Final humanities

Catharsis and entertainment violence according to Sisssla Bok

"A tragedy, then, is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself, in language with pleasurable accessories, each kind brought in separately in the parts of the work in a dramatic, not in a narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions" (Quoted in Bok 43) Bok summarizes Aristotle's point this way: This experience of catharsis permits a schooling of the emotions and a deepening of one's understanding of human nature....

Value of the humanities per edmundson

.Its about questioning success and every important social value. its learning how to live one's life. true humanities students are exceptional because they have been, and are, engaged in the activity that plate commends -seeking to understand themselves and how they ought to live their lives

Meaning and impact of entertainment violence according to Sissela Bok

1.Fearfulness: A loss of resilience o 2. Desensitization: - Numbs emotions, compassion, fatigue o 3. Appetite Violence o 4. Aggression Causal relationship between consumption of media violence and aggressive behavior

Meaning and components of critical thinking as per Dr. Nall

A method of thinking that emphasizes reflective, open minded, and rational analysis Deliberately, fair-mindedly and open-mindedly examining and evaluating concepts, beliefs, statements of fact, and argument

What is applied philosophy?

A practical problem that Aims to affect change as well as engaging in determining what ought to be believed Involves taking action and governing human activity The study of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning

What does Elliot D. Cohen say philosophy

A thinking" activity

Key points made by Goldman on Education

According to Goldman, schooling functioned, however unconsciously, as a method to "discipline" children to conform to contemporary society rather than expand their knowledge.

What is Plato's myth of the metals?

According to this 'myth of the metals', every citizen is born out of the earth of the State and every other citizen is his brother or sister. Yet God has framed them differently, mixing different metals into their soul: gold for the rulers, silver for the auxiliaries, and brass or iron for the husbandmen and craftsmen

Key points made by Rich on Education

Adrienne Rich urge gave a convocation at Douglass college where she urged students to reject educational models of passivity and to claim an education: "The difference is that between acting and being acted-upon, and for women it can literally mean the difference between life and death." "Responsibility to yourself means refusing to let others do your thinking, talking, and naming for you; it means learning to respect and use your own brains and instincts; hence, grappling with hard work"

Value of the humanities per judith butler

American philosopher and gender theorist, Judith Butler says of reading: "Ideally, lose ourselves in what we read, only to return to ourselves, transformed and part of a more expansive world-in short, we become more critical and more capacious in our thinking and helps acting. 8 us learn about the humanities

Mark Twain's understanding of the implication of God's having designed the world; and meaning of Natural Selection

Argued that "creation" was more an indication of a malicious creator. Since God is all powerful and all-knowing, whatever is, is a result of his will and intent. Cruelty is common place and essential to the workings of the natural world. Therefore, God- knowingly designed a horrifyingly brutal world. Since God intentionally designed such horrors, God is certainly not the loving God he has been portrayed to be.

What ways of presenting lethal violence can, according to Bok, lower people's natural, iututize resistance to doing such violence?

Authorization-Deeming a behavior "legitimate, authorized, commanded" Glamorization- When an otherwise objectionable behavior is exalted as noble, "admirable, heroic, and deserving of imitation" Dehumanization- Inducing pitilessness for the targets of oppression; identifying them as "unworthy of ordinary concern and respect, perhaps less than human." (32)

Know Socrates' position, via Plato in The Republic, on forced education of children

Because no free person should learn anything harm to the body, but nothing taught by force stays in the soul. like a slave. In place of force Socrates calls for children to be taught these subjects througlh "play instead. That way you'll also see better what each of them is naturally fitted for."

Key points made by Plato on education

Children are significantly shaped by early experience and education (377b) Children are often told stories that promote visions of life that "shape" their "souls" (377c) and are "hard to erase and apt to become unalterable" (378d) Consequently, storytellers must be supervised (377c) to ensure wrongdoing inharmonious behavior is not normalized or glamorized (378a-c) And "god must always be represented as he is "good"

Know the meaning and significance of conceptual frameworks

Conceptual framework is a network of basic values, attitudes, and beliefs that form an interpretive lens through which we see and understand the world A frame of reference, worldview, or basic set of values, attitudes, and beliefs frameworks-"explain, framework

Noam Chomsky's view on reading and books including electronic books

Electronic books] have advantages. You have half a dozen books you can read on an airplane trip. On the other hand, when I read a book I care about, I want to make comments in the margins, I want to underline things. I w ant to make notes on the flyleaf Otherwise I don't even know what to go back to. You can't do that the same way with an electronic book. Words just pass into your eyes. Maybe they don't even stay in your brain

Lecture and video on Camus; definition of nihilism

Extreme skepticism maintaining that nothing in the world has a real existence.

