Oceanography Exam 2 (CH 4-6)

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

true.

Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air.

Rising warm air is associated with regions of ________ atmospheric pressure caused by thermal ________.

low, expansion

Where are tropical cyclones found?

lower and middle latitudes

Standing waves may be caused by:

wave reflection.

Waves converge on headlands due to:

wave refraction.

The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the:

wave steepness.

Wave speed is equal to

wavelength divided by period.

The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to:

wavelength/2.

false.

A hurricane is a very strong high-pressure system.

Westward Intensification

Western Boundary currents stronger than eastern boundary currents. Caused by Coriolis Effect.

diatoms and radiolarians

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze?

Which of the following is the most fine-grained sediment?

abyssal clay

to the right of their original direction.

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected:

*Most abundant sediment by area?

biogenous

Generally atmospheric pressure ______ with increasing altitude. A. increases slowly B. decreases rapidly C. increases rapidly D. decreases initially but then increases rapidly E. remains constant

______, the average conditions over a long period of time, is what you expect; ____, the short term atmospheric conditions for a given time and specific area, is what you get. A. Weather, climate B. Climate; weather C. Who are you kidding?!? I never expect anything because the weather forecasters are ALWAYS wrong!

Each hydrogen atom shares its single electron with electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?

covalent

T/F: Because they tend to move downslope, most lithogenous sediments are deposited in abyssal plains.

false

T/F: Black volcanic beach sand is a type of hydrogenous sediment.

false

Thermohaline circulation is driven by:

density

Which type of flow works in opposition to Ekman transport in a gyre?

density-driven circulation

The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called ___________.

desalination

T/F: In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well-developed thermocline.

false

Which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?

halocline

*Most abundant sediment?

lithogenous

Tropic of Cancer

located at 23.5° N latitude

Northeast Trade Winds

Curve to the right due to the Coriolis effect and blow from northeast to southwest

In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well developed thermocline (T/F)

False

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. maximum sustained winds B. minimum central pressure C. sea surface salinity D. storm surge E. storm diameter

C, sea surface salinity

Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension.

False

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.

False

18) The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is ________. 18) _____ A) Na+ B) Ca+2 C) HCO3− D) Cl− E) CO2

HCO3-

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO3-

A layer of rapid change of ocean density with depth is called a

Pycnocline

the insulating nature of the ice itself

The thickness of sea ice is limited primarily by __________.

The only way for siliceous ooze to be preserved in the ocean is ___________.

to have it accumulate faster than it dissolves

How is most sediment transported from the continental shelf out to the continental rise?

turbidity currents

The Ekman spiral is driven by:

wind

Surface Currents

wind driven currents move water horizontally above pycnocline and occur in ocean's surface water

When does the solar azimuth angle reach its minimum value in Fullerton?

winter solstice

A deep-water wave occurs when the water depth is greater or equal to:

½ of wavelength.

Lithogenous sediments are ___________.

made of material derived from pre-existing rock material

71) Which of the following is the second most abundant positively charged component of seawater? 71) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate

magnesium

A wave will break when:

steepness = 1:7.

Hurricanes are an efficient way to:

redistribute heat from one area to another

Tropic of Capricorn

southern hemisphere

23) The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to ________. 23) _____ A) intense precipitation B) high winds C) storm surge D) low atmospheric pressure

storm surge

from the east toward the equator

Surface winds in the tropics generally blow _______________.

false

Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the water's high latent heat of fusion.

The average salinity of sea water is:

3.5%

true

Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator.

true

Tektites are glassy rock fragments created during impact events.

Earth's rotation

The Coriolis effect is caused by __________.

albedo

The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.

temperature and water vapor content.

The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:

trade winds

The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:

The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells.

True

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting.

True

radiolarians

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)?

Where is the salinity of ocean surface waters HIGHEST?

about 25 degrees N or S of equator

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat (a per mole basis)?

chlorofluorocarbons

Gyre

circular flow of water around periphery of ocean basins; consist of currents that blend into one another -Flow is continuous without obvious places where one current ceases and another one begins -The balance of wind energy, friction, the Coriolis Effect and pressure gradient propels gyres and holds them along the outside of ocean basins

Which type of bond holds adjacent water molecules together?

hydrogen

Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to:

respiration

Ninety percent of people who die in hurricanes are killed by _____________.

storm surge

*Saffir-Simpson scale

strength of tropical cyclone

How would a moving object in Earth's atmosphere be deflected as a result of Earth's rotation?

to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds are deflected:

to the right of the original direction

Equatorial currents are driven by the:

trade winds

T/F: The major surface wind belts of the world are generated by the lowermost portion of Earth's atmospheric circulation cells.

true

1) Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of ________. 1) _____ A) 45° B) 180° C) 23.5° D) 0° E) 90°

23.5 degrees

The alkalinity of a solution is an estimate of its acid buffering capacity.

False

The trade winds can be found between 30° and 60°N and S latitudes.

False

*Calcareous ooze

coccolithophores and foraminifera

The California Current is a ________ current that flows ________.

cold, south

The latitudes between 23.5° N and 23.5° S define the

tropical climate zone

The atmospheric circulation cell in the equatorial South Pacific created by the movement of air between high- and low-pressure regions is called the __________.

Walker cell

How is most sediment transported from the continental shelf out to the continental rise?

by turbidity currents

8) Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a ________. 8) _____ A) change in state B) change in subatomic structure C) change in atomic mass D) change in chemical composition E) change in molecular weight

change in state

higher salinity

When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a:

an east-to-west movement of hurricanes and easterly winds in the western Atlantic between 10° and 20° degrees north latitude

Which of the following associations between hurricanes—also known as typhoons and cyclones—and wind direction is most accurate?

The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer.

foraminiferans

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?

T/F: For an equal quantity of solar radiation hitting all parts of Earth, the "solar footprint" is larger at the equator than it is in high latitudes.

false

T/F: Subtropical gyres flow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

false

T/F: The calcite compensation depth (CCD) represents the depth where wave action ceases to form calcareous oolites.

false

T/F: The heat capacity of water is lower than that of most other substances.

false

Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air.

True

At middle latitudes all over the Earth, on what day(s) is/are daylength 12 hours?

both the spring and fall equinoxes

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. nitrogen B. albedo C. oxygen D. troposphere E. water vapor

B, albedo

true

Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet).

Jet Stream

Cause unusual weathering by steering air masses

Thermohaline flow is a term that describes ________.

deep-ocean current movement

The doldrums refer to the same region as the:

intertropical convergence zone

Areas of high atmospheric pressure (at Earth's surface) generally experience what kind of conditions?

sinking air with dry, clear weather

The _____, a layer of electrically charged molecules and atoms that aids in long distance communication by reflecting radio waves and causes the northern lights, lies in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. A. ionosphere B. ozonosphere C. electrosphere D. stratosphere E. No such layer exists.

The basic distribution of heat, and therefore temperature, over the Earth is PRIMARILY a function of _____. A. latitude B. distribution of land and water C. general circulation of both the atmosphere and the oceans D. elevation E. topographic barrier

Which of the following is the correct order of the thermal layers from the Earth s surface outwards? A. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere B. stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere C. thermosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, exosphere D. exosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, thermosphere, troposphere

Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is NOT true? A.Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up 10% of the atmospheric gases. B. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is increasing as a result of the increased burning of fossil fuels. C. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a significant influence on weather and climate because of its ability to absorb infrared radiation. D. Most atmospheric scientists conclude that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is causing the lower atmosphere to warm up enough to produce significant global climate change. E. All the above statements are true.

