Final for Anat Phys. (Previous Quizzes)

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called ________.

graded potentials

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

soma

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous epithelium

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

temporal lobe

The resting potential of a neuron is ________.

-70mV

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

All living organisms are capable of digestion.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

An increase in normal body temperature triggers heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating.

Paranasal sinuses are located within which of the following bones? (1) frontal bone (2) sphenoid (3) ethmoid (4) maxilla (5) nasal bone

1, 2, 3, 4

What would happen if the plasma protein, albumin, could easily cross capillary walls?

A drop in osmotic pressure of plasma would cause blood volume to decrease.

Which of the following events most directly occurs due to an action potential generated by the motor neuron?

ACh is released at the synaptic cleft.

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?

AV node

Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?

AV valves only

Which statement regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood is true?

H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?

Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.

Emphysema is a disease process that can be caused by cigarette smoking. Not only are the lungs more inflated at rest due to loss of elasticity (elastic recoil), but the alveoli are also reduced in numbers as fewer, large diameter alveoli replace more numerous, smaller diameter alveoli. As a consequence, patients with emphysema are often given supplemental oxygen to assist with their changed breathing pattern. What is the main objective in administering supplemental oxygen?

Increase the PO2 in the alveoli to increase the diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane. Submit

Which of the following could cause the hematocrit to decrease significantly below a normal value?

Internal bleeding

The flat surface of the tibia that articulates with the femur is the superior surface of which landmark?

Medial and lateral condyles

Identify the anatomical landmark resulting in a noticeable bump found on the medial surface of the ankle.

Medial malleolus

Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?

Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves

Which ABO blood type has neither A, B, nor Rh antigens?

O negative

Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?

O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?

P wave

Identify the structures that are responsible for the stretching of the skin during pregnancy.

Elastic fibers found in the reticular layer of the dermis

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?

Epithalamus

Name bone that articulates with the proximal end of the tibia.

Femur

Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification?

Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.

Which of the following bones is NOT a facial bone?

Frontal

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is

GH

Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?

Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident.

Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal?

Posterior

Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.

Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.

When you shiver when it gets cold, you are demonstrating which of the following functions?

Responsiveness

Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?

SA node

Identify the correct match.

SA node = tissue mass embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium

Which type of epithelium secretes enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands?

Simple cuboidal

Which statement is true about the adrenal glands?

The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels.

Which statement is correct regarding the heart wall?

The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

During forced breathing, which of the following occurs during inhalation?

The expiratory center of the VRG is inhibited.

How would the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?

The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase

Which statement is true about the pituitary?

The pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells.

Iodine is extremely important in the formation of what hormone?

Thyroxine (T4)

Identify the blunt elevation found on the anterior surface of the tibia between the lateral and medial condyles.

Tibial tuberosity

Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with Type AB?

Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Why might women be more prone to suffering from iron-deficient anemia than men?

Women have approximately half as many iron reserves.

Your doctor suggests that you increase your calcium intake to maintain your healthy bones. You do not understand why the doctor suggested this since you are a healthy 32-year-old. What was the doctor's reasoning?

You are at an age where calcium levels in the bone may start to subside, producing weaker bones later in life.

You and your twin sister, both 18 years of age, were in a car accident. She had a clean break across the humerus and the upper arm bone-no bleeding, no break in the skin. However, you have a very messy break of the distal tibia in the lower leg, requiring pins to be inserted. Which statement is true regarding the differences in your break and your sister's break?

You will be given antibiotics to reduce bacterial infection, whereas your sister will not.

Which of the following factors would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

a decrease in the pH of the interstitial fluids

Which is a mineralocorticoid hormone?

aldosterone

The release of norepinephrine at synapses in the myocardium results in ________.

an increase in stroke volume

Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the

anterior pituitary.

Agglutinins

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound?

biliverdin

Generally, the actions of hormones

can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.

Salivary amylase functions to digest

carbohydrates

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease due to a defect of the respiratory mucosa. Mucous cells in the respiratory mucosa of affected individuals produce dense, viscous mucus that CANNOT be transported by the cilia of the respiratory tract. Mucus transport stops, and mucus blocks the smaller respiratory passageways. The clogged airways make breathing difficult. This inactivation of the normal respiratory defenses leads to frequent bacterial infections. Where is the respiratory mucosa found in the respiratory tract?

conducting portion

Systemic circulation is to the body as the _______________ circulation is to the heart.

coronary

During their formation, RBCs

eject their nucleus

What does the ECG wave tracing represent?

electrical activity in the heart

Which muscle would not move the scapula?

erector spinae

Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen?

fibrinolysis

Identify the bone found lateral to the tibia.

fibula

What is the name of the opening between the true vocal cords?

glottis

What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?

greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive system?

liver

A primary function of the skeletal system is

maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids.

