Final Exam Study Guide

The ________ Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibited local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

14th

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A) Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior. B) Underlying Freud's theory is the concept of the id, the ego and the superego. C) Psychoanalysis theory has been extensively applied to the study of criminals. D) Biological theory of crime has been extensively applied to the study of criminals.

A) Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior.

Which one of the following men is credited with the formation of the neoclassical school of criminology? A) Cesare Beccaria B) Jeremy Bentham C) Cesare Lombroso D) Sigmund Freud

B) Jeremy Bentham

Sociology is the study of human ________ behavior. A) cognitive B) social C) personal D) criminal

B) social

Bentham's philosophy is called ________. A) rationalism B) positivism C) utilitarianism D) socialism

C) utilitarianism

Prior to the ________ Rights Act of 1964, businesses, hotels, restaurants, and public transportation could and did refuse service with impunity to citizens of color.

Civil

Compare and contrast the due process model to the crime control model.

Efficient and effective justice, law and order, community safety, swift punishments are goals of the crime control model. Due process focuses on protection from arbitration, excessive use of power by the government, procedures and rules through the judicial process.

True or False: The judge performs an extensive life history and background investigation on convicted defendants sentenced to probation.

False

True or False: The war on terrorism has lessened the powers of police in conducting search and seizures.

False

________ assumes a division between the poor (workers) and the rich (property owners and capitalists) in which the rich control the various social, political, and economic institutions of society.

Marxism

True or False: A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interactions is known as a system of social control.

True

True or False: Causal variables are variables that directly influence the outcome of relationships.

True

True or False: Criminology is described as the theories that explain why and how laws are made, why some people violate those laws, and how society responds to those who break the laws.

True

True or False: The central premise of due process rights is the presumption of innocence.

True

What was viewed as the most serious problem in the United States according to a Gallup Poll in 1965? a) crime b) health care c) abortion d) education

a) crime

Which of the following was NOT a phenomenon that has driven interest in the criminal justice system? a) declining birth control b) the Civil Rights Movement c) the Vietnam War d) the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001

a) declining birth control

Lombroso was influenced in his research by Darwin's theory of ________.

adaptation

Due process rights are rights guaranteed to persons by the Constitution and its ________.

amendments

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n) __________. a) system of sanctions b) system of social control c) informal control system d) system of norms

b) system of social control

The definition of ________ is the study of human social behavior.

sociology

Explain the differences between a preliminary hearing and a grand jury hearing

A preliminary hearing is a court hearing before a magistrate judge in which the prosecution must convince the judge that there is probable cause that (1) an offense as defined by the criminal laws of the jurisdiction has been committed within that jurisdiction and (2) the defendant accused of the offense committed the crime. A grand jury is a legal procedure that in some ways resembles a trial. Often the defense counsel is barred. Similar to the preliminary hearing, the prosecutor presents evidence to the members of the grand jury to convince them that the defendant probably committed the offense. The grand jury does not determine guilt, but if the prosecutor is successful, the grand jury returns a true bill. This authorizes the prosecutor to arraign the defendant. If the prosecutor is not successful, he or she cannot proceed to an arraignment. While not a common practice, the prosecutor can switch from a probable cause hearing to grand jury or vice versa in an attempt to obtain an indictment.

Which U.S. Supreme Court decision established the exclusionary rule? A) Weeks v. United States B) Roper v. Simmons C) Mapp v. Ohio D) Gideon v. Wainwright

A) Weeks v. United States

Theories that share the assumption of free will and rational choice are commonly called ________. A) classical school theories B) psychological theories C) social determinism theories D) biological theories

A) classical school theories

Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is ________. A) controlled by subconscious desires B) a free-will choice C) controlled by certain factors of heredity D) influenced by body type

A) controlled by subconscious desires

Lower class youth who reject middle-class values that they cannot achieve and create their own counterculture is termed ________. A) reaction formation B) social interaction C) reject label D) rebellion process

A) reaction formation

Criminal offender John Doe grew up surrounded by poverty and other disruptive social forces. Which theory would argue that his criminal behavior was independent of individual characteristics? A) social disorganization B) differential association C) social control D) social conflict

A) social disorganization

Which one of the following events below is evidence to that the American colonists believed in evil spirits, supernatural explanations, and used the judicial process to rid the colonies of so-called satanic influences? A) the Salem witch trials B) the American Revolution C) the discovery of the asylum D) the Quaker movement

A) the Salem witch trials

An attempt to define and explain factors that predict behavior under certain conditions is termed ________. A) theories B) case studies C) data collection D) causation determination

A) theories

Which theory is based on the belief that structural factors such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of schooling, and unemployment are powerful forces that influence levels of crime? A) zone theory B) social disorganization theory C) social determinism theory D) anomie theory

A) zone theory

THE ONES THAT NEED TO BE MATCHED

ASK MS. ALLEN

President Bush implemented the War on Terrorism after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Discuss if you believe that since this time it has been effective. If so, how and if not why not?