Earth's axial tilt—the tilt of the axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun—is

23.5 degrees

The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation with respect to the ecliptic is ______________.

23.5 degrees

78) Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes? 78) _____ A) 25 degrees B) 5 degrees C) 65 digress D) 45 degrees E) 85 degrees

25 degrees

12) The average salinity of typical seawater is ________. 12) A) 2% B) 25% C) 10% D) 3.5% E) 0.35%

3.5%

46) The horse latitudes boundary occurs in which of the following regions? 46) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

30 degrees

52) The major deserts of the world occur in which of the following regions? 52) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

30 degrees

56) A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, dry, clear, fair weather with little precipitation occurs in which of the following regions? 56) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

30 degrees

Globally, air descends (sinks toward the surface) at ______________.

30 degrees latitude and 90 degrees latitude at the poles

4) The average albedo of Earth's surface is about ________. 4) _____ A) 90% B) 67% C) 50% D) 30% E) 3%

30%

The average albedo of Earth's surface is about:

30%.

47) The prevailing westerlies occur in which of the following regions? 47) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

30-60 degrees

53) Storms are most common in which of the following regions? 53) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 to 60 degrees D) 60 to 90 degrees E) Poles (90 degrees)

30-60 degrees

57) A boundary or belt characterized by winds generally from the west and brings storms that influence weather across the United States occurs in which of the following regions? 57) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

30-60 degrees

In the open ocean, average seawater salinity is ____

35%

Global Weather: Mid Latitudes

Air masses that are either cold (polar) or warm (tropical) and originating over either water (wet) or land (dry).

Three important atmospheric variable-amount gases that have a significant influence on weather and climate are ______ A. carbon dioxide (CO2); oxygen; nitrogen B. water vapor; carbon dioxide (CO2); ozone (O3) C. water vapor; nitrogen; hydrogen D. carbon dioxide (CO2); nitrogen; hydrogen E. There are no variable gases in the atmosphere; all gases occur in fixed amounts over time and space

Southeast trade wind

Curve to the left due to the Coriolis effect and blow from southeast to northwest

Why does air tend to rise in equatorial regions?

Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas.

Because they tend to move downslope, most lithogenous sediments are deposited in abyssal plains.

False

Black volcanic beach sand is a type of hydrogenous sediment.

False

The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun is directly overhead along the equator in March.

False

The calcite compensation depth (CCD) represents the depth where wave action ceases to form calcareous oolites.

False

The heat capacity of water is lower than that of most other substances (T/F)

False

28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Nitrogen B) Oxygen C) Albedo D) Troposphere E) Water vapor

albedo

The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.

albedo

74) Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest? 74) _____ A) Streams and lakes B) World ocean C) Groundwater and soil moisture D) Atmospheric water vapor E) Ice caps, glaciers, and snow

atmospheric water vapour

28) The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________. 28) _____ A) ions B) protons C) atoms D) neutrons E) electrons

atoms

autumnal equinox

autumn = fall; SEPTEMBER

In the troposphere air temperature generally ______ with increasing altitude. A. increases B. decreases C. remains constant D. decreases initially but then increases E. Air temperature does not change predictably with changes in altitude.

76) Which of the following countries is the world leader (by percentage of its energy use) in wind power? 76) _____ A) England B) Japan C) United States D) Denmark E) Australia

denmark

61) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The overall electrical charge of most ions is balanced BECAUSE each ion contains an equal number of protons and electrons. 61) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

both the assertion and the reason are incorrect

19) As the salinity of seawater increases, its ________. 19) _____ A) density increases B) residence time decreases C) density decreases D) residence time changes E) residence time increases

density increases

lithogenous

derived from rock

cosmogenous

derived from space

hydrogenous

derived from water

The cooling of surface waters and the breakdown of a seasonal thermocline is called

destratification

Which of the following marine organisms lives in cold, polar waters? A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminifers D. radiolarians

diatoms

*Silicious ooze

diatoms and radiolarians

Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and:

latitudinal variations in the Coriolis effect.

All of the following are examples of sediment-transporting media EXCEPT ___________. A. Streams B. Glaciers C. Gravity D. Wind E. Levitation

levitation

7) The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by ________. 7) _____ A) temperature B) density C) pH D) salinity E) chlorinity

temperature

The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:

temperature and water vapor content.

What causes seasons?

The tilt of the Earth's Axis

nitrogen and oxygen

The two most abundant components of dry air are:

neritic, lithogenous deposits

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:

A rapid change in ocean temperature with change in the depth is the:

Thermocline

*Carbon Dioxide

400ppm

false

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world.

Air Masses

Large volumes of air with distinct properties

*Antarctic circulation

outer easterly ring, inner westerly ring

The term isothermal means

same temperature

vernal equinox

vernal = spring; MARCH

Antarctic Intermediate Water

(600-1200 m) produced at Antarctic Convergence, primarily from upwelled NADW

Where is the Sun overhead on the Southern Hemisphere winter solstice?

* the Tropic of Cancer

Of the following statements about the PH of seawater, which are true?

-Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. -The PH of sewater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3 -In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline.

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which are true?

-An increase in salinity increases seawater density. -A decrease in temperature increases seawater density.

Which increases the salinity of seawater?

-The formation of sea ice. -Evaporation

*What affects distribution of biogenous sediments?

-productivity -destruction -dilution

*Freezing point of water Boiling point

0 degrees C 100 degrees C

How do Hurricanes form?

1. Require ocean water warmer than 25 Celsius (77 F), warm moist air, and Coriolis Effect 2. Form over meteorological equator

What is the Coriolis Effect?

1.Causes moving objects to follow curved paths. (N-Path of right and S-Path to the left of intended direction)

Ekman transport is an average path of motion that, under ideal conditions, is at ________ to the wind's direction.

90 degrees in the wind direction

The Coriolis effect, which results from _____, appears to deflect flowing objects _____ in the northern hemisphere and _____ in the southern hemisphere. A. Earth's rotation on its axis; right; left B. Earth's rotation on its axis; left; right C. Earth's rotation on its axis; up; down D. Earth's rotation on its axis; down; up E. friction; left; right

False

A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.

wet and warm

A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be:

Which of the following is the most abundant component by weight for deep-ocean sediments?

Clay

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? (2)

Coccolithophores Diatoms

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:

Coriolis effect.

The deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:

Coriolis effect.

microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris.

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment:

Each hydrogen atom shares its single electron with electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?

Covalent bond

The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called

Desalination

Almost all phenomena we call weather occur in which atmospheric layer? A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. tropospher

Ozone (O3) produced in the _____ is considered good ozone because it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation; ozone produced in the _____, where it forms one of the components of photochemical fog, is considered bad ozone because of its harmful effects on humans, vegetation, and building materials. A. troposphere; stratosphere B. ozonosphere; ionosphere C. thermosphere; troposphere D. troposphere; ozonosphere E. stratosphere; troposphere

Which of the following increases the salinity of seawater?

Evaporation of seawater

A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.

False

An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.

False

-The coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around low pressure -the coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around high pressure

How does the Coriolis effect cause the atmosphere to move around high and low pressures in the Northern Hemisphere?

the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes

Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of west coast hurricanes is that __________.