The muscle that produces the action of standing on tip-toes is the

soleus

The function of the cardiac skeleton is to

stabilize the position of the heart valves.

Which is NOT a function of blood?

storage

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

storage

What substance secreted onto the alveolar surfaces plays a key role in keeping the alveoli open?

surfactant

Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?

the molecular weight of the gas

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by

the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium. Submit

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

the scapula

During exhalation,

the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

The ribs articulate with the

transverse processes of the vertebrae.

The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the

ventricles

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?

ventricular depolarization

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.

ventricular diastole

In the skeletal system, compact bone is usually located

where stresses come from a limited range of directions.

A difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes is

whether the cavity is open to the exterior or not.

Jason fractured his pisiform bone in an accident. What part of his body is injured?

wrist

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding skin color?

A person's skin color depends on the number of melanocytes present in the epidermis.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding muscle tissue?

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue are striated.

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2, ?

CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2

_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______.

CO2; alveoli

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

Cardiac

Which statement is correct?

During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.

Consider the stress response. Unlike the resistance phase, the alarm phase ________.

involves the activation of the "fight or flight" response

Glycolysis

is an anaerobic process

The trachea

is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages.

Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.

isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

Which part of the leg does the tibia form?

medial leg

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

melanocytes

Which hormone is a very effective antioxidant, one that may protect CNS neurons from free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?

melatonin

Which of the following consists of double sheets of serous membrane and provides a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels?

mesenteries

The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of

neural axons, directly

The pH of saliva is

neutral

Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

neutrophils: antibody production

Which of the following matches the cell with its function?

osteoblasts: ossification

The cardioinhibitory center controls activities of the ________ motor neurons.

parasympathetic

The root of a tooth is anchored by the

periodontal ligament

In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from which type of vessel?

peripheral capillaries

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n)

permissive effect

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.

pia mater

What is the chief difference between plasma and serum?

presence/absence of clotting proteins

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________.

presynaptic neuron

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?

reticulocyte

Which feature is an important landmark in females during pelvic examinations, and during labor and delivery?

sacral promontory

A distinct bone marking on the dorsal surface of the scapula is the

scapular spine

How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?

3

The following events are part of the skin repair process. In which order do they occur? - Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris - Formation of scar tissue - Inflammatory response - Formation of scab

3, 4, 1, 2

Which of the following best describes a motor unit?

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.

The generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma is short in duration. Which of the following explanations describes why the reaction of the sarcolemma is short in duration?

AChE acts to break down the ACh in the synaptic cleft.

________ is a loose connective tissue, ________ is a fluid connective tissue, and ________ is a supporting connective tissue.

Adipose; blood; bone

Which of the following secretion mechanisms does not match the product the glands secrete?

Apocrine secretion: hormones

The integumentary system protects deeper structures from which of the following?

Chemicals, Infections, Physical damage from impacts, Dehydration (water loss)

Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle?

Cardiac muscle cells are striated

Which of the following is the simplest level of organization that can do all of the following: reproduce, grow, be responsive, move, and metabolize?

Cell

During the contraction cycle, which one of the following steps occurs?

During the power stroke, the myosin head shifts toward the M line of the sarcomere.

The skin provides a somewhat waterproof outer shell that helps the body retain water. However, one of the integument's other functions involves losing water (along with salts and organic wastes). Which function is that?

Heat loss through sweating

The diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum.

True

The tissue type in the body that lines internal passageways is ________ tissue.

Epithelial

The pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).

False

Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

As you unsuccessfully attempt to lift the 300-pound weights off the ground, you are demonstrating ________.

Isometric contraction

Which of the following statements is true concerning motor units?

Movement of the eyeball requires fewer muscle fibers with less tension being produced.

Why do individual muscle twitches have to be added together, as in summation or tetanus?

Multiple twitches add up to an increase in muscle fiber tension, which increases the strength of the muscle.