Answers may vary. Students should consider expanded wiretaps, expanded search and seizure, expanded powers of foreign nationals, and people choosing safety over liberty.

Discuss the criminal justice process beginning with the police and moving into both the courts and corrections. Discuss where you see yourself as an employee within the context of the process and explain why.

Answers may vary. The process includes a crime committed, reported, investigation, arrest, booking, probable cause, due process, evidence, prosecution, initial appearance, bail, preliminary hearing, diversion, judge dismisses charges, grand jury, indictment, arraignment, motion, trial, punishment, sentence, appeal, institutionalized, probation, parole, community corrections.

The central tenant of the positivist school of criminology is that ________. A) criminal behavior is a matter of free-will and choice B) a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors C) differences in gender aggression were related to survival of the species D) criminals want to be punished for their crimes

B) a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors

Cesare Lombroso and Richard Dugdale were proponents of ________. A) moralism B) biological determinism C) psychological determinism D) social determinism

B) biological determinism

Which perspective emphasized that a person's criminal nature was an inherited characteristic? A) the classical school B) early biological theories C) the social determinism school D) the psychoanalytic school

B) early biological theories

The concept of protecting the identity of juveniles charged with delinquency is rooted from which theory of criminology? A) conflict theory B) labeling theory C) strain theory D) containment theory

B) labeling theory

Which of the following is a purpose for booking a suspect into jail? A) to establish guilt B) to establish the identity of a person C) to make sure the suspect gets punished, even if only for one night D) to make it easier to get a confession

B) to establish the identity of a person

A decision issued by a grand jury authorizing the prosecutor to arraign the defendant is called a ________. A) verdict B) true bill C) conclusion D) grand command

B) true bill

________ focuses on research into the roles played by genetic and neurophysiological variables as they relate to criminal behavior.

Biocriminology

The differential association theory believes that criminal behavior is learned through association with a peer group that engages in criminal behavior and was created by ________. A) Franz Gall B) Cesare Lombroso C) Edwin Sutherland D) James Becker

C) Edwin Sutherland

Which panel of citizens hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial? A) Coroner's Inquest B) Petit Jury C) Grand Jury D) Citizen Oversight Committee

C) Grand Jury

What was the landmark case that abolished capital punishment for juveniles? A) Miranda v. Arizona B) Witherspoon v. Illinois C) Roper v. Simmons D) Klopfer v. North Carolina

C) Roper v. Simmons

The guilt of the defendant is determined through trial, plea-bargaining, or dismissal of charges, which is what stage of the criminal process? A) prosecution and pretrial services B) corrections C) adjudication D) sentencing and sanctions

C) adjudication

Freudian theory argues that ________. A) criminal behavior is a matter of free-will choice B) crime is an inherited characteristic in one's biological make-up C) crime is committed to alleviate feelings of guilt, so one will be punished D) crime is caused by social factors and social forces beyond one's control

C) crime is committed to alleviate feelings of guilt, so one will be punished

Whose theory of the "criminal man" was the first important positivist theory to emerge? A) Richard Dugdale's theory B) Charles Darwin's theory C) Raffaele Garofalo's theory D) Cesare Lombroso's theory

D) Cesare Lombroso's theory

Chicago experienced unemployment problems, poor schools and substandard housing during the early part of the 20th century, hence criminal behavior could be expected in these zones according to ________. A) Sutherland and Hirschi B) Merton and Miller C) Lombroso and Dugdale D) Shaw and McKay

D) Shaw and McKay

Which of the following is a variable that criminologists believe influences criminal behavior? Choose the best answer. A) biology B) psychology C) sociology D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior? A) zone theory B) social disorganization C) differential association D) psychoanalytic theory

D) psychoanalytic theory

True or False: A first appearance is a formal request by the prosecution or the defense for a ruling on a particular matter.

False

True or False: Conflict theories are based on the assumption that individuals lose self-control.

False

True or False: During the 1960s and 1970s Gallup surveys showed respondents felt the police were doing an excellent job in maintaining social order and suppressing crime.

False

True or False: In a bench trial, the jury has the authority to determine the sentence if the defendant is found guilty.

False

True or False: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were proponents of the concentric zone model.

False

True or False: Most criminologists agree there is one major theory, which explains the majority of crime.

False

True or False: Shaw and McKay developed the theory of differential association.

False

True or False: Sigmund Freud argued that criminal behavior is a free will choice.

False

True or False: Sigmund Freud was considered a leading criminologist in his era.

False

True or False: The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that powers not delegated to the United States are reserved to the individual states.

False

True or False: The belief that the punishment should fit the crime is a tenant of the positivist school.

False

True or False: The emphasis on efficient and effective justice is known as the due process model of crime control.

False

True or False: The process and flow of an offender through the criminal justice system is overseen by one agency.

False

________ sanctions include social norms that are enforced through the social forces of the family, school, government, and religion.