Intensity of Solar Radiation is greater at...

Lower latitudes

Which of the following statements about manganese nodules is FALSE?

Manganese nodules are a type of foraminifer.

hydrogenous sediments.

Manganese nodules are an example of:

Vernal Equinox

March 21, Sun Directly over equator. All places on Earth experience equal lengths of night and day. aka Spring Equinox

30%

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________.

True.

Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed.

warm ocean water the trade winds water's latent heat of condensation warm air with lots of water vapor

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are generally related to the formation or movement of hurricanes?

As the salinity of seawater increases it's:

Residence time does not change

Why is heavy rain associated with hurricane formation?

Rising, moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls.

The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the"

Saffir-Simpson Scale.

The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the:

Saffir-Simpson Scale.

coccolithophores and diatoms

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment?

the polar high the polar front the doldrums the horse latitudes

Which of the following are valid names of boundaries between global wind belts or at the poles?

Warm ocean currents and hurricane paths both broadly move from east to west between 10° and 20° degrees north latitude in the eastern Pacific.

Which of the following statements best describes the general relationship between ocean currents and hurricanes?

cold and dry

Which of the following temperature and humidity conditions are most likely to be experienced in eastern Iowa after the cold front passes?

true

Wind is initiated by uneven heating of Earth's surface by the Sun, which creates areas of high and low atmospheric pressure.

be deflected toward the east.

Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to:

false.

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.

In relation to ocean circulation, a gyre is __________.

a large, circular-moving loop of surface water

continental rise

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________.

clay

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.

What is an anticylone?

a center of high ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

What is a cyclone?

a center of low ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

35) Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure at the surface? 35) _____ A) A column of warm, dense air B) A column of cool, less dense air C) A column of warm, less dense air D) A column of cool, dense air

a column of warm, less dense air

Where are most modern-day calcareous oozes found in the ocean?

along the mid-ocean ridge beneath warm surface waters

Inter-tropical Convergence Zone

area where warm, moist air rises close to the equator

At the time of the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere

astronomical winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere.

Most processes that affect the ocean's salinity occur _______

at the ocean surface

Most processes that affect the ocean's salinity occur ___________.

at the surface

Storms

atmospheric disturbances

Beneath the calcite compensation depth (CCD), ___________.

calcium carbonate dissolves in seawater

6) The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is the definition of ________. 6) _____ A) calorie B) latent heat of evaporation C) latent heat of condensation D) thermal capacity E) boiling point elevation

calorie

Although the polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive by incident sunlight in the course of a year, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year by the

circulation of heat by the atmosphere and oceans.

7) In the troposphere, air temperatures ________.7) _____ A) are constant with decreasing altitude B) increase with increasing altitude C) decrease with increasing altitude D) decrease with decreasing altitude

decrease with increasing altitude

17) Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and ________. 17) _____ A) differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land B) differences in the latitudinal albedo C) variations in incoming solar radiation over many years D) latitudinal variations in the Coriolis effect E) Ekman transport

differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land

29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Polar easterlies B) Northeast trade winds C) Southeast trade winds D) Doldrums E) Westerlies

doldrums

what are the 3 latitudes?

doldrums (ITCZ) -> horse latitudes -> polar front

31) Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________. 31) _____ A) protons B) molecules C) atoms D) electrons E) ions

electrons

44) The Doldrums occur in which of the following regions? 44) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

equatorial (0-5 degrees)

51) Earth's breeding ground for hurricanes occurs in which of the following regions? 51) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

equatorial (0-5 degrees)

14) Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water? 14) _____ A) Evaporation B) Runoff C) Sea ice melting D) Icebergs melting E) Precipitation

evaporation

The height of a wave depends upon

fetch, wind duration, and wind speed.

It's July 4th above the Arctic Circle. You are planning a barbecue for your friends during the daylight hours and a grand fireworks display at night. What could go wrong with your plan?

fireworks hardly visible

Which of the following statements about El Niño events is FALSE? A. There is a deeper wedge of warm water off South America. B. The trade winds stop or even reverse. C. Upwelling slows or halts offshore of South America. D. A low-pressure zone migrates eastward toward Peru. E. Fishing along Peru and Ecuador is much better.

fishing along Peru and Ecuador is much better

70) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 260 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. 70) _____ A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five

five

69) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 220 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. 69) _____ A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five

four

42) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point? 42) _____ A) Boiling point B) Lagrangian point C) Freezing point D) Condensation point E) Polarization point

freezing point

42) The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere? 42) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast

from northeast to southwest

39) The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere? 39) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast

from southeast to northwest

What drives Hadley cell circulation?

heating from the Sun

*Cyclonic vs. Anticyclonic flow

in NH: counterclockwise around low pressure clockwise around high pressure

A geostrophic current is one that (ideally) flows _______.

in a circular path around the central hill of a gyre

Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere?

in a clockwise direction

Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere?

in a counterclockwise direction

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? (2)

in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf

Where do glaciers form?

in places where MORE SNOW falls in the WINTER than melts away in the SUMMER

How does air move near the TOP of a cyclone?

in the SAME DIRECTION as air in the upper atmosphere

Where are Hadley cells found?

in the atmosphere near the equator

80) The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. 80) _____ A) decreased, increased B) decreased, decreased C) increased, increased D) increased, decreased

increased; decreaed

What accounts for all the unique properties of water?

its unique geometry causes the water molecule to have a resulting electrical polarity

In the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, the day with the shortest number of daylight hours occurs around

june 22

Which of the following statements about manganese nodules is FALSE? A. Manganese nodules are a type of hydrogenous sediment. B. Manganese nodules form in layers around a central nucleation object, such as a grain of sand or a shark's tooth. C. Manganese nodules are a type of foraminifer. D. Manganese nodules are thought to precipitate directly from seawater. E. Manganese nodules are composed of oxides of manganese, iron, cobalt, and other metals.

manganese nodules are a type of foraminifer.

29) A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________. 29) _____ A) ions B) molecules C) neutrons D) electrons E) protons

molecules

For maximum winter warmth, in the Southern Hemisphere, large windows in a house should face

north

Tropic of Cancer

northern hemisphere

Deep ocean water generally has high amounts of:

nutrients and oxygen

22) Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water? 22) _____ A) Distillation B) Osmosis C) Electrolysis D) Reverse osmosis E) Freeze separation

osmosis

The most important reason why summers in the Southern Hemisphere are not warmer than summers in the Northern Hemisphere is that

over 80% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered with water.

25) Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 25) _____ A) Precipitation B) Latitude C) pH D) Temperature E) Salinity

3 types of cells:

polar ferrel hadley

23) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 23) _____ A) Boiling point B) Freezing point C) Precipitation D) Surface tension E) Heat capacity

precipitation

33) A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere. 33) _____ A) water vapor content B) temperature C) pressure D) movement E) density

pressure

*What are beach deposits rich with?

quartz

20) Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a ________. 20) _____ A) cold front B) land breeze C) typhoon D) sea breeze E) tropical cyclone

sea breeze

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:

sea breeze.

Which of the following from earliest to latest represents the typical wave formation?

sea,swell,surf

*Neritic? Pelagic?

shallow water deep water

A tsunami is considered to be a:

shallow water wave.

