FINAL IR EXAM 12/16/22
Terrorism
"One man's freedom fighter is another man's terrorist" Political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately • Non-state actor • Immediate victim is not the target • Political objective • Tactic/method, not goal • Terrorists are more willing than states to violate the norms of the international system
What are some trends regarding war? Who fights (not), is it becoming more or less common?
*War is a phenomenon that appears to be universal and has existed for many years -democracies hardly ever fight each other (though this does not mean that democracies are not present in war -- take the US for example). -the proportion of countries engaged in war has declined. it is more common to see skirmishes and disagreements than fully-fledged war -war is no longer commonly fought between states to gain foreign territory -authoritarian leaders sometimes start wars to distract their people from their authoritarianism
Mercantilism
- Economics should serve politics. - Creation of wealth underlies state power. - Achieved prominence several hundred years ago - Britain - Declined in the 19th century. •Favorable balance of trade: positive balance of trade versus negative balance of trade
Territorial control
- Pressures to redraw borders by force - Outside states concerned about the fate of "their people"living as minorities in other state
How do the levels of analysis help explain potential causes of war?
-INDIVIDUAL: -human aggression -leaders' psychology -deviations from rationality in the individual decision-making process of national leaders DOMESTIC: -characteristics of states/societies may make them more or less prone to use force -democratic peace theory -imperialism (economic arguments; military-industrial complex) -nationalism -war as a diversion INTERNATIONAL: -realism -wars have different proximate causes -anarchy is the underlying cause ALWAYS -capitalism creates a need for expansion -free trade reduces chances of war (liberal theory)
Means to discourage imports
-Tariff or duties -Non-tariff barriers (e.g. quota) -Subsidies to a domestic industry -Restrictions and regulations -Economic nationalism
What should be the role of government in economic development?
-according to economic liberalism, the government should not interfere with the economy -the government played a huge role in economic development during the great depression via the principles of keynesian economics (implementation of deficit spending) -centrally planned economies refer to an economy in which political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption -today's economic activity follows the principle of free markets more than central planning. governments often dispute the prices of goods, and the governmental sector if the economy makes up a substantial fraction of industrialized countries' economies -most economies of the industrialized West are called mixed economies, as they contain both some government control and some private ownership
How does ethnicity fuel a conflict?
-large groups of people who share ancestral language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity make up an ethnic group *this often forms the basis for nationalist sentiments the causes of ethnic hostility come down to: -longstanding historical conflicts over specific territories or natural resources, or exploitation or political dominations of another -outgroup/ingroup dynamics -ethnocentrism -dehumanization (which can lead to state policies like genocide or ethnic cleansing)
Free and efficient market requires
-large number of buyers looking for the same item -large number of sellers supplying it -complete information
current events!
-new uk prime minister (rishi sunak) -brittney griner's appeal was denied (week 10) **now presently important to note that she has reentered the united states after being exchanged for russian arms dealer and world criminal viktor bout -the un published statements on climate change that 26/93 countries had started their initiatives and the avg. temp is 2.9° C more than what is stated in the paris climate accords -lula beat bolsonaro in brazilian presidential election -150 people died in crowd surge in seoul, including many american students studying abroad -turkey and the un are working on an african grain deal -climate summit in egypt occurred and was sponsored by coca-cola. there was a discussion fo paid reparations proportional to countries' contributions to climate change
How is the value of a country's currency determined?
-one of the main powers of a national government is to create its own currency as the sole legal currency in the territory it controls -national currencies have no inherent value in other countries, but they can be exchanged for one another *national currencies are valued against each other and are exchanged according to the exchange rate, which defines how much of x money is equivalent to a certain amount of y money.
current events (part 2) **the last card was too long
-poland was hit by a missile which was originally thought to be sent by russia but was later reported as a misfire from ukraine -biden and the president of china had their first face to face meeting [in bali] since they assumed power -the global population reached 8 billion -trump announced he is running for president in 2024 (which will affect how other countries choose to interact with the US) -artemis launched morning of 11/16 -world cup occurred, and there were many questions surrounding human rights in qatar, such as the issue with slave labor in stadium building and the use of bribery by qatar to gain WC location -chinese censors removing certain messages from social media -potential coup occurrence in germany -zelenskyy is TIME's person of the year -the chinese leader is in saudi arabia
Are economic development and democratization correlated?