Informal

Discuss and compare the differences between informal sanctions and formal sanctions. Provide examples of each.

Informal sanctions are social norms enforced through family, school, government, and religion; Expected normal behavior. Formal sanctions are promoted through social order and the common welfare. Laws are formal sanctions.

________ norms are the unwritten rules of society.

Social

Explain the difference between sociology and criminology.

Sociology is the study of human social behavior while criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. While criminology can include the study of the criminal justice system, criminal justice has evolved into a distinctively different discipline from criminology.

Explain the presumption of innocence with regards to the due rights process.

The central premise of due process rights is the presumption of innocence. Regardless of overwhelming evidence against the accused, the court proceeds on the presumption that until the guilt of the accused is proven beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law, the defendant is treated as if he or she is not guilty of the charges in regards to the rights afforded the individual.

True or False: Feminist criminology assumes that the underlying cause of criminal behavior by females is the inequality of power between men and women.

True

True or False: Feminist criminology assumes the cause of criminality among females is the inequality of power between men and women.

True

True or False: In felony cases, a grand jury ,ay be used to decide whether there is sufficient probable cause to indict someone.

True

True or False: Social determinism is the idea that social forces are the root cause of crime.

True

True or False: The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides for protection against self-incrimination.

True

True or False: The defendant responds to the charges at arraignment.

True

True or False: The first Ten Amendments (Bill of Rights) to the U.S. Constitution delineate certain guaranteed freedoms such as trial by jury, freedom of speech, and the right to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure.

True

True or False: The goal of the Law Enforcement Education Program was to promote education among criminal justice personnel.

True

True or False: The neutralization theory purports that criminals neutralize feelings of guilt through rationalization.

True

True or False: The purpose of a theory is to define and explain the factors that influence or determine behavior and how the factors interrelate.

True

True or False: Thorsten Sellin believed that the criminal laws of society reflect normative values of the dominant culture or ethnic group.

True

True or False: Those who advocate conflict theories and class and power inequality as the causes of crime are known as radical criminologists.

True

True or False:The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy trial.

True

At what point in the criminal justice process is the defendant asked to enter a formal plea of either quilty or not guilty to the charges? a) arraignment b) booking c) grand jury d) preliminary hearing

a) arriagnment

Which model emphasizes public order, and swift, efficient, and effective justice? a) crime control model b) due process model c) consensus model d) presumption model

a) crime control model

Lombroso concluded that criminals were cases of ________, the failure to develop into modern men and women.

atavism

The __________ can be divided into law enforcement, prosecutors and the courts, probation and parole, and jails. a) due process model b) criminal justice system c) crime control model d) consensus model

b) criminal justice system

Who has the authority to ultimately decide what charges will be filed against the defendant? a) the police b) the prosecutor c) the trial judge d) the police, prosecutor, and judge share equal authority

b) the prosecutor

Following the events of September 11th, 2001, then President Bush declared a __________. a) war on Poverty b) war on Terrorism c) state of emergency d) foreign travel ban

b) war on Terrorism

Which act made it illegal for businesses, motels, restaurants, and public transportation providers to deny citizen's service based upon their race? a) Civil Rights Act of 1866 b) Civil Rights Act of 1871 c) Civil Rights Act of 1964 d) Civil Rights Act of 1991

c) Civil Rights Act of 1964

Ensuring that citizens are protected from abusive power by government is known as __________. a) civil process b) equal cause c) due process d) equal process

c) due process

Civil disobedience was a tactic used by activists in which if the following? a) rioting b) the War of Terrorism c) the Civil Rights Movement d) the War on Crime

c) the Civil Rights Movement

The school of thought that individuals have free will to choose whether to commit crimes is known as the ________ school.

classical

A system of social ________ is designed to maintain order and regulate interactions.

control

As illustrated in the picket fence model, the criminal justice system is commonly divided into three sub-components: police, courts, and ________.

corrections

The definition of ________ is the state of two variables being associated with each other in that when one increases, the other increases or decreases in a predictable pattern.

correlation

The author suggests in an analogy that the criminal justice system's various levels of government operations are separate, but linked together in comparison to __________. a) a wedding cake b) a riddle c) a filter d) a picket fence

d) a picket fence

In 1967 President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice concluded that __________. a) there needed to be a war on terrorism b) people were in favor of being vigilantes c) police corruption was at a minimum d) the criminal justice system was a dynamic system, constantly adjusting and changing

d) the criminal justice system was a dynamic system, constantly adjusting and changing

Early theories from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw the cause of criminality as moral weakness and ________ spirits.

evil

In some felony cases, the ________ jury hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial.

grand

Feminist theory advocates hypothesize that the ________ of politics and economics is at the root of female criminal behavior.

inequality

Jeremy Bentham is noted for developing the ________ school of criminology.

neoclassical

Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is not a choice of free will but rather driven by ________ desires.

subconscious

The original ________ amendments added to the U.S. Constitution were named the Bill of Rights.

ten