The suffix cline means

slope

25) The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water (but cold) in the summer is ________. 25) _____ A) subtropical B) polar C) subpolar D) tropical E) temperate

subpolar

69) Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? 69) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate

sulfate

2) The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the ________. 2) _____ A) summer solstice B) winter solstice C) vernal equinox D) ecliptic E) autumnal equinox

summer solstice

When does the solar azimuth angle reach its maximum value in Fullerton?

summer solstice

Microscopic shells that create biogenous sediment on the sea floor are called ___________.

tests

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered biogenous? (2)

tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze

Which of the following currents does NOT belong with the others as part of the same gyre? A. The South Equatorial Current B. The Benguela Current C. The Brazil Current D. The West Wind Drift E. The Agulhas Current

the Agulhas current

What term is used to describe the effect on air movement produced by Earth's rotation?

the Coriolis effect

Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is FALSE? A. In the Northern Hemisphere, moving objects tend to curve to the right of their intended paths; in the Southern Hemisphere, moving objects tend to curve to the left of their intended paths. B. The Coriolis effect is strongest at the poles and decreases to zero at the equator. C. The Coriolis effect is the result of our perspective on a moving frame of reference (the spinning Earth). D. The Coriolis effect is caused by Earth's rotation. E. The Coriolis effect tends to increase or decrease the speed of moving objects.

the Coriolis effect tends to increase or decrease the speed of moving objects

Which of the following statements about the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is FALSE? A. The DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material. B. The DSDP confirmed that the age of the ocean floor increases with distance from the axis of the mid-ocean ridge. C. The DSDP confirmed that sediment thickness increases with distance from the axis of the mid-ocean ridge. D. The DSDP confirmed that Earth's magnetic field polarity reversals are recorded in sea floor rocks.

the DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material

Which of the following is an example of a western boundary current of a subtropical gyre? A. The Labrador Current B. The Canary Current C. The West Australian Current D. The Kuroshio Current E. The California Current

the Kuroshio current

46) Which of the following best defines heat? 46) _____ A) The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. B) The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. C) The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. D) The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. E) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.

the energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature

The waters above the thermocline are referred to as

the mixed layer

What is the zone of wastage?

the part of a glacier where snow melting EXCEEDS snow accumulation

20) A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the ________. 20) _____ A) isocline B) pycnocline C) halocline D) barocline E) thermocline

thermocline

54) A layer of rapidly changing temperature with depth is called a ________. 54) _____ A) halocline B) lysocline C) pycnocline D) syncline E) thermocline

thermocline

68) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 190 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. 68) _____ A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five

three

Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the South Pole toward the equator?

toward the LEFT

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through:

upwelling

36) The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude. 36) _____ A) temperature B) chemical composition C) pressure D) density E) velocity

velocity

Upwelling

vertical movement of cold, nutrient rich water to surface; high biological productivity (lots of fishing) Occurs because water is getting pulled away from the coast, Upward movement of ocean water that occurs when winds push surface water aside and it is replaced with cold, deep water that originates on the ocean bottom

Down Welling

vertical movement of surface water downward in water column

35) Which of the following best describes hydrogen bonding? 35) _____ A) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together B) Very strong bonding between cations and anions C) Electrostatic attraction between charged areas of adjacent molecules D) Very strong bonding from the sharing of electrons between atoms E) Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

very strong bonding from the sharing of electrons between atoms

72) The air surrounding of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________. 72) _____ A) warm moist; upwardB) cool dry; upward C) cool dry; downward D) warm moist; downward

warm moist; upward

What is one of the first indications that an El Niño event may be occurring?

warm water from near Australia migrates toward South America

Calcareous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions, and siliceous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions.

warm, cool

The Gulf Stream is a ________ current that flows ________.

warm, north

The East Australian Current is a ________ current that flows ________.

warm, south

Calcareous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions, and siliceous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions.

warm; cool

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Autumnal equinox B) Summer solstice C) Westerlies D) Vernal equinox E) Ecliptic

westerlies

16) The temperate regions are characterized by ________.16) _____ A) westerly winds B) trade winds C) easterly winds D) high pressure E) tropical cyclones

westerly winds

The temperate regions are characterized by:

westerly winds.

74) The majority of the world's tropical cyclones are formed in the waters north of the equator in the ________ Ocean. 74) _____ A) eastern Atlantic B) western Pacific C) eastern Pacific D) western Atlantic E) western Indian

western pacific

13) A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be ________. 13) _____ A) dry and cold B) wet and warm C) wet and cold D) wet and the same temperature E) dry and warm

wet and warm

The earth is closest to the sun in

January

false

a glacial deposit is well sorted?

The atmospheric component that contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is:

water vapor

biogenous

derived from organisms

intermediate to shallow depth water.

phosphate-rich nodules form in:

Where is the Sun overhead on the Northern Hemisphere summer solstice?

the Tropic of Cancer

the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere

tropopause

A maritime tropical air mass is likely to be:

wet and warm

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater?

-Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. -Pass electrical current through the water.

Which of the following events occur in the water column of temperate oceans from the first day of winter to the first day of spring? Check ALL correct answers. Points are deducted for incorrect answers.

(8/10 correct) an decrease in the angle of penetration of solar radiation (i.e., solar altitude) into the water column a decrease in the mixed layer depth increase in sea surface water temperatures increases in solar radiation at the sea surface formation of a seasonal thermocline

75) Which of the following is the correct order of formation of sea ice as it forms directly from seawater? 75) _____ A) (START) Ice Floes; Slush; Pancake Ice; Sea Ice (FINISH) B) (START) Slush; Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Sea Ice (FINISH) C) (START) Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Slush; Sea Ice (FINISH) D) (START) Slush; Ice Floes; Pancake Ice; Sea Ice (FINISH) E) (START) Slush; Ice Floes; Sea Ice; Pancake Ice (FINISH)

(START) slush; pancake ice; ice floes; sea ice (FINISH)

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which are true?

-Seawater salinity averages 35% -The 2 most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. -An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity.

What causes the Coriolis Effect?

1. Result of Earth's rotation to the East 2. Difference in speed in Earth's rotation at different latitudes

What factors alter wind, pressure, and atmosphere circulation patterns?

1. The tilt of Earths rotation axis,which produces seasons 2. The lower heat capacity of continental rock compared to seawater, which makes the air over continents colder in winter and warmer in summer than the air over adjacent oceans 3. The uneven distribution of land and ocean over Earths surface,which particularly affects patterns in the Northern Hemisphere

Where is the Coriolis Effect most drastic?

1.Dramatic effect on atmospheric circulation and movement of ocean currents 2. At the poles

65) Worldwide, about ________ storms grow to named tropical cyclones status each year. 65) _____ A) 75 B) 50 C) 100 D) 25 E) 125

100

45) The trade winds occur in which of the following regions? 45) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

5-30 degrees

55) A boundary or belt characterized by strong, steady winds, generally from the east occurs in which of the following regions? 55) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

5-30 degrees

The percentage of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth's oceans and landmasses is about:

50%

How big can the diameter of a hurricane become?

500 miles

48) The polar front occurs in which of the following regions? 48) _____ A) 30 degrees B) 30 to 60 degrees C) 60 degrees D) 60 to 90 degrees E) Poles (90 degrees)

60 degrees

58) A boundary or belt characterized by variable winds and stormy, cloudy weather year round occurs in which of the following regions? 58) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

60 degrees

49) The polar easterlies occur in which of the following regions? 49) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

60-90 degrees

59) A boundary or belt characterized by cold, dry winds generally from the east, occurs in which of the following regions? 59) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

60-90 degrees

How many wind and pressure systems are contained within Earth's atmosphere?