Which statement regarding "heat loss" is true?

Muscle contractions play an important role in the maintenance of normal body temperature.

Which statement is true about nervous tissue?

Not all nervous tissue is located within the brain and spinal cord.

How are the endocrine organ system and nervous organ system alike?

Together, they both regulate most of the activities of the body.

Our tissue cells require constant inputs of oxygen and nutrients as well as waste removal. What is the lowest level of organization required to fulfill these needs and keep us alive?

Organism level

Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position?

Palms facing inward towards the thighs

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

Skeletal

Which statement regarding skeletal muscle is true?

Skeletal muscles contain blood vessels.

Muscles that produce facial expressions pull on which of the following?

Skin

What role does the female integumentary system have in human reproduction?

Specialized integumentary glands produce milk.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Spinal nerves outnumber cranial nerves

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the muscular system?

Synthesize vitamin D3

Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

Why is the elbow joint considered to be extremely stable?

The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock.

The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain?

The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.

The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle?

The knee is superior to the ankle.

Which of the following statements is true?

The neurotransmitter is stored in the axon terminal of the motor neuron.

Following an accident, J.J. realizes that he is unable to move his left leg. Which area of his brain is most likely affected?

The right frontal lobe

What is the main role of vitamin D3 produced in the skin?

Uptake of calcium

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

VII

The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?

acetylcholine

The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the

afferent division

The fact that a single defective protein causes cystic fibrosis, a multisystemic illness, proves that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

During an EEG, alpha waves

are characteristic of normal resting adults

Interneurons

are found only in the central nervous system.

Smooth muscle cells

are spindle-shaped

If the nurse tells you that the vaccine is to be administered in your brachial region, you will need to uncover your __________.

arm

The nail ________ covers the nail bed.

body

Dorsiflexion involves ________ at the ankle joint and ________ of the foot.

flexion; elevation of the sole

Active muscles generate ________.

carbon dioxide and heat

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the

cerebellum

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane.

chemically gated; postsynaptic

During the action potential, when does sodium permeability initially DECREASE?

during the peak of depolarization

Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________.

either depolarize or hyperpolarize

Which of the following accounts for most of the volume of connective tissues?

extracellular matrix

Which of the following cartilage types has little ground substance and has a matrix dominated by collagen fibers?

fibrocartilage

The peritoneal cavity contains the

small intestine.

The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain. It is the site where conscious thought and intellectual functions originate. Disorders of the cerebrum can affect the ability to perform daily intellectual tasks, for example speaking, reading and motor control. Aphasia is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read and is often the result of a severe stroke or tumor that affects a large area of the cerebral cortex, including the speech and language areas. Dyslexia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words. A seizure is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behavior. Much of our conscious and intellectual functions reside in the cortex of the cerebrum. What is the name of the folds or convolutions that are found on the cerebral cortex and expand its surface area?

gyri

Biopsy samples from organs are sent to your lab for staining and then viewing in a microscope. Your area of expertise would be

histology.

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following?

hyperpolarization

Which of the following contains large quantities of adipose tissue, blood vessels, and nerve cells, but does not contain any vital organs?

hypodermis

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

incoming sensory information would be disrupted

The flexor reflex

is a withdrawal reflex

"Anaerobic endurance"

is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers.

Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands

is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) ________.

keloid

Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers in joints are called ________.

menisci

Which of the following is located in a median position?

mouth

Saltatory propagation occurs in _________ axons, in which action potentials _________.

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another

Demyelination is the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The result is a gradual loss of sensation and motor control that leaves affected body regions numb and paralyzed. One demyelination disorder is multiple sclerosis. What is the name of the glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

The difference in the action when comparing the biceps brachii to the flexor carpi radialis, is

one muscle flexes the hand at the wrist and the other flexes the entire forearm.

Muscles comprising the quadriceps group include the

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

During an action potential, the rapid decrease in sodium permeability and simultaneous increase in potassium permeability is responsible for __________.

the repolarization phase

A small, low-caliber bullet has entered your chest at an angle, through the right lung and then the heart. It is now lodged in heart muscle. The surgeon will have to open some closed cavities of the body and enter those spaces to remove the bullet. What is the order of the cavities and the correct cavities that the surgeon will have to open (starting from the outside)?

the thoracic cavity, the pleural cavity, the mediastinum, the pericardial cavity

An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels