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The collapse of the Carolingian empire in the late 9th century CE led to
A fracturing of Western Europe into many kingdoms and duchies.
The iqta was
A land grant, often given to soldiers as a form of reimbursement
The theme system is best described as
A new military system in which land was granted to farmers who, in return, would provide the empire with loyal soldiers.
Ghilman were
A professional military class, comprised of foreign slave-soldiers
What evidence does Silverstein use to support his claim that commercial and cultural exchange flourished during this period? Choose all answers that apply:
Abbasid money was found in Scandinavia Papermaking spread from China to the Middle East
How is Muhammad perceived by Muslims?
An enlightened man who was the vehicle God used to deliver and spread the Word of God
Given that Froissart wrote for an upper-class audience, which of the following perspectives is most likely to be present in his work?
An excessively negative representation of common people and their motives
What is one explanation for a transition to hired labor by the 14th century?
As populations recovered from wars, famines, and plagues, the cost of labor came down; lords could derive rent from their tenants and pay a low price for hired help.
The Abbasid Caliphate built which entirely new city as its capital?
Baghdad
Why were people willing to trade over long distances in the Post-classical period?
By transporting high-value goods to places where these goods were in demand, it was possible to make large profits
This passage is consistent with which of the following ideas? byzantine
Byzantine leaders maintained and built upon the legacy of their Roman predecessors, but added a new Christian character
What does Heather claim made long-distance trade profitable in antiquity?
Certain resources could only be obtained in certain regions, making them more valuable in regions where they did not exist
Which of the following is a reason for the decline of Abbasid power?
Challenges to Abbasid religious authority Lower tax revenues due to conversion to Islam.
What type of evidence would support this claim?
Changes in laws regarding the rights of peasants after revolts were suppressed
Which of the following best describes the Byzantine state?
Christian empire with multiple administrative provinces
What does Louth suggest about the relationship between state and religion in the Byzantine empire according to the 'grand design' view?
Christianity was an integral component of Byzantine governance
Which of the following best describes the changes that took place in the Islamic world under the Abbasid Caliphate?
Cross-cultural contact increased as Abbasid traders moved beyond the Caliphate's borders
Which of the following is a historical claim that could be supported by using both Bennett and Hollister's argument and Mayer's argument?
Cross-cultural exchange during the crusades was more impactful in Europe itself than in Outremer
Which of the following factors resulted in weaker Byzantine and Sassanian empires? Select all that apply.
Disease A long period of fighting with one another Attacks by neighboring nomadic groups groups from the Steppe region
What is Mayer's argument about cross-cultural influences during the crusades?
Europeans in Outremer were resistant to cross-cultural influences
Although not explicity mentioned in the Qur'an, what are considered the 5 pillars of Islam for Sunni Muslims? (85-90% of Muslims)
Giving a percentage of one's wealth to the poor or needy Pilgrimmage to Mecca Declaring and believing that "There is no god but God" and "Muhammad is God's messenger" Praying five times a day Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
Which of the author's statements supports why the gold trade was the heart of Timbuktu's economy?
Gold was traded "in exchange for rock salt but also all manner of other goods in trans-Saharan commerce."
What was John Ball's message, according to Froissart?
If enough common people join together, the king will have to agree to their demands
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Islam and politics?
Islam and politics were intertwined
What is Berkey's argument about the development of Islam?
Islam did not appear as a fully-formed faith, but developed through conversation and study with other religions
What best describes the Arabian Peninsula in the late 6th century (around the time of Muhammad's birth and early life)?
It consisted of many, fragmented tribes. There was no state structure and people were held in check by tribal law and inter-tribal blood feuds. Some tribes were nomadic while others were settled in cities.
Based on the article, how did Srivijaya "[distinguish] itself as more than a mere middleman" for trade?
It provided alternative trade goods to China that they would have gotten from the Middle East otherwise
What is the significance of Medina in the orgin of Islam?
It was the city that the early Muslims settled in to escape persecution from the Quraysh in Mecca. It was their base in the years of conflict with the Quraysh.
Which of the following best summarizes Ferguson's argument in this passage?
Italian banking relied on the mathematical insights from other regions that Fibonacci brought together in Liber Abaci
What does this excerpt tell us about the relationship between location and trading cities?
Location can sometimes prove beneficial for a trading city
Medieval Muslim women
Medieval Muslim women
Which of the following is the best definition of human migration?
Movement to a new area with the intent to settle
Which of the following developments made immediate conversion to Islam less urgent for conquered people?
Muslims rulers were generally tolerant of other religions if they followed the rules Muslim rule brought few changes to an already diverse public life
Dhimmi were
Non-Muslims who comprised a protected class provided they paid a special tax
Which of the following best summarizes the argument of this passage?
One interpretation of Justinian's reign is that he wanted to restore the glory of the ancient Roman empire while also elevating its spiritual character.