Which of the following statements about water vapor in the atmosphere is NOT true? A. Atmospheric water vapor amount is generally highest over deserts and polar regions. B. Water vapor determines humidity in the atmosphere. C. Although water vapor is defined as a variable-amount gas, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere as a whole remains virtually constant; it varies by location. D .Atmospheric water vapor amount is generally highest in air overlying warm, moist surfaces, such as tropical oceans. E. Water vapor has a significant influence on weather and climate because it is the source of all clouds and precipitation and because of its ability to store, move and release heat energy.

a cold front

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an:

true

A cold front is likely to have heavy, brief showers associated with it.

The density of seawater increases with ____ in temperature and ____ in salinity.

A decrease; an increase

With respect to incoming solar radiation, radiation emitted back into the atmosphere has:

A longer wavelength

Antarctic Bottom Water

A water mass that forms in the Weddell Sea, sinks to the ocean floor, and spreads across the bottom of all oceans Densest Water

cool, dry.

A zone of high atmospheric pressure results when there is relatively __________ air aloft.

C. diatoms

A. chalk B. coccolithophores C. diatoms D. limestone E. stromatolites

C. silicious ooze

A. glaciers B. rivers C. siliceous ooze D. turbidity currents E. volcanic ash

E. tektites

A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites

C. sea surface salinity

A. maximum sustained winds B. minimum central pressure C. sea surface salinity D. storm surge E. storm diameter

B. albedo

A. nitrogen B. albedo C. oxygen D. troposphere E. water vapor

A. siliceous ooze

A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

Tropical Cyclones

AKA Hurricanes Highly Destructive, huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rains

Where is the salinity of ocean surface waters highest?

About 25 degrees north or south of the equator

Why is warm, moist air considered the "fuel" for a hurricane?

Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane.

Polar easterly wind belts

Air moves away from the high pressure at the poles, too, producing the polar easterly wind belts. The Coriolis effect is maximized at high latitudes,so these winds are deflected strongly.The polar easterlies blow from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.

prevailing westerly wind belts

Air that descends in the subtropical regions and moves along Earths surface to higher latitudes. Because of the Coriolis effect, the prevailing westerlies blow from southwest to northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from northwest to southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.

sea breeze

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:

Of the following properties of water, which is caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules?

All 5

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which are true?

All except "As the temperature of water decreases from 20 to 4 degrees Celcius, its density also decreases."

Of the following statements about waters latent heat and changes in state, which are true?

All except "In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds."

If you were an explorer stranded in the arctic ocean, what methods could you use for creating fresh drinking water?

All except "Melt recently frozen seawater."

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which are true?

All except "There is a thermocline in high latitudes." and "there is a pycnocline in high latitudes."

stromatolites

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except :

diatom ooze

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except :

they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin.

All the following are true concerning neritic sediment deposits except :

warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.

All the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except :

ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except :

Most extensive upwelling occurs...

Along the equator.

false

An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.

The arrangement of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean from the surface to the bottom is:

Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water.

Which of the following statements about biogenous oozes is FALSE?

Biogenous oozes are created by underwater eruptions, which cover the sea floor with fine ash particles.

Fronts

Boundaries b/t air masses (warm and cold)

The Baltic sea has ______ because of _______

Brackish water; large amounts of runoff

In the _____ air temperature increases with increasing altitude because it contains the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation thus warming the atmosphere. A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. troposphere

The composition of the Earth s atmosphere consists of the following principal gases and percentages A. Oxygen 100% B. Oxygen 78%; Nitrogen 21%; Argon 0.9% C. Nitrogen 78%; Oxygen 21%; Argon 0.9% D. Oxygen 50%; Hydrogen 50% E. The atmospheric concentration of the principal gases varies too much to make any generalizations about the atmosphere s composition.

The concentration of ozone (O3) relative to other gases is at its maximum in the ______. A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. troposphere

Which of the following atmospheric gases is important because of its ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation A. carbon dioxide (CO2) B. nitrogen C. ozone (O3) E. hydrogen D. argon

Which of the following is NOT a method by which atmospheric particulates influence weather and climate? A. Particulates are hygroscopic water vapor condenses around them. B. Particulates can absorb sunlight. C. Particulates absorb all ultraviolet radiation. D. Particulates can reflect sunlight. E. Particulates do all the above.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about fossil fuels? A. Fossil fuels are the product of millions of years of accumulated solar energy absorbed in plant life and trapped as hydrocarbons matter underneath Earth's surface B. Coal, oil and natural gas are all examples of fossil fuels C. The main barrier to an energy transition away from fossil fuels is the lack of any viable option D. All fossil fuel use emits CO2, a greenhouse gas (GHG) associated with climate change E. The world today derives 80% of its energy from fossil fuels

Water Parcel A has a temperature of 18 degrees C. Water Parcel B has a temperature of 22 degrees C. Water Parcel C has a temperature of 23 degrees C. Which of the following represents a stable water column?

C at surface, B in middle, A at bottom

Green House Gases

CO2, N2O, CH4 and CFC- atmosphere is almost all Nitrogen and Oxygen; other gases include argon, carbon dioxide, and others in small amounts (most significant trace gas is carbon dioxide- greenhouse gas)

low salinity

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?

Most chalk is made from ___________.

Coccoliths

Winter Solstice

December 22, The Sun is directly overhead along the Tropic of Capricorn,at 23.5 degrees south latitude. In the Southern Hemisphere,the seasons are reversed.Thus,the winter solstice is the time when the Southern Hemisphere is most directly facing the Sun, which is the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere summer.

Which of the following events occur in the water column of temperate oceans from first day of fall to the first day of winter? Check ALL correct answers. Points are deducted for incorrect answers.

Decreases in solar radiation at the sea surface Weakening of the seasonal thermocline An increase in the mixed layer depth Decrease in sea surface water temperatures A decrease in the angle of penetration of solar radiation into the water column

Which of the following atmospheric layers lies closest to the Earth s surface, from sea level to approximately 11 miles up? A. exosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere E. troposphere

Which of the following does NOT affect weather and climate? A. latitude B. distribution of land and water C. general circulation of both the atmosphere and the oceans D. elevation and topographic barriers E. All the above have a major impact on weather and climate

Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect in NOT correct? A. All winds are affected by the Coriolis effect. B. Ocean currents are deflected by the Coriolis effect. C. The Coriolis effect influences direction of a moving object only, not speed. D. The apparent deflection is strongest at the poles and decreases toward the equator where there is zero deflection. E. All the above statements about the Coriolis effect are true.

re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.

23.5 degrees

Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of _______ to the plane of the ecliptic:

cold, dry sinking air in the polar high regions produces little precipitation

Earth's polar regions (above 60° latitude) are classified as deserts because __________.

What is the primary reason that Earth has seasons?

Earth's rotational axis is tilted

clay, silt, sand, pebbles

From smallest to largest, which list of sediment particle sizes is in the correct order?

Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary?

Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are EQUAL

Which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?

Halocline

Heat Input to Earth

Heat absorbed between 40 degrees N & S latitudes. Heat is lost at higher latitudes.