-there is certainly data that points to the idea that economic development and democratization are correlated, such as when growing economy stimulates the public desire for education and a say in the government, but it is historically accurate to note that the fastest growing states have been authoritarian, not democratic (though it is also important to note that authoritarianism does not directly leas to economic development)
Which domestic players may try to influence decisions on international trade and why?
-worker/concentrated industry groups will often form to protest international trade decisions that negatively affect them -DOMESTIC ACTORS include industry-sponsored groups, companies, labor unions, and individuals -means to influence foreign economic policy include lobbying, forming interest groups, paying bribes, and encouraging coups
Ero and Atwood 2021
10 Conflicts to Watch Ukraine Ethiopia Afghanistan US/China Iran v. the US and Israel Yemen Israel v Palestine Haiti Myanmar Islamist militancy in Africa
theory of the accumulation of wealth
?? In Marxian economics, the rate of accumulation is defined as (1) the value of the real net increase in the stock of capital in an accounting period, (2) the proportion of realized surplus-value or profit-income which is reinvested, rather than consumed.
Total War
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
what is the "resource curse"?
A poor state with a lot of natural resources is also economically vulnerable to swings in the global market.
Which of the following is an example of import substitution? A state subsidizes a domestic electronics industry so as not to be overly reliant on imports. A state increases the subsidies on imported goods to save money and cut prices. A state stops importing French cheese because the price has increased and instead imports more Italian cheese because it is cheaper. An exporter switches from a high-quality good to a similar but lower-quality good without telling the importer.
A state subsidizes a domestic electronics industry so as not to be overly reliant on imports.
Colonialism drained capital from the global South to accumulate wealth in the North. Some expected that the end of colonialism would allow wealth to accumulate in the South. Which of the following best summarizes why that did not happen? A) Liberation from colonial control did not change underlying economic realities. Postcolonial states had the same legacies of colonialism that they did before. B) By the time imperial powers had left the global South, most of the natural resources had been depleted and sold for export. C) The educated populations of developing states fled as soon as independence was granted, denying global South states entrepreneurs, doctors, businessmen, and innovators. D) Many global North states showed little interest in investing in global South states, denying the South needed capital investment.
A) Liberation from colonial control did not change underlying economic realities. Postcolonial states had the same legacies of colonialism that they did before.
Which of the following measures would be the most effective at reducing cholera in the global South? A) building effective sewers B) giving children prophylactic drugs C) reducing air pollution D) airing public service announcements on television
A) building effective sewers
Under which of the following circumstances would a multinational corporation (MNC) be most likely to transfer technology to poor states? A) when the MNC receives favorable conditions for its foreign direct investment B) when the MNC wishes to retain proprietary technological information C) when the poor state is dependent on the MNC for economic development D) when the copyrights and patents on the MNC's products have just been renewed
A) when the MNC receives favorable conditions for its foreign direct investment
What are arguments against free trade; who voices them?
ANTI free trade -growing nationalism -competition from low wage countries -human rights -environmental issues PRO free trade -lower prices on goods imported from low-wage countries -consumers may spend more money on other products and services, eventually employing more US workers -cheap imports help keep inflation low, which benefits citizens and politicians
comparative advantage
Ability of a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another party
trade deficit
An excess of imports over exports the economy is importing more than it exports
R2P (Responsibility to Protect)
An international norm that seeks to ensure that the international community never again fails to halt the mass atrocity crimes of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
Barash 2013
Are We Hard-Wired for War?: Although there is considerable reason to think that at least some of our hominin ancestorsengaged in warlike activities, there is also comparable evidence that others did not. The problem with envisioning Homo sapiens as inherently and irrevocably warlike isn'tsimply that it is wrong, but also that it threatens to constrain our sense of whetherpeacemaking is possible and, accordingly, worth trying.