Reasons John Stuart Mill's defends freedom of expression

Fallibility: Necessary consequence of human fallibility is that the beliefs we hold might be wrong and the ones we shun might be right Partial truth: Views outside the prevailing opinion, even if they are largely mistaken, may contain some truth or dffer valuable insight Dead dogma: Ideas that are not subjected to intense scrutiny and challenge be forcefully believed or understood or followed through a social obligation

Key Points made by Emerson on Education

Focused on the importance and value of individual development as an end in itself,rather than a mere means to the end of the state as in Plato Emphasizes personal growth over social utility, and trust in the learner, specifically the child learner The teacher should not be the dictator of all that is to be known or done sites for

Know Antonio Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony, why he believes all people are philosophers, and what we must recognize in order.to achieve self knowledge (hint. "infinity of traces")

Gramsci argued that force could only be a short-term measure for the ruling classes, who needed to create popular consent among the working classes to rule effectively and efficiently. That consent was gained by spreading the beliefs of Capitalist ideology through important cultural institutions. Through education, religion, the media, and govemment bureaucracy the ruling class could create order in civil society by ensuring that basic capitalist values were thought unquestionable. Specifically the parts of society that rely on the consensual participation of the public-- supports ways of seeing the world that benefit particular groups in society and undermine other groups

Various approaches to studying the Humanities

History of humanity and culture Wisdom and cultivation of humanity how Critical thinking Reasoning Experience

. Plot and presented interpretations of Seeking a Friend for the End of the World: also be prepared to apply key con

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.Nietzsche's idea of Eternal reoccurrence eternal return

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Key points made by Russell on Education

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Know Twain's critique of God's goodness

Mark Twain argued that "creation" was more an indication of a malicious creator- Since God is all-powerful and all-knowing, whatever is is a result of his will ajid intent.

Know the meaning of philosophy and Ph.D.

Meaning of Philosophy Love of wisdom A thinking activity involving the search for the truth about the world and our place in it Ph.D. is doctor of philosophy

Key concepts and questions from Terry Eagleton's treatment of the meaning of life (from reading and lecture)

One of the most powerful meaning-of-life questions without an up-beat solution is known as tragedy. Of all artistic forms, tragedy is the one that confronts the meaning-of-life question most searchingly and unswervingly, intrepidly prepared as it is to entertain the most horrific of responses to it. Tragedy at its finest is a courageous reflection on the fundamental nature of human existence, and has its origin in an ancient Greek culture in which life is fragile, perilous, and sickeningly vulnerable

Humanities various sub-disciplines within it

Philosophy, religion, language arts, performing arts, visual arts

According to Solomon, what role does philosophy play in shaping conceptual framework?

Philosophy...is first of all the activity of stating, as clearly and as convincingly as possible, what we believe" and why we believe it Solomon states as a young kid as a young kid we tend to take our values for granted and not really know why we believe or follow certain things. It leads us to have multiple conceptual frameworks. Solomon states that with philosophy become clear about what they believe and why they believe it.

Russell's critique of overemphasis on the means of life at the expense of ends

Russell's That a meaningful, fulfilling and ultimately joyful existence requires us to recognize the necessity of contemplating ends as we do contemplating means

What Virginia Woolf's work teach us, as per The School of Life

School of life suggests Woolfs work teaches us to 1. Notice everything 2. Accept the everyday 3. Be a feminist: object to rigid gender roles

Key points made by Goodman on Education

Schools failed as sites for "socialization and democratization" because they "have gone much too far toward regimentation" (149) Emphasis on teacher lecture and examination left most students viewing class discussion as "irrelevant" and a waste of time Emphasis on competitive grading and testing was provoking an "educational calamity"

In what ways can we "actively engage" or participate in the humanities, according to Richard Jewell

See a play, concert, or dance. Attend an art or sculpture exhibition. Go to an historical museum. Describe one's own philosophy of life. Create a work of art. Study the basis of other world religions. Experience a foreign culture for a day Write about such experiences before and after. Discuss such experiences with each other. Compare, compare.