Global Weather: Equatorial Region

Heavy, rain-air movement in doldrums is upward thus being cooled yielding rain

large particles such as gravel

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?

There is no pycnocline in _______ latitude regions because ________

High; the water column is uniformly cold and dense

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of water is:

Higher than other liquids

Which type of bond holds adjacent water molecules together?

Hydrogen bond

differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land.

Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and:

Ekman Transport

If one integrates the water movement over the entire spiral, it turns out that overall the water movement is 90 degrees to the right of the wind.

27° to 29° Celsius

In the eastern Pacific of the Northern Hemisphere, which ocean temperatures are associated with the most hurricanes?

decrease with increasing altitude above Earth's surface.

In the troposphere, air temperatures generally:

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure water at 0 c, what happens to the temperature of the mixture when heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts then it begins to rise

What accounts for all the unique properties of water?

Its unique geometry

When it is January and winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is ___ and ___ in the Southern Hemisphere.

January and summer

The earth is farthest from the sun in

July

On which date would the sun's rays be closest to being perpendicular to the earth's surface in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere?

June 21

Summer Solstice

June 21, The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer,at 23.5 degrees north latitude

All of the following are examples of sediment-transporting media EXCEPT ___________.

Levitation

equatorial

Light and variable winds, warm and humid conditions, and frequent rainfall are characteristic of __________ oceanic climate zones.

What is meant by the term "Land of the Midnight Sun?"

Locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic Circles experience 24 hours of daylight during their respective summers

counterclockwise

Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate:

Trade Winds

Masses of air that move across earth's surface from subtropical high pressure belts toward equatorial low pressure belts

Ocean Currents

Masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another; wind or density driven

-air always moves from high-pressure regions toward low-pressure regions -the air temp. is warmer near earths surface than in the upper part of the troposphere -low pressure at the surface is associated with rising air (movement away from the surface) -warm air holds more water vapor than cool air

Of the following physical properties of the atmosphere, which is/are true?

the biogenous component tends to be overwhelmed by the amount of lithogenous material derived from the nearby continent

Oozes are uncommon on continental margins because __________

less than 30% biogenous material.

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

True

Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf.

In an atom, the nucleus is composed of _____ and _____, and the _____ orbit very quickly around the nucleus.

Protons; neutrons; electrons

false

Radiolarian tests are dissolved beneath the carbonate compensation depth.

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? (2)

Radiolarians Diatoms

rotary drilling

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________.

lithogenous

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

neritic

Sediments found on continental margins are called:

Autumnal Equinox

September 23, The Sun is directly overhead along the equator again.In the Northern Hemisphere, the autumnal equinox is also known as the fall equinox.

Of the following statements about surface water temperature above biogenous sea floor deposits, which is/are true? (2)

Siliceous ooze on the sea floor indicates cool surface water above. Calcareous ooze on the sea floor indicates warm surface water above.

The phase in which water exists water is determined by:

Temperature and pressure

Microscopic shells that create biogenous sediment on the sea floor are called ___________.

Tests

true.

The Coriolis effect describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation.

zero; strongest

The Coriolis effect is _____ at the equator and is _____ at the poles.

Which of the following statements about the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is FALSE?

The DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material.

summer solstice

The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the:

true

The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed.

Coriolis effect

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:

Of the following statements about the doldrums, which is/are true?

The doldrums are an area of low atmospheric pressure.

inter-tropical convergence zone.

The doldrums refer to the same region as the:

greater

The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is:

True

The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells.

storm surge

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to:

troposphere

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the:

false

The maximum Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slower rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes.

The fact that ice is less dense than water- which causes ice to float- is due to _______

The molecular packing of bulky ice crystals

quartz

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.

abyssal plain far from a continent

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

subpolar

The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water with low sea surface temperature in the summer is:

tropical

The oceanic climate region(s) where the majority of strong tropical cyclonic storms are produced is:

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD?

The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.

false

The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the vernal equinox.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

The relative concentration of seawater ions does not change

Saffir-Simpson Scale.

The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the:

latent heat of condensation.

The strength of a hurricane stems from water's:

westerly winds

The temperate regions are characterized by:

Evaporation causes cooling in the residual liquid.

True

In water vapor, there is no interconnectedness of individual water molecules. (T/F)

True

Latent heat can be absorbed or released only as water undergoes the process of changing state (T/F)

True

The Coriolis effect describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation.

True

The Saffir-Simpson scale rates the relative intensity of tropical cyclones.

True

The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed.

True

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion.

True

false, its because of its high surface tension.

Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension.

earth's surface is heated unevenly by the sun

Weather (short-term conditions of air temperature, wind speed/direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure) occurs because __________.

high; low

air always moves from _____ atmospheric pressure regions to _____ atmospheric pressure regions.

56) Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? 56) _____ A) A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. B) Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. C) Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. D) Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. E) Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side

a current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater

Which of the following events occur in the water column of temperate oceans from first day of SPRING TO FIRST DAY OF SUMMER? Check ALL correct answers.

a decrease in the mixed layer depth increases in solar radiation at the sea surface increase in sea surface water temperatures an increase in the angle of penetration of solar radiation (i.e., solar altitude) into the water column strengthening of the seasonal thermocline

North Atlantic Deep Water

a deep water mass that forms primarily at the surface of the norwegian sea and moves south along the floor of the north atlantic ocean Less Dense than antarctic bottom water

What is a tropical cyclone?

a low-pressure disturbance that develops over WARM, TROPICAL WATERS

In which of the following environments would you expect to find lithogenous sediment? (3)

a muddy lagoon a sandy beach at the base of the continental slope

Thermohaline Circulation

a worldwide system of ocean currents in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface and colder, saltier water (which is more dense) moves deep beneath the surface

Which of the following is the most fine-grained sediment? A. beach sand B. cobbles on the beach C. silt from a quiet lagoon D. a pebble beach E. abyssal clay

abyssal clay (the deeper you go, the smaller the sediment)

Of the following environments, in which one(s) would lithogenous sediment (of any amount) be found? (All/5)

abyssal plains continental shelves continental rises continental slopes deep-ocean trenches

A thermocline represents

all of the above a boundary between different water parcels a boundary between waters with different densities a boundary where temperature decreases rapidly with depth a boundary between warm and colder waters

Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation?

areas near the ITCZ

12) Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to ________.12) _____ A) be deflected toward the west B) circulate counterclockwise C) circulate clockwise D) travel in a straight line E) be deflected toward the east

be deflected toward the east

Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to:

be deflected toward the east.

Which of the following statements about biogenous oozes is FALSE? A. The organisms that form biogenous oozes live in the sunlit surface waters of the ocean. B. Biogenous oozes include sediments that contain at least 30% CaCO3 tests. C. Biogenous oozes are created by underwater eruptions, which cover the sea floor with fine ash particles. D. Biogenous oozes include sediments that contain at least 30% SiO2 tests. E. Biogenous oozes are composed of the hard remains of once-living organisms.

biogenous oozes are created by underwater eruptions, which cover the sea floor with fine ash particles

45) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the condensation point? 45) _____ A) Freezing point B) Melting point C) Polarization point D) Boiling point E) Lagrangian point

boiling point

80) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Coriolis force is a true force BECAUSE it accelerates a moving body or air and influences its speed. 80) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is corre

both the assertion and the reason are incorrect

The Baltic Sea has ____________ because of ______________.

brackish water, large amounts of runoff

The cooling of surface waters and the breakdown of a seasonal thermocline causes a blending of the upper ocean waters in a process known as

buoyancy-driven mixing

Western intensification is ________.

caused by the rotational center of a gyre being located to the west of the ocean basin's geographic center, thus causing more water to flow within a narrower channel

70) Which of the following is the most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? 70) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate

chloride

Which of the following is the most abundant component by weight for deep-ocean sediments? A. evaporites B. clay C. sand D. gravel E. fecal pellets

clay

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? (2)

coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules

Most chalk is made from ___________.

coccoliths

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the center of the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a:

cold core ring.