Justinian I contributed to the development of the Byzantine state in which of the following ways?
Organizing the legal code
What is the broader claim Bennett and Hollister make about popular uprisings?
Popular uprisings were rarely successful militarily, but they did influence the thinking of the elite
Although not explicity mentioned in the Qur'an, what are considered the 5 pillars of Islam for Sunni Muslims? (85-90% of Muslims) Choose all answers that apply:
Praying five times a day Declaring and believing that "There is no god but God" and "Muhammad is God's messenger" Giving a percentage of one's wealth to the poor or needy Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan Pilgrimmage to Mecca
The author argues that
Printing in Baghdad helped facilitate the establishment of libraries and universities.
Which of the following is evidence to support Mann's claim from the previous question?
The Inca relocated peoples from their homes, forced them to work on state projects, and use the Inca language
What does Mann claim that the Inca were trying to achieve?
The Inca wanted to solidify political control by imposing cultural and economic unity
Based on this excerpt, what statement best explains the rapidity of Islamic expansion in the 7th century?
The Persian Empire was significantly weakened by years of war with the Byzantines, followed by a civil war and Turkish invasion. This opened it to further conquest by the armies of the caliphs.
What is Diamond's argument for why Bantu speakers did not settle beyond the Fish River?
The climate south of the Fish River was not suitable for crops grown by Bantu speakers
Iconoclasm was
The destruction or prohibition of religious icons and other images or monuments for religious or political motives
What factor does Diamond think is most important in determining how a society will develop in a new location?
The environment's capacity to support food production
What does the author mean when he says that the age of Constantine was "the watershed between the old Roman Empire and the new Byzantine Empire?"
The point of division between the Roman and Byzantine Empires is debated by historians, but the division most likely began during Constantine's reign.
Why did the Peasants' Revolt fail, according to the authors?
The rebel leaders were killed
What best describes the state of the Muslim community at the time of Muhammad's death in 632?
They had conquered Mecca and much of the Arabian Peninsula.
Which of the following is true about conversions to Islam? Select all that apply.
They occurred for a multitude of reasons Conversions reached their height during the late Abbasid caliphate
Why would conversion to Islam from Christianity and Judaism be easier than from other faiths?
They share similar religious ideas
Which choice best describes the states surrounding the Song dynasty?
They were distinct political and cultural powers that the Song had to deal with individually
How did the plague most likely travel from the Far East to the Mongols in the Crimea, according to Ziegler?
Through caravan routes that crossed central Asia.
Why would Count Thibaut agree to not allow any of Jocelin's tenants to settle in Thibaut's lands?
To ensure that Jocelin maintains a stable workforce
What was the purpose of the Ordinance of Labourers?
To keep wages at pre-plague levels.
What does European paper in Timbuktu tell us about trade in west Africa?
Trade near Timbuktu was extensive enough to reach thousands of miles beyond west Africa*
How did environmental factors impact trade routes?
Trade relationships were determined by economic factors; environmental factors determined the the specific routes used
Which of the following factors most strongly influenced Bantu migration patterns?
Whether the climate was suited to their agricultural practices
Why were Sufi missionaries especially successful at spreading Islam?
Why were Sufi missionaries especially successful at spreading Islam?
Which of the following best summarizes the argument of this passage?
Women in the Muslim world had very different experiences, depending on things like class and social status.
What does Lapidus claim about the effect of class on the lives of women in the Muslim world?
Women of similar social classes often had similar experiences to one another.
Which tradition(s) does Kuhn say influenced Song policy, and how?
a blend of Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist traditions united the Song Chinese
Formariage or merchet is the practice of
a peasant paying a fee to a lord before receiving permission to marry outside the lord's land.
The Triple Alliance was
a political agreement between three Mexica city-states
A strain of quick-growing rice imported from southeast Asia led to
a population growth in China
Historians have learned a lot about the Srivijaya Empire through
accounts of trade that merchants from China and India logged
A city-state is
an independent political unit consisting of a city and its surrounding territory
A revolt is
an uprising or rebellion
Roman legal reforms in the third century CE led to coloni status
becoming hereditary, passed from parent to child.
