Oceanography Exam 2 (CH 4-6)
true.
Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air.
Rising warm air is associated with regions of ________ atmospheric pressure caused by thermal ________.
low, expansion
Where are tropical cyclones found?
lower and middle latitudes
Standing waves may be caused by:
wave reflection.
Waves converge on headlands due to:
wave refraction.
The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the:
wave steepness.
Wave speed is equal to
wavelength divided by period.
The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to:
wavelength/2.
false.
A hurricane is a very strong high-pressure system.
Westward Intensification
Western Boundary currents stronger than eastern boundary currents. Caused by Coriolis Effect.
diatoms and radiolarians
Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze?
Which of the following is the most fine-grained sediment?
abyssal clay
to the right of their original direction.
As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected:
*Most abundant sediment by area?
biogenous
Generally atmospheric pressure ______ with increasing altitude. A. increases slowly B. decreases rapidly C. increases rapidly D. decreases initially but then increases rapidly E. remains constant
B
______, the average conditions over a long period of time, is what you expect; ____, the short term atmospheric conditions for a given time and specific area, is what you get. A. Weather, climate B. Climate; weather C. Who are you kidding?!? I never expect anything because the weather forecasters are ALWAYS wrong!
B
Each hydrogen atom shares its single electron with electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?
covalent
T/F: Because they tend to move downslope, most lithogenous sediments are deposited in abyssal plains.
false
T/F: Black volcanic beach sand is a type of hydrogenous sediment.
false
Thermohaline circulation is driven by:
density
Which type of flow works in opposition to Ekman transport in a gyre?
density-driven circulation
The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called ___________.
desalination
T/F: In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well-developed thermocline.
false
Which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?
halocline
*Most abundant sediment?
lithogenous
Tropic of Cancer
located at 23.5° N latitude
Northeast Trade Winds
Curve to the right due to the Coriolis effect and blow from northeast to southwest
In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well developed thermocline (T/F)
False
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. maximum sustained winds B. minimum central pressure C. sea surface salinity D. storm surge E. storm diameter
C, sea surface salinity
Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension.
False
Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.
False
18) The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is ________. 18) _____ A) Na+ B) Ca+2 C) HCO3− D) Cl− E) CO2
HCO3-
The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:
HCO3-
A layer of rapid change of ocean density with depth is called a
Pycnocline
the insulating nature of the ice itself
The thickness of sea ice is limited primarily by __________.
The only way for siliceous ooze to be preserved in the ocean is ___________.
to have it accumulate faster than it dissolves
How is most sediment transported from the continental shelf out to the continental rise?
turbidity currents
The Ekman spiral is driven by:
wind
Surface Currents
wind driven currents move water horizontally above pycnocline and occur in ocean's surface water
When does the solar azimuth angle reach its minimum value in Fullerton?
winter solstice
A deep-water wave occurs when the water depth is greater or equal to:
½ of wavelength.
Lithogenous sediments are ___________.
made of material derived from pre-existing rock material
71) Which of the following is the second most abundant positively charged component of seawater? 71) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate
magnesium
A wave will break when:
steepness = 1:7.
Hurricanes are an efficient way to:
redistribute heat from one area to another
Tropic of Capricorn
southern hemisphere
23) The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to ________. 23) _____ A) intense precipitation B) high winds C) storm surge D) low atmospheric pressure
storm surge
from the east toward the equator
Surface winds in the tropics generally blow _______________.
false
Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the water's high latent heat of fusion.
The average salinity of sea water is:
3.5%
true
Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator.
true
Tektites are glassy rock fragments created during impact events.
Earth's rotation
The Coriolis effect is caused by __________.
albedo
The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.
temperature and water vapor content.
The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:
trade winds
The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:
The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells.
True
The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting.
True
radiolarians
Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)?
Where is the salinity of ocean surface waters HIGHEST?
about 25 degrees N or S of equator
Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat (a per mole basis)?
chlorofluorocarbons
Gyre
circular flow of water around periphery of ocean basins; consist of currents that blend into one another -Flow is continuous without obvious places where one current ceases and another one begins -The balance of wind energy, friction, the Coriolis Effect and pressure gradient propels gyres and holds them along the outside of ocean basins
Which type of bond holds adjacent water molecules together?
hydrogen
Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to:
respiration
Ninety percent of people who die in hurricanes are killed by _____________.
storm surge
*Saffir-Simpson scale
strength of tropical cyclone
How would a moving object in Earth's atmosphere be deflected as a result of Earth's rotation?
to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds are deflected:
to the right of the original direction
Equatorial currents are driven by the:
trade winds
T/F: The major surface wind belts of the world are generated by the lowermost portion of Earth's atmospheric circulation cells.
true
1) Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of ________. 1) _____ A) 45° B) 180° C) 23.5° D) 0° E) 90°
23.5 degrees
The alkalinity of a solution is an estimate of its acid buffering capacity.
False
The trade winds can be found between 30° and 60°N and S latitudes.
False
*Calcareous ooze
coccolithophores and foraminifera
The California Current is a ________ current that flows ________.
cold, south
The latitudes between 23.5° N and 23.5° S define the
tropical climate zone
The atmospheric circulation cell in the equatorial South Pacific created by the movement of air between high- and low-pressure regions is called the __________.
Walker cell
How is most sediment transported from the continental shelf out to the continental rise?
by turbidity currents
8) Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a ________. 8) _____ A) change in state B) change in subatomic structure C) change in atomic mass D) change in chemical composition E) change in molecular weight
change in state
higher salinity
When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a:
an east-to-west movement of hurricanes and easterly winds in the western Atlantic between 10° and 20° degrees north latitude
Which of the following associations between hurricanes—also known as typhoons and cyclones—and wind direction is most accurate?
The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.
Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer.
foraminiferans
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
T/F: For an equal quantity of solar radiation hitting all parts of Earth, the "solar footprint" is larger at the equator than it is in high latitudes.
false
T/F: Subtropical gyres flow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
false
T/F: The calcite compensation depth (CCD) represents the depth where wave action ceases to form calcareous oolites.
false
T/F: The heat capacity of water is lower than that of most other substances.
false
Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air.
True
At middle latitudes all over the Earth, on what day(s) is/are daylength 12 hours?
both the spring and fall equinoxes
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. nitrogen B. albedo C. oxygen D. troposphere E. water vapor
B, albedo
true
Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet).
Jet Stream
Cause unusual weathering by steering air masses
Thermohaline flow is a term that describes ________.
deep-ocean current movement
The doldrums refer to the same region as the:
intertropical convergence zone
Areas of high atmospheric pressure (at Earth's surface) generally experience what kind of conditions?
sinking air with dry, clear weather
The _____, a layer of electrically charged molecules and atoms that aids in long distance communication by reflecting radio waves and causes the northern lights, lies in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. A. ionosphere B. ozonosphere C. electrosphere D. stratosphere E. No such layer exists.
A
The basic distribution of heat, and therefore temperature, over the Earth is PRIMARILY a function of _____. A. latitude B. distribution of land and water C. general circulation of both the atmosphere and the oceans D. elevation E. topographic barrier
A
Which of the following is the correct order of the thermal layers from the Earth s surface outwards? A. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere B. stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere C. thermosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, exosphere D. exosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, thermosphere, troposphere
A
Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is NOT true? A.Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up 10% of the atmospheric gases. B. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is increasing as a result of the increased burning of fossil fuels. C. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a significant influence on weather and climate because of its ability to absorb infrared radiation. D. Most atmospheric scientists conclude that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is causing the lower atmosphere to warm up enough to produce significant global climate change. E. All the above statements are true.
A
Earth's axial tilt—the tilt of the axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun—is
23.5 degrees
The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation with respect to the ecliptic is ______________.
23.5 degrees
78) Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes? 78) _____ A) 25 degrees B) 5 degrees C) 65 digress D) 45 degrees E) 85 degrees
25 degrees
12) The average salinity of typical seawater is ________. 12) A) 2% B) 25% C) 10% D) 3.5% E) 0.35%
3.5%
46) The horse latitudes boundary occurs in which of the following regions? 46) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
30 degrees
52) The major deserts of the world occur in which of the following regions? 52) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
30 degrees
56) A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, dry, clear, fair weather with little precipitation occurs in which of the following regions? 56) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
30 degrees
Globally, air descends (sinks toward the surface) at ______________.
30 degrees latitude and 90 degrees latitude at the poles
4) The average albedo of Earth's surface is about ________. 4) _____ A) 90% B) 67% C) 50% D) 30% E) 3%
30%
The average albedo of Earth's surface is about:
30%.