19) A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an ________. 19) _____ A) low pressure system B) cold front C) warm front D) occluded front E) high pressure system

cold front

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a(n)

cold front

Eastern Boundary Currents

cold, broad, shallow, weak, and slow

The Peru Current is a _______ current that flows _______.

cold, north

34) Which of the following will cause the highest air pressure at the surface? 34) _____ A) A column of cool, less dense air B) A column of cool, dense air C) A column of warm, dense air D) A column of warm, less dense air

column of cool, dense air

Populations of microscopic marine organisms in ocean surface waters closely match their abundance in sediments on the ocean floor, even though it takes 10 to 50 years for an individual particle to sink to deep-ocean depths. What accounts for this pattern?

concentration of the particles in fecal pellets

concentration of the particles in fecal pellets.

44) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the boiling point? 44) _____ A) Freezing point B) Lagrangian point C) Melting point D) Condensation point E) Polarization point

condensation point

31) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____ A) Sea ice B) Iceberg C) Ice shelf D) Continent E) Ice floes

continent

76) On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest? 76) _____ A) Continent to atmosphere B) Ocean to atmosphere C) Atmosphere to ocean D) Continent to ocean E) Atmosphere to continent

continent to ocean

high pressure

cool air & DRY/EVAPORATION

71) The air in the center of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________. 71) _____ A) warm moist; upwardB) warm moist; downward C) cool dry; downward D) cool dry; upward

cool dry; downward

A zone of high atmospheric pressure results when there is relatively __________ air aloft.

cool, dry

10) The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the ________. 10) _____ A) Cyclonic effect B) Ekman spiral C) Saffir-Simpson scale D) Hadley cell E) Coriolis effect

coriolis effect

18) Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate ________. 18) _____ A) at a 45° angle from the prevailing wind direction B) to the right C) clockwise D) counterclockwise E) to the left

counterclockwise

Low pressure systems in the northern hemisphere rotate:

counterclockwise

Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate:

counterclockwise.

The density of seawater increases with ________ in temperature and ________ in salinity.

decrease, increase

79) The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth. 79) _____ A) increased, increased B) decreased, decreased C) decreased, increased D) increased, decreased

decreased; increased

On the day following the first day of summer, the length of daylight ___ in Fullerton.

decreases

Between 4th of July, and Thanksgiving, at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the day

decreases.

At the time of the vernal equinox, the Sun is directly overhead at ______________.

equator

54) A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, abundant cloudiness and much precipitation occurs of the following regions? 54) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

equatorial (0-5 degrees)

16) Which of the following processes increases seawater salinity? 16) _____ A) Sea ice melting B) River runoff C) Iceberg melting D) Precipitation E) Evaporation

evaporation

67) Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn? 67) _____ A) Freezing B) Evaporation C) Melting D) Polarization E) Condensation

evaporation

Which of the following INCREASES the salinity of seawater? A. runoff entering the ocean B. precipitation into the ocean C. icebergs melting in the ocean D. evaporation of seawater E. runoff and precipitation into the ocean only

evaporation of seawater

*Hydrogenous sediments

evaporites: halite (common table salt)

T/F: Vertical mixing of surface and deep seawater takes place in the low latitudes.

false

41) The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?41) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast

from northwest to southeast

43) The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere? 43) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast

from southeast to northwest

40) The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere? 40) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast

from southwest to northeast

38) The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere? 38) _____ A) From northeast to southwest B) From northwest to southeast C) From southeast to northwest D) From southwest to northeast

from the northeast to southwest

In sediments, what does the Wentworth scale describe?

grain size

Geostrophic circulation is within a gyre driven by:

gravity.

3) The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is ________. 3) _____ A) the same B) greater C) lower

greater

52) A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________. 52) _____ A) halocline B) lysocline C) pycnocline D) syncline E) thermocline

halocline

9) Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? 9) _____ A) High heat capacity B) Low viscosity C) High viscosity D) High salinity E) Low heat capacity

high heat capacity

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

high heat capacity

5) Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to ________. 5) _____ A) high surface tension B) high viscosity C) low viscosity D) low surface tension E) strong covalent bonds

high surface tension

There is no pycnocline in _______ latitude regions because _____________.

high, the water column is uniformly cold and dense

Compared to Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water is:

higher in salinity.

26) When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a ________. 26) _____ A) higher salinity B) higher temperature C) lower temperature D) decreased density E) darker color

higher salinity

When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a:

higher salinity

11) In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is ________. 11) _____ A) related to solvent concentration B) higher than other liquids C) a function of salinity D) lower than other liquids E) about the same as other liquids

higher than other liquids

Which of the following names mean "tropical cyclone"?

hurricane, typhoon, cyclone

24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) Calcium ion B) Magnesium ion C) Potassium ion D) Hydrogen ion E) Sodium ion

hydrogen ion

15) The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the ________. 15) _____ A) hydrobiological cycle B) meteorological cycle C) geologic cycle D) hydrologic cycle E) closed cycle

hydrologic cycle

The Red Sea has ____________ water because of large amounts of ______________.

hypersaline, evaporation

The red sea has ______ water because of large amounts of _______

hypersaline; evaporation

61) In coastal regions, sea breezes happen ________ and land breezes happen ________. 61) _____ A) in the morning; at night B) at night; in the morning C) in the afternoon; at night D) at night; in the afternoon E) in the morning; in the afternoon F) in the afternoon; in the morning

in the afternoon; at night

In temperate waters, the seasonal thermocline generally forms

in the early spring

From December 21/22 to June 20/21, the solar azimuth angle ___ in Fullerton.

increases

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height:

increases and wavelength decreases

4) The surface tension of water ________. 4) _____ A) increases as density decreases B) is very similar in other liquids C) is related to salinity D) is relatively low E) is relatively high

increases as density decreases

Between New Year's and Memorial Day, at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the day

increases.

50) Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?50) _____ A) Decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form. B) Decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created. C) Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited. D) Adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of lessdense ice crystals is suppressed.

increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the ice crystals is inhibited

15) The doldrums refer to the same region as the ________. 15) _____ A) inter-tropical convergence zone B) trade winds C) subtropical jet stream D) jet stream E) subtropics

inter-tropical convergence zone

73) Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter? 73) _____ A) Calcium B) Iodine C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate

iodine

33) Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________. 33) _____ A) ions B) electrons C) protons D) molecules E) neutrons

ions

3) Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water ________. 3) _____ A) contains ionic bonds B) exists in three states of matter on Earth's surface C) requires heat to condense D) is a universal solvent E) is a polar molecule

is a polar molecule

10) A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? 10) _____ A) The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. B) It immediately begins to rise slowly. C) It rises slowly until it reaches 32°C, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. D) It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. E) It rises rapidly as the ice melts.

it remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise

21) The strength of a hurricane stems from water's ________. 21) _____ A) latent heat of melting B) latent heat of fusion C) latent heat of sublimation D) latent heat of condensation E) latent heat of deposition

latent heat of condensation

Hurricanes are associated with __________ atmospheric pressure and spin ______________ in the Northern Hemisphere.

low, counterclockwise

43) Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the freezing point? 43) _____ A) Polarization point B) Lagrangian point C) Boiling point D) Melting point E) Condensation point

melting point

Western Boundary Currents

narrow, deep, warm, and strong stranger than eastern currents

Cooling of ocean surface waters in fall causes the surface waters to become

negatively buoyant

32) Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ________. 32) _____ A) electrons B) atoms C) neutrons D) ions E) protons

neutrons

The sun will pass directly overhead at noon in Key West, Florida (latitude 24.5° N)

never.

What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

nitrogen

5) The two most abundant components of dry air are ________. 5) _____ A) oxygen and water vapor B) carbon dioxide and water vapor C) nitrogen and oxygen D) oxygen and carbon dioxide E) nitrogen and carbon dioxide

nitrogen and oxygen

75) On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? 75) _____ A) Atmosphere to ocean B) Continent to atmosphere C) Atmosphere to continent D) Ocean to atmosphere E) Continent to ocean

ocean to atmosphere

Earth rotates on its axis

once per day

66) A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 150 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity. A) One B) Two C) Three D) FourE) Five

one

17) Which of the following statements regarding pH is true? 17) _____ A) pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. B) A pH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline. C) pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells sink. D) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. E) Buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution.

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution

On the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox, the Sun...

passes across the equator and into the Northern Hemisphere.

On the Northern Hemisphere fall equinox, the Sun...

passes across the equator and into the Southern Hemisphere.

The latitudes between 66.5° N and 90° N are part of the Northern Hemisphere

polar climate zone

The latitudes between 66.5° S and 90° S are part of the Southern Hemisphere

polar climate zone

what is the order of winds?

polar easterlies prevailing westerlies NE tradewinds SE tradewinds prevailing westerlies polar easterlies

what is the order of latitudes from N to S?

polar fronts horse latitudes doldrums (ITCZ) horse latitudes polar fronts

62) Typically, the United States is influenced more by ________ air masses during the winter and more by ________ air masses during the summer. 62) _____ A) tropical; arctic B) arctic; polar C) polar; arctic D) arctic; tropical E) polar; tropical

polar; tropical

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

polarity of water molecules.

50) Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?50) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5- to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

poles (90 degrees)

60) A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions? 60) _____ A) Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) B) 5 to 30 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 30 to 60 degrees E) 60 degrees F) 60 to 90 degrees G) Poles (90 degrees)

poles (90 degrees)

Heating of ocean surface waters in spring causes the surface waters to become

positively buoyant

Polar easterlies

prevailing wind pattern at polar latitudes

30) Subatomic particles with a positive charge are called ________. 30) _____ A) molecules B) atoms C) ions D) electrons E) protons

protons

In an atom, the nucleus is composed of _____________ and _____________, and the ____________ orbit very quickly around the nucleus.

protons, neutrons, electrons

21) An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the ________. 21) _____ A) halocline B) pycnocline C) isocline D) thermocline E) barocline

psycnocline

53) A layer of rapidly changing density with depth is called a ________. 53) _____ A) halocline B) lysocline C) pycnocline D) syncline E) thermocline

pycnocline

A layer of rapid change of ocean density with depth is called a ___________.

pycnocline

hadley cells:

region between 0 and 30 degrees (closest to the equator)

ferrel cells:

region between 30 and 60 degrees

polar cells:

region between 60 and 90 degrees

In subtropical gyres, western boundary currents have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT being __________.

relatively wide

77) The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes? 77) _____ A) Photosynthesis B) Buffering C) Oxidation D) Dissolution E) Respiration

respiration

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Solar distillation B) Desalination C) Reverse osmosis D) Pycnocline E) Electrolysis

reverse osmosis

*Ekman transport is in what direction in the NH?

right

22) The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the ________. 22) _____ A) Moh's Scale B) Coriolis Scale C) Fujita Scale D) Saffir-Simpson Scale E) Richter Scale

saffir-simpson scale

55) Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination? 55) _____ A) A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. B) Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. C) Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. D) Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. E) Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

saltwater is boiled and the water vapour is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as fresh

30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Minimum central pressure B) Storm diameter C) Maximum sustained winds D) Storm surge E) Sea surface salinity

sea surface salinity

58) Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? 58) _____ A) A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. B) Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. C) Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. D) Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. E) Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing

1) The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________. 1) _____ A) viscosity of water B) surface tension of water C) polarity of water molecules D) sharing of electrons between the atoms E) transfer of electrons between the atoms

sharing of electrons between the atoms

Constructive interference results in larger waves while destructive interference produces:

smaller waves.

72) Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater? 72) _____ A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Sodium E) Sulfate

sodium

73) Which of the following is responsible for 90% of the deaths associated with hurricanes? 73) _____ A) Fflooding B) Landslides C) Storm surge D) Strong winds E) Fallen trees

storm surge

The process of formation of a seasonal thermocline which leads to layering of the water column is

stratification

36) Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct? 36) _____ A) Stronger covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form within water molecules. B) Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. C) Weaker covalent bonds occur within water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. D) Weaker covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form within water molecules.

stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between molecules

Legend holds that the "horse latitudes" derived their name from sailors who, in desperation, abandoned horses overboard because the sailors were ______________.

stuck at the boundary between the trades and the westerlies

The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the:

summer solstice.

Ekman Spiral

surface water moves at about 45 degrees to the right of the wind, and this wind energy is imparted to successively deeper layers of water, each rotating further and further to the right but diminishing in their relative speed. Depth 100m

Surface ocean currents are caused by ___________, whereas deep currents are the result of __________.

surface winds, changes in density

The ocean's deep water is initially formed at the _________ and in _________ regions.

surface, subpolar

The unit of measurement used to describe the rate at which a volume of ocean water moves in a current is a(n):

sverdrup

the distance over which wind blows without interruption.

swell

The latitudes between 23.5° N and 66.5° N are part of the Northern Hemisphere

temperate climate zone

The latitudes between 23.5° S and 66.5° S are part of the Southern Hemisphere

temperate climate zone

8) The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are ________. 8) _____ A) temperature and salinity B) temperature and water vapor content C) carbon dioxide and water vapor content D) temperature and ozone E) nitrogen and water vapor content

temperature and water vapour content

The "midnight Sun" is a phenomenon observed in Northern Hemisphere polar regions only when the Sun is directly above _______________.

the Tropic of Cancer

Where is the Sun overhead on the Northern Hemisphere winter solstice?

the Tropic of Capricorn

Where is the Sun overhead on the Southern Hemisphere summer solstice?

the Tropic of Capricorn

47) Which of the following best defines heat capacity? 47) _____ A) The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. B) The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. C) The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. D) The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. E) Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? (All/5)

the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins previous ocean circulation patterns the climate on Earth millions of years ago past catastrophes, such as major extinction events movement of the ocean floor

59) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Water is the ideal medium to have within our bodies BECAUSE it facilitates chemical reactions. 59) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.