves?

A flower.

An organism that gains resources from its host and causes disease is called which of the following?

A pathogen

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following?

Ants and ruminants.

Finches in the Galapagos islands exhibit remarkable variation in their beaks. What best explains this variation?

Differences in their feeding habits.

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

Diploid embryos, multicellular gametophytes, and multicellular sporocytes.

What type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?

Direct.

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants.

Euphylls and Lycophylls

Which of the following are examples of conifers?

Firs, pines, and hemlock.

What can be derived from seed plants?

Food, fuels, pharmaceuticals, and building materials.

What are fungal endophytes?

Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms.

Select features of liverworts:

Gametophytes have rhizoids and they may be leafy or lobed.

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

Higher levels of UV light on the land, and less water availability in a terrestrial environment.

A plant is said to be _____________ if all of its spores are similar in appearance.

Homosporous.

Select all of the following evolutionary transitions that are documented by the fossil record.

Hoofed mammals and whales, fish and tetrapods, dinosaurs and birds.

In the ancient angiosperm Amborella Trichopoda, mitochondrial genes have been incorporated from other plant species through the process of _____________________.

Horizontal gene transfer.

What are fungal filaments called?

Hyphae

Morphology

earliest efforts

Which of the following are anatomical features that provide evidence for evolution?

early embryonic similarities, vestigial structures, and homologous structures.

Organisms that share a common ancestor often share similarities in their early ______________ stage before developing into varied forms.

embryonic

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with ______; for that reason, those plants require free water for _______.

flagella; fertilization

The cell in the embryo sac recieve nutrition

from the sporocyte.

Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms because at pollination, their ovules are enclosed within diploid tissues, the carpel. The carpel eventually develops into a ______, a unique angiosperm feature.

fruit

The main decomposers in the ecosystem are ______ and ______.

fungi; bacteria.

Unlike other gymnosperm phylum, the ______________ produce vessels in their xylem.

gnetophytes

Which term describes all fungi?

heterotrophic

Structures with different appearances and functions that are all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor are called _____ structures.

homologous

The forelimb of a frog and the forelimb of a bat share structural similarities and are derived from a common ancestor. This makes these forelimbs an example of a

homologous structure.

Two types of structures in adult organisms that provide anatomical evidence for evolution are ______ and ______ structures.

homologous; vestigial.

The _______ are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems.

horsetails

For many types of placental mammals found throughout the world, there is a strikingly similar marsupial mammal

in Australia.

Starting in 1850, when Europe became industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations ______ until they made up _______ of some populations.

increased; 100%

The purpose of resin in pines is to protect against

insects and fungi.

Natural selection does not always produce perfectly working adaptations, because

it can only work the genetic variation present within a population.

In 1896, JW Tutt proposed that light-colored peppered moths were more visible to predators on sooty trees that have lost their____ due to pollution.

lichens

Evidence suggests that leaves evolved more than once; ______ are small leaves found in the lycophytes and _________ are the true leaves of ferns and seed plants.

lycophylls;euphylls.

Fruits are defined as

mature ovaries

Within the ovule of a seed plant, meiosis occurs in the __________.

megasporangium.

Genomics

modern era.

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have ___________________________________________________

multicellular haploid and diploid stages

In regards to humans, seed plants affect:

nearly every aspect of our lives.

Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because:

of their ability to produce vascular tissue.

Island species are usually most closely related to species

on nearby continents.

Sources of mitochondrial protein genes of Amborella trichopoda include:

other land plants.

An organism that gains resources from its host but does not cause disease is called a _________

parasite.

In angiosperms, the ovary is called the ________and is composed in three layers.

pericarp.

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is ___________________

photosynthetic and free-living.

Functions of roots

plant support and transport

The purpose of resin in pines is to ______________

protect against insects and fungi

Relative dating

rocks are dated based on their position and dating is less accurate.

The earliest vascular plants had stems but not ________.

roots.

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, the pterophytes and the ______ plants.

seed

Unlike the gymnosperms, the angiosperms produce

seeds within a fruit

What is present in the gymnosperms but absent in pterophytes?

seeds.

Liverworts produce through ______ and ______ means.

sexual and asexual means.

Fungi utilize both ___ and ___ reproduction

sexual;asexual.

Convergent evolution happens when two species from two different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy

similar environments.

Fungal reproductive cells are called ______

spores.

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid _______.

spores.

Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of

synthesizing essential organic molecules.

The pericarp is composed of three layers of

the inner ovary wall.

Whisk fern sporocytes:

they are photosynthetic and they lack true leaves.

Cycads look just like palm trees but are different because

they do not produce flowers.

A primary purpose of seed production is to disperse the embryo

to a new location.

Molecular analysis of lactase DNA sequences in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have independently evolved in Africa and Europe

to produce the same result.

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from _________ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred.

transitional/intermediate.