47) The prevailing westerlies occur in which of the following regions? 47) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
30-60 degrees
53) Storms are most common in which of the following regions? 53) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 to 60 degrees D) 60 to 90 degrees E) Poles (90 degrees)
30-60 degrees
57) A boundary or belt characterized by winds generally from the west and brings storms that influence weather across the United States occurs in which of the following regions? 57) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
30-60 degrees
In the open ocean, average seawater salinity is ____
35%
Global Weather: Mid Latitudes
Air masses that are either cold (polar) or warm (tropical) and originating over either water (wet) or land (dry).
Three important atmospheric variable-amount gases that have a significant influence on weather and climate are ______ A. carbon dioxide (CO2); oxygen; nitrogen B. water vapor; carbon dioxide (CO2); ozone (O3) C. water vapor; nitrogen; hydrogen D. carbon dioxide (CO2); nitrogen; hydrogen E. There are no variable gases in the atmosphere; all gases occur in fixed amounts over time and space
B
Southeast trade wind
Curve to the left due to the Coriolis effect and blow from southeast to northwest
Why does air tend to rise in equatorial regions?
Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas.
Because they tend to move downslope, most lithogenous sediments are deposited in abyssal plains.
False
Black volcanic beach sand is a type of hydrogenous sediment.
False
The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun is directly overhead along the equator in March.
False
The calcite compensation depth (CCD) represents the depth where wave action ceases to form calcareous oolites.
False
The heat capacity of water is lower than that of most other substances (T/F)
False
28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Nitrogen B) Oxygen C) Albedo D) Troposphere E) Water vapor
albedo
The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.
albedo
74) Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest? 74) _____ A) Streams and lakes B) World ocean C) Groundwater and soil moisture D) Atmospheric water vapor E) Ice caps, glaciers, and snow
atmospheric water vapour
28) The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________. 28) _____ A) ions B) protons C) atoms D) neutrons E) electrons
atoms
autumnal equinox
autumn = fall; SEPTEMBER
In the troposphere air temperature generally ______ with increasing altitude. A. increases B. decreases C. remains constant D. decreases initially but then increases E. Air temperature does not change predictably with changes in altitude.
b
76) Which of the following countries is the world leader (by percentage of its energy use) in wind power? 76) _____ A) England B) Japan C) United States D) Denmark E) Australia
denmark
61) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The overall electrical charge of most ions is balanced BECAUSE each ion contains an equal number of protons and electrons. 61) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
both the assertion and the reason are incorrect
19) As the salinity of seawater increases, its ________. 19) _____ A) density increases B) residence time decreases C) density decreases D) residence time changes E) residence time increases
density increases
lithogenous
derived from rock
cosmogenous
derived from space
hydrogenous
derived from water
The cooling of surface waters and the breakdown of a seasonal thermocline is called
destratification
Which of the following marine organisms lives in cold, polar waters? A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminifers D. radiolarians
diatoms
*Silicious ooze
diatoms and radiolarians
Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and:
latitudinal variations in the Coriolis effect.
All of the following are examples of sediment-transporting media EXCEPT ___________. A. Streams B. Glaciers C. Gravity D. Wind E. Levitation
levitation
7) The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by ________. 7) _____ A) temperature B) density C) pH D) salinity E) chlorinity
temperature
The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:
temperature and water vapor content.
What causes seasons?
The tilt of the Earth's Axis
nitrogen and oxygen
The two most abundant components of dry air are:
neritic, lithogenous deposits
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:
A rapid change in ocean temperature with change in the depth is the:
Thermocline
*Carbon Dioxide
400ppm
false
Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world.
Air Masses
Large volumes of air with distinct properties
*Antarctic circulation
outer easterly ring, inner westerly ring
The term isothermal means
same temperature
vernal equinox
vernal = spring; MARCH
Antarctic Intermediate Water
(600-1200 m) produced at Antarctic Convergence, primarily from upwelled NADW
Where is the Sun overhead on the Southern Hemisphere winter solstice?
* the Tropic of Cancer
Of the following statements about the PH of seawater, which are true?
-Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. -The PH of sewater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3 -In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline.
Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which are true?
-An increase in salinity increases seawater density. -A decrease in temperature increases seawater density.
Which increases the salinity of seawater?
-The formation of sea ice. -Evaporation
*What affects distribution of biogenous sediments?
-productivity -destruction -dilution
*Freezing point of water Boiling point
0 degrees C 100 degrees C
How do Hurricanes form?
1. Require ocean water warmer than 25 Celsius (77 F), warm moist air, and Coriolis Effect 2. Form over meteorological equator
What is the Coriolis Effect?
1.Causes moving objects to follow curved paths. (N-Path of right and S-Path to the left of intended direction)
Ekman transport is an average path of motion that, under ideal conditions, is at ________ to the wind's direction.
90 degrees in the wind direction
The Coriolis effect, which results from _____, appears to deflect flowing objects _____ in the northern hemisphere and _____ in the southern hemisphere. A. Earth's rotation on its axis; right; left B. Earth's rotation on its axis; left; right C. Earth's rotation on its axis; up; down D. Earth's rotation on its axis; down; up E. friction; left; right
A
False
A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.
wet and warm
A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be:
Which of the following is the most abundant component by weight for deep-ocean sediments?
Clay
Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? (2)
Coccolithophores Diatoms
The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:
Coriolis effect.
The deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:
Coriolis effect.
microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris.
Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment:
Each hydrogen atom shares its single electron with electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?
Covalent bond
The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called
Desalination
Almost all phenomena we call weather occur in which atmospheric layer? A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. tropospher
E
Ozone (O3) produced in the _____ is considered good ozone because it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation; ozone produced in the _____, where it forms one of the components of photochemical fog, is considered bad ozone because of its harmful effects on humans, vegetation, and building materials. A. troposphere; stratosphere B. ozonosphere; ionosphere C. thermosphere; troposphere D. troposphere; ozonosphere E. stratosphere; troposphere
E
Which of the following increases the salinity of seawater?
Evaporation of seawater
A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.
False
An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.
False
-The coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around low pressure -the coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around high pressure
How does the Coriolis effect cause the atmosphere to move around high and low pressures in the Northern Hemisphere?
the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes
Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of west coast hurricanes is that __________.
Intensity of Solar Radiation is greater at...
Lower latitudes
Which of the following statements about manganese nodules is FALSE?
Manganese nodules are a type of foraminifer.
hydrogenous sediments.
Manganese nodules are an example of:
Vernal Equinox
March 21, Sun Directly over equator. All places on Earth experience equal lengths of night and day. aka Spring Equinox
30%
Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________.
True.
Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed.
warm ocean water the trade winds water's latent heat of condensation warm air with lots of water vapor
Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are generally related to the formation or movement of hurricanes?
As the salinity of seawater increases it's:
Residence time does not change
Why is heavy rain associated with hurricane formation?
Rising, moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls.
The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the"
Saffir-Simpson Scale.
The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the:
Saffir-Simpson Scale.
coccolithophores and diatoms
Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment?
the polar high the polar front the doldrums the horse latitudes
Which of the following are valid names of boundaries between global wind belts or at the poles?
Warm ocean currents and hurricane paths both broadly move from east to west between 10° and 20° degrees north latitude in the eastern Pacific.
Which of the following statements best describes the general relationship between ocean currents and hurricanes?
cold and dry
Which of the following temperature and humidity conditions are most likely to be experienced in eastern Iowa after the cold front passes?
true
Wind is initiated by uneven heating of Earth's surface by the Sun, which creates areas of high and low atmospheric pressure.
be deflected toward the east.
Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to:
false.
Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.
In relation to ocean circulation, a gyre is __________.
a large, circular-moving loop of surface water
continental rise
You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________.
clay
You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.
What is an anticylone?
a center of high ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
What is a cyclone?
a center of low ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
35) Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure at the surface? 35) _____ A) A column of warm, dense air B) A column of cool, less dense air C) A column of warm, less dense air D) A column of cool, dense air
a column of warm, less dense air
Where are most modern-day calcareous oozes found in the ocean?
along the mid-ocean ridge beneath warm surface waters
Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
area where warm, moist air rises close to the equator
At the time of the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere
astronomical winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere.
Most processes that affect the ocean's salinity occur _______
at the ocean surface
Most processes that affect the ocean's salinity occur ___________.
at the surface
Storms
atmospheric disturbances
Beneath the calcite compensation depth (CCD), ___________.
calcium carbonate dissolves in seawater
6) The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is the definition of ________. 6) _____ A) calorie B) latent heat of evaporation C) latent heat of condensation D) thermal capacity E) boiling point elevation
calorie
Although the polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive by incident sunlight in the course of a year, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year by the
circulation of heat by the atmosphere and oceans.