Which of the following best summarizes economic liberalism's core beliefs about international trade? A) Economic inequality in the international system is detrimental to prosperity. B) States mutually benefit from economic exchanges. C) States share equally in the benefits of economic exchanges. D) States should avoid economic interdependence.
B) States mutually benefit from economic exchanges.
For which of the following industries would a state be most likely to engage in protectionism? A) a well-established industry B) an industry that creates a product deemed vital for national security C) industry with little foreign competition D) an industry that produces products using scarce natural resources
B) an industry that creates a product deemed vital for national security
Which of the following ways of studying war occurs at the systemic level of analysis? A) evaluating the capacity of the Iraqi government to complete its nuclear program B) evaluating the role of the global distribution of power during the first Gulf War C) evaluating how Saddam Hussein's childhood affected his decision to invade Kuwait D) examining how democracies are unlikely to fight other democracies
B) evaluating the role of the global distribution of power during the first Gulf War
Which of the following are religious fundamentalists most likely to do? A) promote secular governments B) organize their lives around their religious beliefs C) kill people who are not fundamentalists D) engage in terrorism
B) organize their lives around their religious beliefs
Which of the following is considered a foreign direct investment? A) purchasing stock in a foreign company B) owning a company in a foreign country C) purchasing the government bonds of a foreign state D) making loans to the government of a foreign state
B) owning a company in a foreign country
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Why is China interested in controlling the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea? A) China needs the islands because its cities are becoming dangerously overpopulated. B) China is fearful that rival nations might build luxury hotels on them. C) China wants access to the possible oil reserves around the islands. D) A large number of ethnic Chinese live on the islands.
C) China wants access to the possible oil reserves around the islands.
Which statement best describes the development of the global South in 2016? A) Economic growth across the global South was relatively equal, fueled by energy, manufactured goods, and natural resources. B) Only China and South Asia saw economic growth in the global South in 2016. C) Overall economic growth in the global South exceeded overall growth in the global North, yet growth remained uneven from state to state. D) About half of the economies of the global South grew, while the other half declined.
C) Overall economic growth in the global South exceeded overall growth in the global North, yet growth remained uneven from state to state.
Which of the following statements regarding public opinion about Muslims is accurate? A) Very few of those in non-Muslim countries think that Muslims are fanatical. B) Almost all of those in Muslim countries think that non-Muslims are respectful of women. C) about half of those in Muslim countries think that non-Muslims are fanatical. D) Very few of those in non-Muslim countries think that Muslims are respectful of women.
C) about half of those in Muslim countries think that non-Muslims are fanatical.
Terrorists are most likely to recruit followers from which of the following states? A) states with a strong central government B) secular states C) very poor states D) democratic states
C) very poor states
How did colonization often affect local culture?
Colonization suppressed local languages and made locals feel that they were racially inferior.
How does corruption impede economic development?
Corruption typically refers to when individuals receive payoffs to trade at nonmarket prices. The government or company involved will lose some of the benefits being distributed, which decreases their ability for economic growth and international participation.
Which of the following illustrates the potential risk associated with economic globalization? A) States in the global South are unable to produce agricultural products that can compete in the international market. B) The proliferation of non-tariff barriers to trade has increased illicit trade in the global South. C) The collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to the spread of communism in the global South. D) The U.S. subprime mortgage collapse had a negative impact on world economies.
D) The U.S. subprime mortgage collapse had a negative impact on world economies.
Which of the following is consistent with the capitalist theory of the accumulation of wealth? A) Wealth accumulation in the global North comes at the expense of wealth accumulation in the global South. B) The global North has a moral obligation to ensure that the global South has the capacity to accumulate wealth. C) The state should play an active role in ensuring that wealth is equitably distributed. D) Wealth creation in the global North does not compete with wealth creation in the global South.
D) Wealth creation in the global North does not compete with wealth creation in the global South.