Gnetophytes are the only gymnosperms with efficient conducting cells callled _________ in their xylem

vessels.

The medium ground finch of the Galapagos islands feeds on small seeds, produced in abundance during ____ years.

wet.

In certain polluted areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called _______ ________.

Industrial melanism.

Choose the most appropriate desciption for a mature seed:

It is a vehicle for transporting the seed to new sites.

What can stimulate seed germination in angiosperms?

Passage through an animal digestive tract, a heavy rainfall, and exposure to fire.

How has rock and fossil dating changed since Darwin's times?

Relative dating was used in the past; today we use absolute dating.

Select all features of mosses

Rhizoids do not absorb as well as a vascular plant root. They use rhizoids to anchor to themselves.

Absolute dating

Rocks are dated based on changes in their isotopic concentration.

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

Roots.

What is the preferred food of the Galapagos medium ground finch?

Small, tender seeds.

Select all of the true statements about lycophytes:

Sporophyte generation. Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues.

which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members?

Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands, the tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like.

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

Whisk ferns.

In angiosperms, the ovary matures into

a fruit.

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies

a larger portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants.

In the laboratory setting, selection for a trait in fruit flies has consistently led to:

a strong predictable evolutionary response.

Most of the species that humans use as food have been modified through _______ selection.

artificial.

The many breeds of cats and dogs commonly used as human pets, have arisen through ______ selection

artificial.

In _____ selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation. While in _____ selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass their genes on.

artificial; natural

Unlike other conifers, pine trees produce leaves in

clusters.

The similar shapes of fast swimming marine predators are an example of ___________ evolution.

convergent.

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is a _________________________________

cuticle on exposed surfaces.

The cell wall of fungi is made of ________

chitin

Identify the photosynthetic organisms that could be part of a lichen.

-cyanobacteria -green algae

How many species of gingkophytes are alive today?

1

Developmental patterns seen in a group of organisms often reveal evolutionary relationships. Place the developmental description in the order that they would occur.

1. Greatest similarity present. 2. Different characteristics are lost or formed. 3.) Final form is attained.

Microscopy and biochemistry

18th century

molecular biology

1980s

Horses are members of an animal family that produced many extinct species and originated approximately ______ million years ago.

55

What are mychorrhizae?

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants.

monophyletic groups of fungi include:

Blastocladiomycota, Glomeromycota, and neocallimastigomycota.

Firs, cedars, cypresses, spruces, and pines are all members of what phylum?

Coniferophyta

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen fixing ___________.

Cyanobacteria.

Which group of cycads resembles palm trees?

Cycads.

During the evolution of seed plants, the size of the gametophyte has _____________.

Decreased.

Select all of the following that are documented by the fossil record:

Major mass extinctions in the past, levels of biodiversity through time, and successive evolutionary change.

Which of the following provide evidence that natural selection occurs in peppered moths?

Melanic moths became more abundant than light forms in polluted areas. Light moths became more abundant than melanic forms when clean air legislation is implemented.

Which of the following distinguishes land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes. ?

Multicellular gametophytes, multicellular sporophytes, and diploid embryos.

Which of the following processes is considered by scientists to be primarily responsible for evolution?

Natural selection.

During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first?

Stems.

Which of the following are characteristics of all land plants?

The ability to photosynthesize, diploid embryos, and multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

What was an abominable mystery to Darwin?

The origin of angiosperms.

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relative:

The presence of stomata for gas exchange, the presence of specialized water-transporting tissues, and the presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces.

When a fungus undergoes mitosis, what occurs?

The spindle apparatus forms within the nucleus.

Select all true statements about hornworts.

Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their sporophytes have stomata.

What was puzzling to Darwin about the angiosperms?

Their slow diversification.

Identify the features of gingkophytes

They are dioecious They produce seeds They have flagellated sperm

The outer layers of the ovule are called integuments.

They develop into the seed coat.

Which of the following is true about transitional fossil?

They illlustrate how major transitions in life occurred. They help to fill in the fossil record between two seperate groups.

Select all adaptive features of seeds.

They nourish the embryo. They protect the embryo.

Features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns:

They require free water for fertilization. They form antheridia and archegonia.

Which are the features of fungi?

They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients. Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. They are more closely related to animals than to plants.

Where has industrial melanism occurred?

Throughout Eurasia and North America.

Fungi are most closely related to ________.

animals.

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required _______________________________

better water loss management.

_________ have small, green gametophytes that are specialized for light capture and photosynthesis.

bryophytes

Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophyte are characteristic of __________________

bryophytes.

The ___________, also known as nontracheophytes are the closest living descendants of the first land plants.

bryophytes.

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that of other organisms because it is not followed by _______ ________.

cell division.

Within the kingdom fungi, there are now 6

widely recognized monophyletic groups.

In seed plants, the union of a female gamete with a male gamete produces a _________.

zygote.