7) In the troposphere, air temperatures ________.7) _____ A) are constant with decreasing altitude B) increase with increasing altitude C) decrease with increasing altitude D) decrease with decreasing altitude
decrease with increasing altitude
17) Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and ________. 17) _____ A) differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land B) differences in the latitudinal albedo C) variations in incoming solar radiation over many years D) latitudinal variations in the Coriolis effect E) Ekman transport
differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land
29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Polar easterlies B) Northeast trade winds C) Southeast trade winds D) Doldrums E) Westerlies
doldrums
what are the 3 latitudes?
doldrums (ITCZ) -> horse latitudes -> polar front
31) Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________. 31) _____ A) protons B) molecules C) atoms D) electrons E) ions
electrons
44) The Doldrums occur in which of the following regions? 44) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
equatorial (0-5 degrees)
51) Earth's breeding ground for hurricanes occurs in which of the following regions? 51) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
equatorial (0-5 degrees)
14) Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water? 14) _____ A) Evaporation B) Runoff C) Sea ice melting D) Icebergs melting E) Precipitation
evaporation
The height of a wave depends upon
fetch, wind duration, and wind speed.
It's July 4th above the Arctic Circle. You are planning a barbecue for your friends during the daylight hours and a grand fireworks display at night. What could go wrong with your plan?
fireworks hardly visible
Which of the following statements about El Niño events is FALSE? A. There is a deeper wedge of warm water off South America. B. The trade winds stop or even reverse. C. Upwelling slows or halts offshore of South America. D. A low-pressure zone migrates eastward toward Peru. E. Fishing along Peru and Ecuador is much better.
fishing along Peru and Ecuador is much better
70) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 260 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. 70) _____ A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five
five
69) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 220 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. 69) _____ A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five
four
42) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point? 42) _____ A) Boiling point B) Lagrangian point C) Freezing point D) Condensation point E) Polarization point
freezing point
42) The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere? 42) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast
from northeast to southwest
39) The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere? 39) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast
from southeast to northwest
What drives Hadley cell circulation?
heating from the Sun
*Cyclonic vs. Anticyclonic flow
in NH: counterclockwise around low pressure clockwise around high pressure
A geostrophic current is one that (ideally) flows _______.
in a circular path around the central hill of a gyre
Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere?
in a clockwise direction
Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere?
in a counterclockwise direction
Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? (2)
in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf
Where do glaciers form?
in places where MORE SNOW falls in the WINTER than melts away in the SUMMER
How does air move near the TOP of a cyclone?
in the SAME DIRECTION as air in the upper atmosphere
Where are Hadley cells found?
in the atmosphere near the equator
80) The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. 80) _____ A) decreased, increased B) decreased, decreased C) increased, increased D) increased, decreased
increased; decreaed
What accounts for all the unique properties of water?
its unique geometry causes the water molecule to have a resulting electrical polarity
In the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, the day with the shortest number of daylight hours occurs around
june 22
Which of the following statements about manganese nodules is FALSE? A. Manganese nodules are a type of hydrogenous sediment. B. Manganese nodules form in layers around a central nucleation object, such as a grain of sand or a shark's tooth. C. Manganese nodules are a type of foraminifer. D. Manganese nodules are thought to precipitate directly from seawater. E. Manganese nodules are composed of oxides of manganese, iron, cobalt, and other metals.
manganese nodules are a type of foraminifer.
29) A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________. 29) _____ A) ions B) molecules C) neutrons D) electrons E) protons
molecules
For maximum winter warmth, in the Southern Hemisphere, large windows in a house should face
north
Tropic of Cancer
northern hemisphere
Deep ocean water generally has high amounts of:
nutrients and oxygen
22) Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water? 22) _____ A) Distillation B) Osmosis C) Electrolysis D) Reverse osmosis E) Freeze separation
osmosis
The most important reason why summers in the Southern Hemisphere are not warmer than summers in the Northern Hemisphere is that
over 80% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered with water.
25) Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 25) _____ A) Precipitation B) Latitude C) pH D) Temperature E) Salinity
pH
3 types of cells:
polar ferrel hadley
23) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 23) _____ A) Boiling point B) Freezing point C) Precipitation D) Surface tension E) Heat capacity
precipitation
33) A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere. 33) _____ A) water vapor content B) temperature C) pressure D) movement E) density
pressure
*What are beach deposits rich with?
quartz
20) Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a ________. 20) _____ A) cold front B) land breeze C) typhoon D) sea breeze E) tropical cyclone
sea breeze
Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:
sea breeze.
Which of the following from earliest to latest represents the typical wave formation?
sea,swell,surf
*Neritic? Pelagic?
shallow water deep water
A tsunami is considered to be a:
shallow water wave.
The suffix cline means
slope
25) The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water (but cold) in the summer is ________. 25) _____ A) subtropical B) polar C) subpolar D) tropical E) temperate
subpolar
69) Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? 69) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate
sulfate
2) The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the ________. 2) _____ A) summer solstice B) winter solstice C) vernal equinox D) ecliptic E) autumnal equinox
summer solstice
When does the solar azimuth angle reach its maximum value in Fullerton?
summer solstice
Microscopic shells that create biogenous sediment on the sea floor are called ___________.
tests
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered biogenous? (2)
tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze
Which of the following currents does NOT belong with the others as part of the same gyre? A. The South Equatorial Current B. The Benguela Current C. The Brazil Current D. The West Wind Drift E. The Agulhas Current
the Agulhas current
What term is used to describe the effect on air movement produced by Earth's rotation?
the Coriolis effect
Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is FALSE? A. In the Northern Hemisphere, moving objects tend to curve to the right of their intended paths; in the Southern Hemisphere, moving objects tend to curve to the left of their intended paths. B. The Coriolis effect is strongest at the poles and decreases to zero at the equator. C. The Coriolis effect is the result of our perspective on a moving frame of reference (the spinning Earth). D. The Coriolis effect is caused by Earth's rotation. E. The Coriolis effect tends to increase or decrease the speed of moving objects.
the Coriolis effect tends to increase or decrease the speed of moving objects
Which of the following statements about the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is FALSE? A. The DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material. B. The DSDP confirmed that the age of the ocean floor increases with distance from the axis of the mid-ocean ridge. C. The DSDP confirmed that sediment thickness increases with distance from the axis of the mid-ocean ridge. D. The DSDP confirmed that Earth's magnetic field polarity reversals are recorded in sea floor rocks.
the DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material
Which of the following is an example of a western boundary current of a subtropical gyre? A. The Labrador Current B. The Canary Current C. The West Australian Current D. The Kuroshio Current E. The California Current
the Kuroshio current
46) Which of the following best defines heat? 46) _____ A) The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. B) The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. C) The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. D) The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. E) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.
the energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature
The waters above the thermocline are referred to as
the mixed layer
What is the zone of wastage?
the part of a glacier where snow melting EXCEEDS snow accumulation
20) A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the ________. 20) _____ A) isocline B) pycnocline C) halocline D) barocline E) thermocline
thermocline
54) A layer of rapidly changing temperature with depth is called a ________. 54) _____ A) halocline B) lysocline C) pycnocline D) syncline E) thermocline
thermocline
68) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 190 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. 68) _____ A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five
three
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the South Pole toward the equator?
toward the LEFT
Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through:
upwelling
36) The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude. 36) _____ A) temperature B) chemical composition C) pressure D) density E) velocity
velocity
Upwelling
vertical movement of cold, nutrient rich water to surface; high biological productivity (lots of fishing) Occurs because water is getting pulled away from the coast, Upward movement of ocean water that occurs when winds push surface water aside and it is replaced with cold, deep water that originates on the ocean bottom
Down Welling
vertical movement of surface water downward in water column
35) Which of the following best describes hydrogen bonding? 35) _____ A) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together B) Very strong bonding between cations and anions C) Electrostatic attraction between charged areas of adjacent molecules D) Very strong bonding from the sharing of electrons between atoms E) Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
very strong bonding from the sharing of electrons between atoms
72) The air surrounding of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________. 72) _____ A) warm moist; upwardB) cool dry; upward C) cool dry; downward D) warm moist; downward
warm moist; upward
What is one of the first indications that an El Niño event may be occurring?
warm water from near Australia migrates toward South America
Calcareous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions, and siliceous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions.
warm, cool
The Gulf Stream is a ________ current that flows ________.
warm, north
The East Australian Current is a ________ current that flows ________.
warm, south
Calcareous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions, and siliceous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions.
warm; cool
27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Autumnal equinox B) Summer solstice C) Westerlies D) Vernal equinox E) Ecliptic
westerlies
16) The temperate regions are characterized by ________.16) _____ A) westerly winds B) trade winds C) easterly winds D) high pressure E) tropical cyclones
westerly winds
The temperate regions are characterized by:
westerly winds.