Styles Meaning of culture as per Stephen Duncombe; and meaning of cultural studies as per UCF and UNC websites

Stephen Duncombe Both the culture we enjoy and the culture in which we live provide us with ideas of how things are and how they should be, frameworks through which to interpret reality and possibility. they help us account for the past, make sense of the present and dream of the future. Culture can be, and is, used as a means of social control more effective than any army is a shared conception that the way things are is the way things should be.. Inorder to strive for change, you have first to imagine it, and culture is the repository of imagination.

. Know Dr. Nalls "complacency critique" of the free will defense

The "free-will defense" says God gave us free-will and so must tolerate evil. But valuing freedom doesn't require absolute complacency; doing nothing about evil.

Relationship to Liberal Arts

The Humanities are the cornerstone in the broader category of education called the Liberal Arts There common disciplines: humanities, social sciences, anthropology, sociology, psychology, history

The meaning ofthe Humanities

The humanities are academic disciplines that seek to understand and interpret human experience, from individuals to entire cultures, engaging in the discovery, preservation, and communication the past and present record to enable a deeper understanding

Value of the humanits per david behling

The humanities are at the core of a Liberal Arts education because they understanding how people are active creators of culture, not just passive recipients of tradition. We choose to do many things with our lives-career, spirituality, music, art -and those choices shape who we become

Benton and DiXanni's discussion of the various aspects of the humanities including art (for example, how does color play a role in painting, varied uses of art throughout history)

The humanities represent the most significant and vital of human accomplishments-the reflect our achievements from the beginning of human life in prehistory. Included are the most important developments in the history of civilization: various forms of art-painting, sculpture, and architecture; the emergence of literature, drama, and music; the creation philosophies and religions that have modeled the thoughts and actions of countless people worldwide; and the historical study of these occurrences Color also plays a role in establishing mood

Know the basics of Socrates allegory of the cave

The prisoners of the cave mistakenly believe that the truth is nothing other than the shadows For Plato and Socrates, the allegory of the cave aims to help us understand how mistaken ideas can produce Misinterpretations of our experiences, and -False beliefs about the world Plato and Socrates believe that many of us are like these prisoners-slaves to misconceptions of the world that lead to false beliefs

UCF and UNC websites

UNC: Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which 'culture' creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power. Research and teaching in the field explores the relations between culture understood as human expressive and symbolic activities, and cultures understood as distinctive ways of life

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

We are all able to know the world through language, logical mathematical analysis, spatial representation, musical thinking, the use of the body to solve problems or to make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves. Where individuals differ is in the strength of these intelligences. and in the ways in which such intelligences are invoked and combined to carry out different tasks, solve diverse problems, and progress in various domains

What are the two ways in which philosophy can be applied to solve problems

What 1. Utilizing philosophy's basic thinking activities- as reflection, articulation, analysis, and clarification in.order to solve or facilitate the solving 2. Applying the theories of philosophy to solve problerns of a practical problem

Value of the humanities as per Mark Edmundson, David Behling, Judith Butler, and Martha Nnsshanm

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what ways do we experience the humanities, as per Benton and DiYanii

humanities extend our experiences. They broaden our perspective, deepen our understanding, stimulate our imagination, reward our study, and satisfy our longings. They amaze astonish. They counsel and console. They enlarge and enrich our lives through making us, finally, more fully and more deeply human We experience the humanities through art, dance, history, religion, philosophy, literature film, drama

UCF:

interdisciplinary study of cultures and meanings. Included is studying how human cultures have produced meaning in the past and continue to do so, reflecting critically on these productions, and learning relevant perspectives and meaningful interpretations that contribute to responsible engagement with the many different cultural expressions we encounter today

Robert Solomon's explanation of how best to understand the meaning of life question/topic

meaning Robert Solomon: since meaning occurslwithin a context, we must know what the person asking has committed their life to The correct answers to these questions will depend upon .How one conceptualizes the meaning of "meaningful"? - What our frame of reference or fundamental beliefs and commitments ought to be Our frame of reference or vision of life determines the meaning of out life

Know Pascal's Wager understanding of the implication of God's having designed the world and meaning of Natural Selection

o Argument advanced in 1669 work Thoughts Renses.) Pascal contends that we are not rationally but we are pragmatically justified in believing in God. We should wager that God exists given these two likely scenarios 1. If He does, we gain eternal salvation. 2. If He doesn't, we lose nothing.