Which of the following is most likely to be part of a state's structural adjustment program as required by the IMF as a condition for receiving a loan? A) providing tax breaks for fossil fuel purchases B) increasing funding to the military C) expanding government-subsidized health care services for the poor D) eliminating a large number of bureaucrats
D) eliminating a large number of bureaucrats
Which of the following is a characteristic of a guerrilla war? A) uniformed members of a state's military squaring off against uniformed members of another state's military B) two or more major states teaming up to defeat a common enemy C) combatants fighting in a remote location such as a jungle D) irregular forces operating in the midst of civilian populations
D) irregular forces operating in the midst of civilian populations
Which of the following countries had a centrally planned economy for an extended period of time? A) Mexico B) Canada C) the United States D) the Soviet Union
D) the Soviet Union
Which of the following is considered part of the semiperiphery? Eastern Europe Portugal Syria Kenya
Eastern Europe
Atkinson
Environmental impacts of free trade deal with Brazil ignored by review, advocates say: A federal environmental assessment of a proposed trade deal between Canada and the Mercosur countries ignores major environmental and human rights violations in Brazil, environmental advocates say. It misses the big picture. It doesn't look at the impacts of a free trade agreement as an institutional framework that's destroying the Amazon rainforest in Brazil.
Why are some people in developing states wary of foreign direct investment by multinational corporations (MNCs)?
Foreign direct investment can disrupt traditional ways of life and cultures.
Alden
Free Trade Is Dead. Risky 'Managed Trade' Is Here.: In the years after World War II, most nations agreed, for the first time in history, they would treat foreign-made goods the same from almost every country. The nondiscrimination principle is now under the most sustained assault it has ever faced. On issues from national security to labor rights to the environment, the world's largest economies are deciding that nondiscrimination—the bedrock principle of free trade and globalization—must take a back seat to more pressing concerns.
explanations of civil war
Grievances (Reasons people rebel) Resources Opportunity to rebel
Phillips and El Masri
HOW DO GOVERNMENTS DECIDE WHICH GROUPS ARE "TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS"?: These questions are important because terrorist lists are linked to significant outcomes. Terrorist designation certainly can lead to reductions in terrorism, but it can also have unintended consequences, like disrupting civil war negotiations and discouraging donations to legitimate charities. -OTHER COUNTRIES FOLLOW THE UNITED STATES -ISLAMIST GROUPS ARE MORE LIKELY TO GET LISTED -EXTREME ATTACKS AREN'T AS IMPORTANT FOR EXPLAINING LISTING
Gbadamosi
How a U.S. Abortion Ban Would Impact Africa: TLDR. Roe v Wade is important... undermines liberalization campaigns about access across Africa, curbs women's rights, limits sex education, contraception, and LGBT rights. will eventually limit funding and support
How is immigration most likely to disadvantage a host country?
Immigrants compete with citizens for jobs.
What limits access to medicine for tropical diseases such as malaria and hepatitis B in the global South?
In the global South, the cost of the drugs makes them prohibitive for most people, which means that drug companies are unable to make profits.
Since 1990, how has per person, inflation-adjusted income changed in the global South and in the global North?
It increased in both the global North and the global South, but a wide gap remains between them.
Why are economic conflicts less likely to lead to violence than are territorial conflicts?
It is seldom worth using the military to address economic conflicts.
IS THE US HEADED TOWARD CIVIL WAR?
It's showing signs of greater political instability and political violence The second thing is whether "ethnic entrepreneurs" emerge in these countries who mobilize citizens around ethnic, religious, or racial lines. Those countries are most at risk of civil war. Civil wars are often started by groups that political scientists call "sons of the soil." These are groups who have historically been dominant politically and economically, but have either lost power or believe they will lose power. One is a loss in elections, or a series of losses, where it becomes clear that in a democracy, this group no longer has the numbers to win elections. The second condition that tends to create a loss of hope are failed protests. Polarization
Ethnic groups
Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity Often form the basis for nationalist sentiments
Which of the following is most likely to oppose land reform in the global South? a multinational corporation a subsistence farmer a low-income family a Marxist
Marxist
How is mercantilism similar to realism; how are economic liberalism and political liberalism related?