74) The majority of the world's tropical cyclones are formed in the waters north of the equator in the ________ Ocean. 74) _____ A) eastern Atlantic B) western Pacific C) eastern Pacific D) western Atlantic E) western Indian
western pacific
13) A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be ________. 13) _____ A) dry and cold B) wet and warm C) wet and cold D) wet and the same temperature E) dry and warm
wet and warm
The earth is closest to the sun in
January
false
a glacial deposit is well sorted?
The atmospheric component that contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is:
water vapor
biogenous
derived from organisms
intermediate to shallow depth water.
phosphate-rich nodules form in:
Where is the Sun overhead on the Northern Hemisphere summer solstice?
the Tropic of Cancer
the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere
tropopause
A maritime tropical air mass is likely to be:
wet and warm
Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater?
-Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. -Pass electrical current through the water.
Which of the following events occur in the water column of temperate oceans from the first day of winter to the first day of spring? Check ALL correct answers. Points are deducted for incorrect answers.
(8/10 correct) an decrease in the angle of penetration of solar radiation (i.e., solar altitude) into the water column a decrease in the mixed layer depth increase in sea surface water temperatures increases in solar radiation at the sea surface formation of a seasonal thermocline
75) Which of the following is the correct order of formation of sea ice as it forms directly from seawater? 75) _____ A) (START) Ice Floes; Slush; Pancake Ice; Sea Ice (FINISH) B) (START) Slush; Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Sea Ice (FINISH) C) (START) Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Slush; Sea Ice (FINISH) D) (START) Slush; Ice Floes; Pancake Ice; Sea Ice (FINISH) E) (START) Slush; Ice Floes; Sea Ice; Pancake Ice (FINISH)
(START) slush; pancake ice; ice floes; sea ice (FINISH)
Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which are true?
-Seawater salinity averages 35% -The 2 most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. -An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity.
What causes the Coriolis Effect?
1. Result of Earth's rotation to the East 2. Difference in speed in Earth's rotation at different latitudes
What factors alter wind, pressure, and atmosphere circulation patterns?
1. The tilt of Earths rotation axis,which produces seasons 2. The lower heat capacity of continental rock compared to seawater, which makes the air over continents colder in winter and warmer in summer than the air over adjacent oceans 3. The uneven distribution of land and ocean over Earths surface,which particularly affects patterns in the Northern Hemisphere
Where is the Coriolis Effect most drastic?
1.Dramatic effect on atmospheric circulation and movement of ocean currents 2. At the poles
65) Worldwide, about ________ storms grow to named tropical cyclones status each year. 65) _____ A) 75 B) 50 C) 100 D) 25 E) 125
100
45) The trade winds occur in which of the following regions? 45) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
5-30 degrees
55) A boundary or belt characterized by strong, steady winds, generally from the east occurs in which of the following regions? 55) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
5-30 degrees
The percentage of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth's oceans and landmasses is about:
50%
How big can the diameter of a hurricane become?
500 miles
48) The polar front occurs in which of the following regions? 48) _____ A) 30 degrees B) 30 to 60 degrees C) 60 degrees D) 60 to 90 degrees E) Poles (90 degrees)
60 degrees
58) A boundary or belt characterized by variable winds and stormy, cloudy weather year round occurs in which of the following regions? 58) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
60 degrees
49) The polar easterlies occur in which of the following regions? 49) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
60-90 degrees
59) A boundary or belt characterized by cold, dry winds generally from the east, occurs in which of the following regions? 59) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
60-90 degrees
How many wind and pressure systems are contained within Earth's atmosphere?
7
Which of the following statements about water vapor in the atmosphere is NOT true? A. Atmospheric water vapor amount is generally highest over deserts and polar regions. B. Water vapor determines humidity in the atmosphere. C. Although water vapor is defined as a variable-amount gas, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere as a whole remains virtually constant; it varies by location. D .Atmospheric water vapor amount is generally highest in air overlying warm, moist surfaces, such as tropical oceans. E. Water vapor has a significant influence on weather and climate because it is the source of all clouds and precipitation and because of its ability to store, move and release heat energy.
A
a cold front
A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an:
true
A cold front is likely to have heavy, brief showers associated with it.
The density of seawater increases with ____ in temperature and ____ in salinity.
A decrease; an increase
With respect to incoming solar radiation, radiation emitted back into the atmosphere has:
A longer wavelength
Antarctic Bottom Water
A water mass that forms in the Weddell Sea, sinks to the ocean floor, and spreads across the bottom of all oceans Densest Water
cool, dry.
A zone of high atmospheric pressure results when there is relatively __________ air aloft.
C. diatoms
A. chalk B. coccolithophores C. diatoms D. limestone E. stromatolites
C. silicious ooze
A. glaciers B. rivers C. siliceous ooze D. turbidity currents E. volcanic ash
E. tektites
A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites
C. sea surface salinity
A. maximum sustained winds B. minimum central pressure C. sea surface salinity D. storm surge E. storm diameter
B. albedo
A. nitrogen B. albedo C. oxygen D. troposphere E. water vapor
A. siliceous ooze
A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash
Tropical Cyclones
AKA Hurricanes Highly Destructive, huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rains
Where is the salinity of ocean surface waters highest?
About 25 degrees north or south of the equator
Why is warm, moist air considered the "fuel" for a hurricane?
Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane.
Polar easterly wind belts
Air moves away from the high pressure at the poles, too, producing the polar easterly wind belts. The Coriolis effect is maximized at high latitudes,so these winds are deflected strongly.The polar easterlies blow from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.
prevailing westerly wind belts
Air that descends in the subtropical regions and moves along Earths surface to higher latitudes. Because of the Coriolis effect, the prevailing westerlies blow from southwest to northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from northwest to southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.
sea breeze
Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:
Of the following properties of water, which is caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules?
All 5
Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which are true?
All except "As the temperature of water decreases from 20 to 4 degrees Celcius, its density also decreases."
Of the following statements about waters latent heat and changes in state, which are true?
All except "In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds."
If you were an explorer stranded in the arctic ocean, what methods could you use for creating fresh drinking water?
All except "Melt recently frozen seawater."
Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which are true?
All except "There is a thermocline in high latitudes." and "there is a pycnocline in high latitudes."
stromatolites
All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except :
diatom ooze
All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except :
they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin.
All the following are true concerning neritic sediment deposits except :
warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.
All the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except :
ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.
All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except :
Most extensive upwelling occurs...
Along the equator.
false
An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.
The arrangement of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean from the surface to the bottom is:
Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water.
Which of the following statements about biogenous oozes is FALSE?
Biogenous oozes are created by underwater eruptions, which cover the sea floor with fine ash particles.
Fronts
Boundaries b/t air masses (warm and cold)
The Baltic sea has ______ because of _______
Brackish water; large amounts of runoff
In the _____ air temperature increases with increasing altitude because it contains the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation thus warming the atmosphere. A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. troposphere
C
The composition of the Earth s atmosphere consists of the following principal gases and percentages A. Oxygen 100% B. Oxygen 78%; Nitrogen 21%; Argon 0.9% C. Nitrogen 78%; Oxygen 21%; Argon 0.9% D. Oxygen 50%; Hydrogen 50% E. The atmospheric concentration of the principal gases varies too much to make any generalizations about the atmosphere s composition.
C
The concentration of ozone (O3) relative to other gases is at its maximum in the ______. A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. troposphere
C
Which of the following atmospheric gases is important because of its ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation A. carbon dioxide (CO2) B. nitrogen C. ozone (O3) E. hydrogen D. argon
C
Which of the following is NOT a method by which atmospheric particulates influence weather and climate? A. Particulates are hygroscopic water vapor condenses around them. B. Particulates can absorb sunlight. C. Particulates absorb all ultraviolet radiation. D. Particulates can reflect sunlight. E. Particulates do all the above.
C
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about fossil fuels? A. Fossil fuels are the product of millions of years of accumulated solar energy absorbed in plant life and trapped as hydrocarbons matter underneath Earth's surface B. Coal, oil and natural gas are all examples of fossil fuels C. The main barrier to an energy transition away from fossil fuels is the lack of any viable option D. All fossil fuel use emits CO2, a greenhouse gas (GHG) associated with climate change E. The world today derives 80% of its energy from fossil fuels
C
Water Parcel A has a temperature of 18 degrees C. Water Parcel B has a temperature of 22 degrees C. Water Parcel C has a temperature of 23 degrees C. Which of the following represents a stable water column?
C at surface, B in middle, A at bottom
Green House Gases
CO2, N2O, CH4 and CFC- atmosphere is almost all Nitrogen and Oxygen; other gases include argon, carbon dioxide, and others in small amounts (most significant trace gas is carbon dioxide- greenhouse gas)
low salinity
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?
Most chalk is made from ___________.
Coccoliths
Winter Solstice
December 22, The Sun is directly overhead along the Tropic of Capricorn,at 23.5 degrees south latitude. In the Southern Hemisphere,the seasons are reversed.Thus,the winter solstice is the time when the Southern Hemisphere is most directly facing the Sun, which is the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere summer.
Which of the following events occur in the water column of temperate oceans from first day of fall to the first day of winter? Check ALL correct answers. Points are deducted for incorrect answers.
Decreases in solar radiation at the sea surface Weakening of the seasonal thermocline An increase in the mixed layer depth Decrease in sea surface water temperatures A decrease in the angle of penetration of solar radiation into the water column
Which of the following atmospheric layers lies closest to the Earth s surface, from sea level to approximately 11 miles up? A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. troposphere
E
Which of the following does NOT affect weather and climate? A. latitude B. distribution of land and water C. general circulation of both the atmosphere and the oceans D. elevation and topographic barriers E. All the above have a major impact on weather and climate
E
Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect in NOT correct? A. All winds are affected by the Coriolis effect. B. Ocean currents are deflected by the Coriolis effect. C. The Coriolis effect influences direction of a moving object only, not speed. D. The apparent deflection is strongest at the poles and decreases toward the equator where there is zero deflection. E. All the above statements about the Coriolis effect are true.
E
re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation
Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.
23.5 degrees
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of _______ to the plane of the ecliptic:
cold, dry sinking air in the polar high regions produces little precipitation
Earth's polar regions (above 60° latitude) are classified as deserts because __________.
What is the primary reason that Earth has seasons?
Earth's rotational axis is tilted
clay, silt, sand, pebbles
From smallest to largest, which list of sediment particle sizes is in the correct order?
Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary?
Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are EQUAL
Which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?
Halocline
Heat Input to Earth
Heat absorbed between 40 degrees N & S latitudes. Heat is lost at higher latitudes.
Global Weather: Equatorial Region
Heavy, rain-air movement in doldrums is upward thus being cooled yielding rain
large particles such as gravel
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?
There is no pycnocline in _______ latitude regions because ________
High; the water column is uniformly cold and dense
In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of water is:
Higher than other liquids
Which type of bond holds adjacent water molecules together?
Hydrogen bond
differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land.
Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and:
Ekman Transport
If one integrates the water movement over the entire spiral, it turns out that overall the water movement is 90 degrees to the right of the wind.
27° to 29° Celsius
In the eastern Pacific of the Northern Hemisphere, which ocean temperatures are associated with the most hurricanes?
decrease with increasing altitude above Earth's surface.
In the troposphere, air temperatures generally:
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure water at 0 c, what happens to the temperature of the mixture when heat is added?
It remains constant until the ice melts then it begins to rise
What accounts for all the unique properties of water?
Its unique geometry
When it is January and winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is ___ and ___ in the Southern Hemisphere.
January and summer
The earth is farthest from the sun in
July
On which date would the sun's rays be closest to being perpendicular to the earth's surface in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere?
June 21
Summer Solstice
June 21, The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer,at 23.5 degrees north latitude
All of the following are examples of sediment-transporting media EXCEPT ___________.
Levitation
equatorial
Light and variable winds, warm and humid conditions, and frequent rainfall are characteristic of __________ oceanic climate zones.
What is meant by the term "Land of the Midnight Sun?"
Locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic Circles experience 24 hours of daylight during their respective summers
counterclockwise
Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate:
Trade Winds
Masses of air that move across earth's surface from subtropical high pressure belts toward equatorial low pressure belts
Ocean Currents
Masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another; wind or density driven
-air always moves from high-pressure regions toward low-pressure regions -the air temp. is warmer near earths surface than in the upper part of the troposphere -low pressure at the surface is associated with rising air (movement away from the surface) -warm air holds more water vapor than cool air
Of the following physical properties of the atmosphere, which is/are true?
the biogenous component tends to be overwhelmed by the amount of lithogenous material derived from the nearby continent
Oozes are uncommon on continental margins because __________
less than 30% biogenous material.
Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:
True
Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf.
In an atom, the nucleus is composed of _____ and _____, and the _____ orbit very quickly around the nucleus.
Protons; neutrons; electrons
false
Radiolarian tests are dissolved beneath the carbonate compensation depth.
Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? (2)
Radiolarians Diatoms
rotary drilling
Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________.
lithogenous
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:
neritic
Sediments found on continental margins are called:
Autumnal Equinox
September 23, The Sun is directly overhead along the equator again.In the Northern Hemisphere, the autumnal equinox is also known as the fall equinox.
Of the following statements about surface water temperature above biogenous sea floor deposits, which is/are true? (2)
Siliceous ooze on the sea floor indicates cool surface water above. Calcareous ooze on the sea floor indicates warm surface water above.
The phase in which water exists water is determined by:
Temperature and pressure
Microscopic shells that create biogenous sediment on the sea floor are called ___________.
Tests
true.
The Coriolis effect describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation.
zero; strongest
The Coriolis effect is _____ at the equator and is _____ at the poles.
Which of the following statements about the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is FALSE?
The DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material.
summer solstice
The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the:
true
The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed.
Coriolis effect
The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:
Of the following statements about the doldrums, which is/are true?
The doldrums are an area of low atmospheric pressure.
inter-tropical convergence zone.
The doldrums refer to the same region as the:
greater
The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is:
True
The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells.
storm surge
The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to:
troposphere
The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the:
false
The maximum Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slower rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes.
The fact that ice is less dense than water- which causes ice to float- is due to _______
The molecular packing of bulky ice crystals
quartz
The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.
abyssal plain far from a continent
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:
subpolar
The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water with low sea surface temperature in the summer is:
tropical
The oceanic climate region(s) where the majority of strong tropical cyclonic storms are produced is:
Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD?
The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.
false
The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the vernal equinox.
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:
The relative concentration of seawater ions does not change
Saffir-Simpson Scale.
The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the:
latent heat of condensation.
The strength of a hurricane stems from water's:
westerly winds
The temperate regions are characterized by:
Evaporation causes cooling in the residual liquid.
True
In water vapor, there is no interconnectedness of individual water molecules. (T/F)
True
Latent heat can be absorbed or released only as water undergoes the process of changing state (T/F)
True
The Coriolis effect describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation.
True
The Saffir-Simpson scale rates the relative intensity of tropical cyclones.
True
The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed.
True
Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion.
True
false, its because of its high surface tension.
Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension.
earth's surface is heated unevenly by the sun
Weather (short-term conditions of air temperature, wind speed/direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure) occurs because __________.
high; low
air always moves from _____ atmospheric pressure regions to _____ atmospheric pressure regions.
56) Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? 56) _____ A) A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. B) Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. C) Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. D) Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. E) Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side
a current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater
Which of the following events occur in the water column of temperate oceans from first day of SPRING TO FIRST DAY OF SUMMER? Check ALL correct answers.
a decrease in the mixed layer depth increases in solar radiation at the sea surface increase in sea surface water temperatures an increase in the angle of penetration of solar radiation (i.e., solar altitude) into the water column strengthening of the seasonal thermocline
North Atlantic Deep Water
a deep water mass that forms primarily at the surface of the norwegian sea and moves south along the floor of the north atlantic ocean Less Dense than antarctic bottom water
What is a tropical cyclone?
a low-pressure disturbance that develops over WARM, TROPICAL WATERS
In which of the following environments would you expect to find lithogenous sediment? (3)
a muddy lagoon a sandy beach at the base of the continental slope
Thermohaline Circulation
a worldwide system of ocean currents in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface and colder, saltier water (which is more dense) moves deep beneath the surface
Which of the following is the most fine-grained sediment? A. beach sand B. cobbles on the beach C. silt from a quiet lagoon D. a pebble beach E. abyssal clay
abyssal clay (the deeper you go, the smaller the sediment)
Of the following environments, in which one(s) would lithogenous sediment (of any amount) be found? (All/5)
abyssal plains continental shelves continental rises continental slopes deep-ocean trenches
A thermocline represents
all of the above a boundary between different water parcels a boundary between waters with different densities a boundary where temperature decreases rapidly with depth a boundary between warm and colder waters
Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation?
areas near the ITCZ
12) Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to ________.12) _____ A) be deflected toward the west B) circulate counterclockwise C) circulate clockwise D) travel in a straight line E) be deflected toward the east
be deflected toward the east
Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to:
be deflected toward the east.