Cities helped to make the trading process easier by
bringing many potential buyers and sellers together in a single place
The House of Wisdom was
created by Abbasid caliphs as a center of learning for people of many religions and backgrounds
The plague impacted the economy of late medieval by
decreasing the population and making labor more expensive
Paying for crusades was
difficult; leaders often had to sell their assets, or secure large loans
Usury was
earning a profit from charging interest on loans
A bill of exchange
entitled the holder to a specified payment from a third party at a later date
The crusades altered trade patterns in the Mediterranean Sea by
establishing European Christian outposts in previously Muslim and Byzantine regions
One way Srivijaya rulers expanded their power was by
establishing themselves as religious leaders
The crusades changed Europe by
expanding its economic networks, thus increasing its access to knowledge and technology
Based on the information the author provides, one positive outcome of printing in Baghdad was
its spread to libraries throughout the Abbasid empire and far from Baghdad
Wage laws were passed after the plague to
keep laborers' wages at pre-plague levels
Trade over long-distances focused on
luxury goods
The plague hit Europe hardest during the
mid-fourteenth century
A strait is a
narrow choke point that connects two bigger bodies of water
The expansion of the civil service led to
people from less wealthy families gaining access to better jobs
Credit impacted trade by
providing upfront funding for expensive trading ventures
The Jacquerie in France
showed that the elites saw the lower classes as a singular group
The crusades were a series of European military expeditions
that sought to recapture the Holy Land, assist Christians living under Muslim rule, and convert or conquer pagans and heretics
One reason Muslim scholars settled in Timbuktu was
the Mali government protected them and encouraged them to come to the city
Historians can point to a possible cultural syncretism, or blending, between India and the Srivijaya empire because of
the development of Vajrayana Buddhism in both places around the same time
Which choice best describes the interaction between serf and lord in this passage?
the lord did as much as he possibly could to keep the serf on his land
An epidemic is
the rapid spread of a disease through a community
Explorers like Zheng He's use of maritime trade routes near the Srivijaya Empire long after the Srivijayans lost power indicates
the sea lanes the Srivijayans built up continued to be useful after the Srivijaya empire's decline
Which of the following Song Chinese practices resulted in a more unified Chinese culture?
the spread of neo-Confucianism
What advantage did the monsoons, or seasonal wind systems, give the towns along the Strait of Malacca?
they helped boost the local economy since Chinese and Indian traders would sell goods there while waiting to travel
The exchanges that are called "tribute" and "gifts" between Srivijaya and China are most nearly another form of
trade
Trade helped to spread the plague because
trade routes had a steady supply of hosts traveling along them to help spread the plague
The primary goal of the translation movement was to
translate Greek texts into Arabic
As a result of the plague, Europe
underwent an economic transformation
The process of a city increasing in population and more people moving into cities is called
urbanization
What is Silverstein's claim about the relationship between conflict and cross-cultural interaction during the Abbasid Caliphate?
Conflict does not always limit cross-cultural exchange
From this excerpt, what argument can be made about imperial expansion and conflict?
Empires grow weak when they overextend themselves militarily, opening themselves up to invasion from outside forces or infighting
Looking at both passages together, which of the following best summarizes the connection between culture and state-building under the Triple Alliance and the Inca Empire?
Empires were easier to maintain when most subject peoples shared a common sense of cultural and political identity
According to Ferguson, what did Fibonacci do that helped develop European finance?
Fibonacci took mathematical ideas developed in India and the Middle East and showed how they could be applied to business
Which of the following best describes how foreign ideas were usually dealt with in Song China?
Foreign ideas were often feared by many, but were also incorporated into Song policy and culture when convenient
Why might a lord require serfs to use his mill and winepress?
It was a convenient way to collect a portion of the serfs' harvest
What does Ferguson claim about the relative economic development of twelfth and thirteenth century Italy compared to Song China and the Abbasid Caliphate?
Italy was far less economically developed
Why was Baghdad in such a strategically good location for trade, cultural exchange, and able to support a large population?
Its proximity to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and therefore food
What does this excerpt tell us generally about the relationship between two dynasties?
Large dynasties had the power to bestow an elevated status on smaller dynasties; both dynasties received goods as a result
According to the article, which trading city prospered partly because of their control over the body of water nearest them?
Malacca
Which civilization shared cultural traits, but was never a unified political state?
Maya
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Islam and Judaism/Christianity?
Muslims believe that Jesus, Moses and Abraham are significant prophets. Jesus is, in fact, the most mentioned person in the Quran. They believe that Allah is the same God as in the Old Testament.
The state religion of the Byzantine empire was
Orthodox Christianity
How did pigs affect the island of Tikopia?
Pigs damaged gardens Pigs competed with people for food
What does Lapidus claim about the relationship between political conquest and religious conversion?
Political conquest led to gradual religious conversion
This passage is consistent with which of the following ideas?
Practices like veiling and seclusion were common in Muslim and non-Muslim societies, like the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia
What evidence does Lapidus cite in support of his claim that the early Muslim regime was religiously tolerant? Select all that apply.
Public spaces like markets, baths, and festivals were open to Muslims and non-Muslims alike In some places, like Syria, Muslims and Christians used the same place of worship until Muslims built their own mosques.
What are factors that contribute to people's decisions to move to a particular area called?
Pull factors
What are factors that contribute to people's decisions to leave a particular area called?
Push factors
How does the author describe a typical peasant on an estate?