Stoic (Seneca) ideas about the good life

o Believed that happiness required reducing desires pleasure o True human beings, and certainly true men, cannot make pleasure their primary good o Higher aim is living accordance with reason for the benefit of the soul o Seneca denies that external circumstances can prevent us from the good life of virtuous existence

Know the basics of the arguments for God's existence: the cosmological argument, ontological argument, and argument from design (teleological argument)

o Cosmological Argument - Argument that the existence of the world or universe is strong evidence for the existence of a God who created it. First advanced by Greek philosopher Aristotle. o Argument from Design AKA intelligent design or the teleological argument. Begins with observation that the universe is filled with coherent intricacies that signal forethought and intentionality: food to eat, water to drink; complex eye allowing sight, oxygen to breathe. Offers thesis to explain observation; best explanation is that the universe has a designer- creator. Conclusion: the universe was designed (by God?) o Ontological Argument . He is the Greatest Conceivable Being. God is perfect, perfection entails existence; therefore, God exists. The denial of God's existence is self-contradictory since the very concept of God entails existence.

. Know the concepts surrounding the problem of evil: The Argument from Evil; John Hick's idea of soul building; John Hick s explanation of why God allows evil; Hick's distinction between moral and natural (nonmoral) evil

o John Hick; contends that natural evil is necessary to give individual human beings the opportunity to improve themselves. o Moral Evil: Suffering or injustice caused by human beings; result of human choice. o Natural Evil: (nonmoral) evil; evil inflicted upon others by nature.

Siduri's advice and the basics of Gilgamesh as per lecture and reading (Literature and Meaning of Life)

o She says he should give up his futile quest for eternal life and make the most of the life he's living now o Quote where she says that " As for you, Gilgamesh, let your belly be full, Make merry day and night. Of each day make a feast of rejoicing. Day and night dance and play! Let your garments be sparkling fresh, Your head be washed, bathe in water. Pay heed to a little one that holds on to your hand, Let a spouse delight in your bosom.

Epicurean (Epicurus) ideas about the good life

o Wrote that the ultimate end of human existence was pleasure and diminishment of suffering o Epicurus' vision of pleasurable existence is perhaps best understood as tranquility or contentment o Quality not Quantity o Epicurus contends that the best happiest life is found in savoring simple pleasures of life

Know the aspects of doing philosophy" as per Robert Solomon: reflection, articulation, argument justification), analysis, and synthesis

reflection, Reflection We are always "thinking," but we're not always being reflective Being reflective or contemplative involves critically and/or creatively examining your ideas Then comparing them to others ideas Articulation Articulation challenges to put our insights and convictions into words, whether it be through the written spoken word -Putting your ideas in clear, concise, readily understandable language Argument (Justification) Defending your stated beliefs/ideas with reasons, observations, and principles to establish your conclusions and overcome objections (Big Questions 6) To justify yourself is to craft an argument for a particular position or belief by giving supporting reasons for the validity of said belief (PAW 1) Analysis "Identifying the various components of an idea or argument Attempting to identify any unstated underlying assumptions in the argument (PAW 2) Determining whether or not these ideas are logically compatible -Asking vourself if you can think of examples that undermine a given argument

Martha Nussbaum

we are pursuing the possessions that protect, please, and comfort us... . but we seem to be forgetting about the soul, about what it is for thought to open out of the soul and connect person to world in a rich, subtle, and complicated manner, about what it is to approach another person as a soul, rather than as useful instrument or an obstacle to one's own plans; about what it is to talk as someone who has a soul to someone else whom one sees as similarly deep and complex