Which of the following statements about biogenous oozes is FALSE? A. The organisms that form biogenous oozes live in the sunlit surface waters of the ocean. B. Biogenous oozes include sediments that contain at least 30% CaCO3 tests. C. Biogenous oozes are created by underwater eruptions, which cover the sea floor with fine ash particles. D. Biogenous oozes include sediments that contain at least 30% SiO2 tests. E. Biogenous oozes are composed of the hard remains of once-living organisms.
biogenous oozes are created by underwater eruptions, which cover the sea floor with fine ash particles
45) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the condensation point? 45) _____ A) Freezing point B) Melting point C) Polarization point D) Boiling point E) Lagrangian point
boiling point
80) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Coriolis force is a true force BECAUSE it accelerates a moving body or air and influences its speed. 80) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is corre
both the assertion and the reason are incorrect
The Baltic Sea has ____________ because of ______________.
brackish water, large amounts of runoff
The cooling of surface waters and the breakdown of a seasonal thermocline causes a blending of the upper ocean waters in a process known as
buoyancy-driven mixing
Western intensification is ________.
caused by the rotational center of a gyre being located to the west of the ocean basin's geographic center, thus causing more water to flow within a narrower channel
70) Which of the following is the most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? 70) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate
chloride
Which of the following is the most abundant component by weight for deep-ocean sediments? A. evaporites B. clay C. sand D. gravel E. fecal pellets
clay
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? (2)
coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules
Most chalk is made from ___________.
coccoliths
When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the center of the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a:
cold core ring.
19) A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an ________. 19) _____ A) low pressure system B) cold front C) warm front D) occluded front E) high pressure system
cold front
A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a(n)
cold front
Eastern Boundary Currents
cold, broad, shallow, weak, and slow
The Peru Current is a _______ current that flows _______.
cold, north
34) Which of the following will cause the highest air pressure at the surface? 34) _____ A) A column of cool, less dense air B) A column of cool, dense air C) A column of warm, dense air D) A column of warm, less dense air
column of cool, dense air
Populations of microscopic marine organisms in ocean surface waters closely match their abundance in sediments on the ocean floor, even though it takes 10 to 50 years for an individual particle to sink to deep-ocean depths. What accounts for this pattern?
concentration of the particles in fecal pellets
Populations of microscopic marine organisms in ocean surface waters closely match their abundance in sediments on the ocean floor, even though it takes 10 to 50 years for an individual particle to sink to deep-ocean depths. What accounts for this pattern?
concentration of the particles in fecal pellets.
44) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the boiling point? 44) _____ A) Freezing point B) Lagrangian point C) Melting point D) Condensation point E) Polarization point
condensation point
31) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____ A) Sea ice B) Iceberg C) Ice shelf D) Continent E) Ice floes
continent
76) On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest? 76) _____ A) Continent to atmosphere B) Ocean to atmosphere C) Atmosphere to ocean D) Continent to ocean E) Atmosphere to continent
continent to ocean
high pressure
cool air & DRY/EVAPORATION
71) The air in the center of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________. 71) _____ A) warm moist; upwardB) warm moist; downward C) cool dry; downward D) cool dry; upward
cool dry; downward
A zone of high atmospheric pressure results when there is relatively __________ air aloft.
cool, dry
10) The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the ________. 10) _____ A) Cyclonic effect B) Ekman spiral C) Saffir-Simpson scale D) Hadley cell E) Coriolis effect
coriolis effect
18) Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate ________. 18) _____ A) at a 45° angle from the prevailing wind direction B) to the right C) clockwise D) counterclockwise E) to the left
counterclockwise
Low pressure systems in the northern hemisphere rotate:
counterclockwise
Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate:
counterclockwise.
The density of seawater increases with ________ in temperature and ________ in salinity.
decrease, increase
79) The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth. 79) _____ A) increased, increased B) decreased, decreased C) decreased, increased D) increased, decreased
decreased; increased
On the day following the first day of summer, the length of daylight ___ in Fullerton.
decreases
Between 4th of July, and Thanksgiving, at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the day
decreases.
At the time of the vernal equinox, the Sun is directly overhead at ______________.
equator
54) A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, abundant cloudiness and much precipitation occurs of the following regions? 54) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
equatorial (0-5 degrees)
16) Which of the following processes increases seawater salinity? 16) _____ A) Sea ice melting B) River runoff C) Iceberg melting D) Precipitation E) Evaporation
evaporation
67) Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn? 67) _____ A) Freezing B) Evaporation C) Melting D) Polarization E) Condensation
evaporation
Which of the following INCREASES the salinity of seawater? A. runoff entering the ocean B. precipitation into the ocean C. icebergs melting in the ocean D. evaporation of seawater E. runoff and precipitation into the ocean only
evaporation of seawater
*Hydrogenous sediments
evaporites: halite (common table salt)
T/F: Vertical mixing of surface and deep seawater takes place in the low latitudes.
false
41) The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?41) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast
from northwest to southeast
43) The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere? 43) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast
from southeast to northwest
40) The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere? 40) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast
from southwest to northeast
38) The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere? 38) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast
from the northeast to southwest
In sediments, what does the Wentworth scale describe?
grain size
Geostrophic circulation is within a gyre driven by:
gravity.
3) The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is ________. 3) _____ A) the same B) greater C) lower
greater
52) A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________. 52) _____ A) halocline B) lysocline C) pycnocline D) syncline E) thermocline
halocline
9) Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? 9) _____ A) High heat capacity B) Low viscosity C) High viscosity D) High salinity E) Low heat capacity
high heat capacity
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?
high heat capacity
5) Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to ________. 5) _____ A) high surface tension B) high viscosity C) low viscosity D) low surface tension E) strong covalent bonds
high surface tension
There is no pycnocline in _______ latitude regions because _____________.
high, the water column is uniformly cold and dense
Compared to Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water is:
higher in salinity.
26) When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a ________. 26) _____ A) higher salinity B) higher temperature C) lower temperature D) decreased density E) darker color
higher salinity
When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a:
higher salinity
11) In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is ________. 11) _____ A) related to solvent concentration B) higher than other liquids C) a function of salinity D) lower than other liquids E) about the same as other liquids
higher than other liquids
Which of the following names mean "tropical cyclone"?
hurricane, typhoon, cyclone
24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) Calcium ion B) Magnesium ion C) Potassium ion D) Hydrogen ion E) Sodium ion
hydrogen ion
15) The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the ________. 15) _____ A) hydrobiological cycle B) meteorological cycle C) geologic cycle D) hydrologic cycle E) closed cycle
hydrologic cycle
The Red Sea has ____________ water because of large amounts of ______________.
hypersaline, evaporation
The red sea has ______ water because of large amounts of _______
hypersaline; evaporation
61) In coastal regions, sea breezes happen ________ and land breezes happen ________. 61) _____ A) in the morning; at night B) at night; in the morning C) in the afternoon; at night D) at night; in the afternoon E) in the morning; in the afternoon F) in the afternoon; in the morning
in the afternoon; at night
In temperate waters, the seasonal thermocline generally forms
in the early spring
From December 21/22 to June 20/21, the solar azimuth angle ___ in Fullerton.
increases
As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height:
increases and wavelength decreases
4) The surface tension of water ________. 4) _____ A) increases as density decreases B) is very similar in other liquids C) is related to salinity D) is relatively low E) is relatively high
increases as density decreases
Between New Year's and Memorial Day, at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the day
increases.
50) Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?50) _____ A) Decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form. B) Decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created. C) Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited. D) Adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of lessdense ice crystals is suppressed.
increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the ice crystals is inhibited
15) The doldrums refer to the same region as the ________. 15) _____ A) inter-tropical convergence zone B) trade winds C) subtropical jet stream D) jet stream E) subtropics
inter-tropical convergence zone
73) Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter? 73) _____ A) Calcium B) Iodine C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate
iodine
33) Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________. 33) _____ A) ions B) electrons C) protons D) molecules E) neutrons
ions
3) Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water ________. 3) _____ A) contains ionic bonds B) exists in three states of matter on Earth's surface C) requires heat to condense D) is a universal solvent E) is a polar molecule
is a polar molecule
10) A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? 10) _____ A) The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. B) It immediately begins to rise slowly. C) It rises slowly until it reaches 32°C, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. D) It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. E) It rises rapidly as the ice melts.
it remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise
21) The strength of a hurricane stems from water's ________. 21) _____ A) latent heat of melting B) latent heat of fusion C) latent heat of sublimation D) latent heat of condensation E) latent heat of deposition
latent heat of condensation
Hurricanes are associated with __________ atmospheric pressure and spin ______________ in the Northern Hemisphere.
low, counterclockwise
43) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the freezing point? 43) _____ A) Polarization point B) Lagrangian point C) Boiling point D) Melting point E) Condensation point
melting point
Western Boundary Currents
narrow, deep, warm, and strong stranger than eastern currents
Cooling of ocean surface waters in fall causes the surface waters to become
negatively buoyant
32) Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ________. 32) _____ A) electrons B) atoms C) neutrons D) ions E) protons
neutrons
The sun will pass directly overhead at noon in Key West, Florida (latitude 24.5° N)
never.
What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
nitrogen
5) The two most abundant components of dry air are ________. 5) _____ A) oxygen and water vapor B) carbon dioxide and water vapor C) nitrogen and oxygen D) oxygen and carbon dioxide E) nitrogen and carbon dioxide
nitrogen and oxygen
75) On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? 75) _____ A) Atmosphere to ocean B) Continent to atmosphere C) Atmosphere to continent D) Ocean to atmosphere E) Continent to ocean
ocean to atmosphere
Earth rotates on its axis
once per day
66) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 150 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five
one
17) Which of the following statements regarding pH is true? 17) _____ A) pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. B) A pH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline. C) pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells sink. D) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. E) Buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution.
pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution
On the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox, the Sun...
passes across the equator and into the Northern Hemisphere.
On the Northern Hemisphere fall equinox, the Sun...
passes across the equator and into the Southern Hemisphere.
The latitudes between 66.5° N and 90° N are part of the Northern Hemisphere
polar climate zone
The latitudes between 66.5° S and 90° S are part of the Southern Hemisphere
polar climate zone
what is the order of winds?
polar easterlies prevailing westerlies NE tradewinds SE tradewinds prevailing westerlies polar easterlies
what is the order of latitudes from N to S?
polar fronts horse latitudes doldrums (ITCZ) horse latitudes polar fronts
62) Typically, the United States is influenced more by ________ air masses during the winter and more by ________ air masses during the summer. 62) _____ A) tropical; arctic B) arctic; polar C) polar; arctic D) arctic; tropical E) polar; tropical
polar; tropical
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:
polarity of water molecules.
50) Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?50) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5- to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
poles (90 degrees)
60) A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions? 60) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)
poles (90 degrees)
Heating of ocean surface waters in spring causes the surface waters to become
positively buoyant
Polar easterlies
prevailing wind pattern at polar latitudes
30) Subatomic particles with a positive charge are called ________. 30) _____ A) molecules B) atoms C) ions D) electrons E) protons
protons
In an atom, the nucleus is composed of _____________ and _____________, and the ____________ orbit very quickly around the nucleus.
protons, neutrons, electrons
21) An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the ________. 21) _____ A) halocline B) pycnocline C) isocline D) thermocline E) barocline
psycnocline
53) A layer of rapidly changing density with depth is called a ________. 53) _____ A) halocline B) lysocline C) pycnocline D) syncline E) thermocline
pycnocline
A layer of rapid change of ocean density with depth is called a ___________.
pycnocline
hadley cells:
region between 0 and 30 degrees (closest to the equator)
ferrel cells:
region between 30 and 60 degrees
polar cells:
region between 60 and 90 degrees
In subtropical gyres, western boundary currents have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT being __________.
relatively wide
77) The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes? 77) _____ A) Photosynthesis B) Buffering C) Oxidation D) Dissolution E) Respiration
respiration
27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Solar distillation B) Desalination C) Reverse osmosis D) Pycnocline E) Electrolysis
reverse osmosis
*Ekman transport is in what direction in the NH?
right
22) The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the ________. 22) _____ A) Moh's Scale B) Coriolis Scale C) Fujita Scale D) Saffir-Simpson Scale E) Richter Scale
saffir-simpson scale
55) Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination? 55) _____ A) A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. B) Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. C) Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. D) Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. E) Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
saltwater is boiled and the water vapour is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as fresh
30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Minimum central pressure B) Storm diameter C) Maximum sustained winds D) Storm surge E) Sea surface salinity
sea surface salinity
58) Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? 58) _____ A) A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. B) Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. C) Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. D) Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. E) Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing
1) The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________. 1) _____ A) viscosity of water B) surface tension of water C) polarity of water molecules D) sharing of electrons between the atoms E) transfer of electrons between the atoms
sharing of electrons between the atoms
Constructive interference results in larger waves while destructive interference produces:
smaller waves.
72) Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater? 72) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate
sodium
73) Which of the following is responsible for 90% of the deaths associated with hurricanes? 73) _____ A) Fflooding B) Landslides C) Storm surge D) Strong winds E) Fallen trees
storm surge
The process of formation of a seasonal thermocline which leads to layering of the water column is
stratification
36) Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct? 36) _____ A) Stronger covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form within water molecules. B) Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. C) Weaker covalent bonds occur within water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. D) Weaker covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form within water molecules.
stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between molecules
Legend holds that the "horse latitudes" derived their name from sailors who, in desperation, abandoned horses overboard because the sailors were ______________.
stuck at the boundary between the trades and the westerlies
The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the:
summer solstice.
Ekman Spiral
surface water moves at about 45 degrees to the right of the wind, and this wind energy is imparted to successively deeper layers of water, each rotating further and further to the right but diminishing in their relative speed. Depth 100m
Surface ocean currents are caused by ___________, whereas deep currents are the result of __________.
surface winds, changes in density
The ocean's deep water is initially formed at the _________ and in _________ regions.
surface, subpolar
The unit of measurement used to describe the rate at which a volume of ocean water moves in a current is a(n):
sverdrup
the distance over which wind blows without interruption.
swell
The latitudes between 23.5° N and 66.5° N are part of the Northern Hemisphere
temperate climate zone
The latitudes between 23.5° S and 66.5° S are part of the Southern Hemisphere
temperate climate zone
8) The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are ________. 8) _____ A) temperature and salinity B) temperature and water vapor content C) carbon dioxide and water vapor content D) temperature and ozone E) nitrogen and water vapor content
temperature and water vapour content
The "midnight Sun" is a phenomenon observed in Northern Hemisphere polar regions only when the Sun is directly above _______________.
the Tropic of Cancer
Where is the Sun overhead on the Northern Hemisphere winter solstice?
the Tropic of Capricorn
Where is the Sun overhead on the Southern Hemisphere summer solstice?
the Tropic of Capricorn
47) Which of the following best defines heat capacity? 47) _____ A) The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. B) The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. C) The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. D) The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. E) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius
Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? (All/5)
the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins previous ocean circulation patterns the climate on Earth millions of years ago past catastrophes, such as major extinction events movement of the ocean floor
59) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Water is the ideal medium to have within our bodies BECAUSE it facilitates chemical reactions. 59) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
62) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Water is able to dissolve nearly everything BECAUSE water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules. 62) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
66) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most of the physical properties of pure water and seawater are very similar BECAUSE seawater is 96.5% water. 66) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
79) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude BECAUSE it depends on the weight of the column of air above. 79) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
81) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The air over the continents colder in winter and warmer in summer than the air over adjacent oceans BECAUSE continental rock has a lower heat capacity than seawater. 81) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
87) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The rate of sea ice formation slows as sea ice thickens BECAUSE the ice insulates the underlying water from freezing due to its poor heat conduction. 87) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
63) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Oil does not dissolve in water BECAUSE water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules. 63) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid
77) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Different hemispheres on Earth are tilted more directly toward or away from the Sun during Earth's yearly orbit BECAUSE Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit that varies from a perfect circle. 77) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid
86) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Sea ice is different from icebergs BECAUSE sea ice is found throughout the year around the margin of Antarctica. 86) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid
83) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: In 1900, at least 6000 people in and around Galveston, Texas, were killed in the most deadly natural disaster in the US history BECAUSE the hurricane's storm surge completely submerged the island. 83) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is valid
65) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Density decreases as temperature increases BECAUSE the molecules lose energy and slow down with increasing temperature. 65) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
82) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: New Orleans is particularly vulnerable to hurricanes like Katrina BECAUSE nearly all of the city's metropolitan area is only five feet above sea level along Lake Pontchartrain. 82) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
60) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: A 1-unit change in pH represents a 100-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration BECAUSE pH is not a linear scale.60) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
64) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Our planet's extreme climate is one of the main reasons life exists on Earth BECAUSE rapid environmental changes can often result in the death of many life-forms. 64) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
78) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The higher one goes in the atmosphere, the warmer it gets BECAUSE the higher one goes in the atmosphere the closer you are to the Sun. 78) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
84) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Hawaiian Islands are safe from tropical cyclones BECAUSE they are islands near the center of a large ocean. 84) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
85) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Hurricanes are no longer a threat to life and property around the globe BECAUSE improvements in technology have provided increasingly accurate forecasts and prompt evacuation. 85) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
the assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
What is a front?
the boundary between two AIR MASSES of different TEMPERATURES
Westward intensification causes:
the center of the gyre to be shift to the west. equatorial countercurrents. a steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compare to the eastern section of the gyre. very swift western boundary currents.
51) Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions? 51) _____ A) Increasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals. B) Siliceous ooze accumulates on the ocean floor as it is being dissolved because it accumulates siliceous tests faster than seawater can dissolve them. C) The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample. D) Calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until the calcite compensation depth is reached.
the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water
What is the Coriolis Effect?
the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
49) Which of the following best defines temperature? 49) _____ A) The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. B) The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. C) The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. D) The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. E) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.
the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules
The fetch refers to:
the distance over which wind blows without interruption.
A moving object traveling northward in the Northern Hemisphere is deflected toward ______________.
the east
Earth rotates on its axis towards
the east
What is the snow line?
the elevation above which snow persists throughout the year
48) Which of the following best defines latent heat? 48) _____ A) The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. B) The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. C) The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. D) The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. E) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.
the energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place
Geostrophic flow
the gyre center is mounded (water is piled up), but gravity causes water to flow down hill which is turned right by the Coriolis effect resulting in a circular current around the center of the gyre.
41) Which of the following best defines condensation point? 41) _____ A) The highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid B) The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid C) The temperature at which a solid changes to a gas D) The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid
the highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid
The shortest and longest days of the year occur on
the solstices
37) Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is correct? 37) _____ A) The Coriolis effect is strongest between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. B) The maximum Coriolis effect is at the equator, and there is no Coriolis effect at the poles. C) There is no Coriolis effect for objects moving due south from the equator. D) The magnitude of the Coriolis effect depends on how long the object is in motion.
the magnitude of the coriolis effect depends on hoe long the object is in motion
The fact that ice is less dense than water which causes ice to float is due to ___________.
the molecular packing of bulky ice crystals
9) Which of the following statements about the movement of Earth's atmosphere is correct? 9) _____ A) A column of cool, dense air produces low pressure at the Earth's surface. B) Cold air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface. C) A column of warm, less dense air produces high pressure at the Earth's surface. D) Warm air is denser than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface. E) The movement of air within the atmospheric convection cells generates the wind belts.
the movement of air within the atmospheric convection cells generates the wind belts
Which will cast a longer shadow at solar noon in Fullerton, an exactly vertical pencil in the ground at the summer solstice or an exactly vertical pencil in the ground at the winter solstice?
the pencil at the winter solstice will cast a longer shadow
Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with middle latitude storms, such as those that originate in the North Pacific Ocean between 40 and 60 degrees latitude?
the polar front
Which of the following are valid names of boundaries between global wind belts or at the poles?
the polar front
2) Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of ________. 2) _____ A) the polarity of water molecules B) the viscosity of water C) surface tension D) electron transfer E) electron sharing
the polarity of water molecules
The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as:
the relationship between sea surface temperature and high altitude pressure.
13) The Principle of Constant Proportions states that ________. 13) _____ A) the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth B) the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change C) ocean salinity varies as a function of season D) the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location E) ocean salinity varies with geographical location
the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change
Which of the following are the causes of seasonal changes in Earth's weather and climate?
the seasonal increase/decrease in solar azimuth angle the 23.5-degree tilt of Earth relative to its plane of orbit around the Sun the seasonal change in the length of the daylight hours
34) Covalent bonds are formed by which of the following? 34) _____ A) Weak electrostatic attraction between charged areas of adjacent molecules B) The energy transfer from one body to another C) The bonding of cations and anions D) The sharing of electrons between atoms E) The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
the sharing of electrons between atoms
40) Which of the following best defines boiling point? 40) _____ A) The temperature at which a solid changes to a gas B) The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid C) The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas D) The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid
the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gass
39) Which of the following best defines freezing point? 39) _____ A) The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas B) The temperature at which a solid changes to a gas C) The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid D) The highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid
the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid
38) Which of the following best defines melting point? 38) _____ A) The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas B) The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid C) The temperature at which a solid changes to a gas D) The highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid
the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid
Going from the equator to the North Pole, what are the names of the wind belts you would cross?
the trade winds, the prevailing westerlies, the polar easterlies
64) Which of the following powers tropical cyclones? 64) _____ A) A density-driven circulation that is initiated at the ocean surface by temperature and salinity. B) The vast amounts of latent heat as water evaporates and condenses. C) Heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another. D) An apparent force resulting from Earth's rotation that causes particles in motion to be deflected.
the vast amounts of latent heat as water evaporates and condenses
In the northern hemisphere, the direction of Ekman transport is:
to the right of the wind direction.
11) As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected ________. 11) _____ A) at a 90° angle from their original direction B) at a 45° angle from their original direction C) to the left of their original direction D) to the right of their original direction E) to the east of their original direction
to the right of their original direction
It's fall semester and you are driving east down a main street on your way to Fullerton College in the early morning and the Sun is rising directly in your line of sight, nearly blinding you. Where will the Sun rise the following week at nearly the exact same time on your way to school on the same route?
to the south of Chapman Avenue (on your right)
Which direction would an airplane deflect if flying from the East Coast of the United States toward the West Coast of the United States?
toward the NORTH
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator?
toward the RIGHT
Which direction would an airplane deflect if flying from the West Coast of the United States toward the East Coast of the United States?
toward the SOUTH
Which direction would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator?
toward the WEST
14) Low latitude wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the ________. 14) _____ A) horse latitudes B) polar easterlies C) westerlies D) trade winds E) doldrums
trade winds
The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:
trade winds.
24) The oceanic climate region(s) where the majority of strong tropical cyclonic storms are produced is ________. 24) _____ A) polar B) temperate C) subtropical D) subpolar E) tropical
tropical
What fuels a hurricane?
tropical storms are powered by release of vast amounts of water's latent heat of condensation that is carried within water vapor and released as water condenses to form clouds in a hurricane
6) The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the ________. 6) _____ A) troposphere B) upper atmosphere C) stratosphere D) tropopause E) ozone layer
troposphere
The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the:
troposphere.
T/F: A land breeze flows from land to sea.
true
T/F: Air typically moves from regions of high atmospheric pressure toward regions of low atmospheric pressure.
true
T/F: In water vapor, there is no interconnectedness of individual water molecules (no hydrogen bonds).
true
T/F: Latent heat can be absorbed or released only as water undergoes the process of changing state (e.g., as water changes from a liquid to a solid).
true
T/F: The East Australian Current is the western boundary current of the South Pacific subtropical gyre.
true
T/F: The surface winds of an anticyclone in the Southern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise.
true
67) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 170 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. 67) _____ A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five
two
63) Which of the following is not one of the names associated with huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rain? 63) _____ A) Hurricane B) Cyclone C) Typhoon D) Vortex
vortex
low pressure
warm air & PRECIPITATION
32) Which of the following parcels of air would have the lowest density? 32) _____ A) Warm dry air B) Cool moist air C) Cool dry air D) Warm moist air
warm moist air
An imaginary column of water from the ocean surface to depth is referred to as the
water column
The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to:
water depth.
57) Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination? 57) _____ A) A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. B) Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. C) Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. D) Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. E) Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane freshwater side
most abundant greenhouse gas that also influences air density
water vapor
Sea ice forms by seawater freezing; icebergs form _____________.
when glacial ice on land falls into ocean
37) Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent? 37) _____ A) When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules. B) Water molecules reduce the attraction between ions of opposite charges. C) Water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules. D) Water molecules makes it much easier for ions to separate. E) Water molecules stick to other polar chemical compounds.
when the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules
Horizontal Circulation in surface waters
wind driven by the Trade Winds and the Westerly's, and are predominately east-west
Surface ocean circulation is driven primarily by _______ and modified by ________.
wind; the Coriolis effect and land