Rough and hardworking
How did environmental factors impact trade between Scandinavians in the Baltic region and the Abbasid Caliphate, based in Baghdad?
Scandinavian traders wanted to trade with the Abbasids, and were able to take advantage of geographic conditions that made travel easier
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Srivijaya and China?
Srivijaya had a good relationship with China, but it was conditional on China deciding to keep Srivijaya in good favor
What do the authors suggest was the relationship between the Srivijaya empire and its "dependencies," or smaller areas in the Malay Archipelago that relied on Srivijaya?
Srivijaya provided safety and a share of wealth in exchange for trade goods from the dependencies
How did economic and political factors impact trade at this time between Scandinavians in the Baltic region and the Abbasid Caliphate, based in Baghdad?
The Abbasids were more prosperous than the Byzantines, so they had greater demand for the goods the Scandinavians could trade
Why might the author have chosen to say that Timbuktu "gained [a] fabled reputation"?
The author is saying the city's gold-based wealth was impressive and almost unimaginable to the people in faraway cities Timbuktu traded with
What is Tyerman's argument about the impacts of the crusades?
The biggest direct impact of the crusades was increased European interest in Near Eastern politics
What is Diamond's argument about the role of environment in shaping human societies as they migrate to new areas?
The environment plays a large role in how a society will develop in a given area
What might a historian conclude about the environment of Baghdad in relation to its community of scholars?
The high quality of life for residents in Baghdad fostered an environment where learning was possible
What is Bennett and Hollister's argument about the impact of the crusades on Europe?
The increased contact between Europeans, Byzantines, and Muslims led to knowledge being (re)introduced into Europe
What might have been the effect of placing the palace of the Caliph "in the midst of a vast park several hours in circumference"?
The palace stood out as a grand building separated from the living quarters of others, making it clear who the ruler was
What was the historical context that explains why the Ordinance of Labourers passed in 1349, specifically?
The plague that hit England in 1348 killed huge numbers of people, causing a labor shortage.
Which of the following claims connecting can be supported by evidence from this passage?
The plague was able to spread across Asia and Europe largely due to the interconnectedness of trade routes.
Which of the following best explains how the tlamatinime might have helped to maintain the Triple Alliance?
The tlamatinime encouraged a set of standard cultural values through the public education system
Which of the following best describes the development of new faith traditions?
They develop in concert with the faiths around them, rejecting elements of some, and picking up cultural influences of others as new converts join
What best summarizes the argument of this passage?
Though the Byzantine Empire shared some features in common with the Roman Empire, it differed most significantly in its religious character and urban center
How did Ball's message spread?
Through Ball's preaching and conversations between common people
Once in Crimea, how did the plague get to Europe?
Through Genoese traders who carried the plague on their ships.
Which of the following best explains the broader relationship between environmental factors and trade routes?
Trade routes usually exist between regions that produce different types of resources
What made migration in the Pacific possible?
Transportation technology that allowed for long-distance ocean travel
The Abbasid caliphate
Was heavily influenced by Persian culture
Which of the following could accurately describe the relationship between migration and technology?
Where people can migrate is determined by available technology
Peasant is a term describing
a small-scale farmer
The mit'a was
a system requiring subjects to provide labor to the Inca state
A tributary empire exercises power by
collecting payments from weaker states
Luxury goods are
expensive and hard to find
Relationships between Christians and Muslims during the crusades were
frequently changing as dictated by local circumstances
Which of the following claims about the relationship between philosophical, cultural, and political systems does Kuhn's argument support?
it can have a profound impact on an empire's cultural and political unity
Hangzhou's location made it a trading city because
it linked China to international trade routes
According to the article, the use of a common language, Old Malay, helped people in the Srivijaya Empire
make efficient business transactions
The Song civil service examinations and teachings were based largely on
neo-Confucian thought
The concept of banking
originated in Medieval Italy, but drew on knowledge from other cultures
Historians call this the Golden Age of Islam because, during this time,
scholars preserved the knowledge from ancient texts and fostered new innovations
According to the video, the abundance of rivers in China helped facilitate
shipping of crops at a low cost
A vassal is
someone who pledges allegiance to a superior feudal power, usually in exchange for land
According to the article, one way that empires used their trading cities to their advantage was to
tax the goods that flowed in and out of those cities
Which caliphate was not dynastic?
the Rashidun caliphate
The Song Chinese people's description of outside groups as "barbarians" and their unwillingness to recognize any history outside of Chinese history indicates that
the Song Chinese had a strong sense of cultural unity or identity
The demesne of a manorial estate is
the farmland of the lord, worked by serf and later hired labor
The reason historians tend to focus studies of the Black Death on Europe is that
there aren't as many sources documenting it elsewhere
Fibonacci's Liber Abaci
took useful mathematical concepts developed in India and the Middle East and explicitly applied them to commercial transactions