Mercantilism is the idea that economics should serve politics. It states that the creation of wealth underlies state power and achieved prominence several hundred years ago. Mercantilism and realism support the belief that each state must protect its own interests at the expense of others. Economic liberalism shares the assumption of anarchy, but it does not preclude cooperation to realize common gains. Political liberalism focuses on the idea of collective security and shared norms (ie: utilization of soft power). Whether referring to the economy or politics, liberalism enforces the belief in working together/cooperation to realize gains.
Harris and Sullivan
Neoliberalism is finished: TLDR: the foreign policy community needs to look for a new economic model because past ones have been flawed and created security issues. America's
causes of terrorism
Options available to weak actors Fighting powerful governments Poverty Unable to wage successful conventional war Raising costs of certain policies for adversary Religion
World Bank Poverty
Poverty reduction has suffered its worst setback in decades, after nearly a quarter century of steady declines. Must tackle the crisis while looking to the long term. this crisis is sharply reducing incomes and welfare among people who were already poor. Call for urgent action:tackling the economic crisis unleased by COVID with means proportional to the crisis itself.
Why do countries use protectionist measures?
Protectionism is the shielding of a country's domestic industries by raising taxes on foreign imports. This was previously done by the U.S. to Britain (ie: tea!). It is a strategy often used in order to protect a country's economic success from within and to raise income/lower spending.
Why is it often difficult for economic sanctions to be effective?
Sanctions tend to work best with multilateral support, but each trading partner has an economic incentive to continue trading.
Interaction exchange rate and balance of trade
States can manipulate currency price to boost trade and achieve trade surplus
Boudreaux and Ghei
The Benefits of Free Trade: Addressing Key Myths Free trade INCREASES: access to higher quality lower priced goods. =more growth. improves efficiency and innovation. Drives competitiveness. Promotes fairness. MYTHS: more exports mean more wealth. free trade means jobs go overseas. Restrictions on trades help americans. US trade deficits are bad for Americans. Trade treaties require a surrender of sovereignty.
How did Africa's legacy of having borders drawn by European powers affect some newly independent colonies?
The European powers drew borders without regard for ethnic and religious groups, which fueled postcolonial violence.
Devarajan and Dissanayake
The Future of Development: Lessons from China's Success(and Failures) Chinese growth and poverty reduction have been dramatic, however there is no single chinese model They come from 3 distinct approaches (Mao, Deng Xiaoping, and Jinping). There is no complex method means that the tools are available to everyone, but it requires capacity and commitment.
What are the Millennium Development Goals? What are the Sustainable Development Goals? (you don't have to be able to list them all, but explain them and have an example or two ready)
The Millenium Development Goals were created in 2015 after the Millenium Summit. Their purpose was to speed up and increase international development. They include: -eradicate extreme poverty and hunger -achieve universal primary education -promote gender equality -reduce child mortality rates -develop a global partnership for development -improve maternal health -combat AIDS, malaria, etc. -ensure environmental sustainability
What is R2P ?
The Responsibility to Protect - known as R2P - is an international norm that seeks to ensure that the international community never again fails to halt the mass atrocity crimes of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The concept emerged in response to the failure of the international community to adequately respond to mass atrocities committed in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s. The International Committee on Intervention and State Sovereignty developed the concept of R2P during 2001. The Responsibility to Protect was unanimously adopted in 2005 at the UN World Summit, the largest gathering of Heads of State and Government in history.
Iweala
The World Trade Organization is Back: Ministers waived intellectual property protections related to covid countermeasures. WTO members initiated a process of institutional reform, committed to make WTO's dispute settlement system fully functional. reinvigorate
What is the major approach to enforcement of trade regulations?
The World Trade Organization is an IGO that promotes, monitors, and adjudicates international trade, and it is central to the overall expectations and practices of states with regard to international trade. -Bilateral Reciprocity: two states agree to have the same tariffs on goods -Most Favored Nations Concept: trade restrictions imposed by a WTO member on its MFN trading partner must be applied equally to all WTO members
Protectionism
The economic policy of shielding an economy from imports. States try to manipulate international trade to strengthen domestic industries -Protection of domestic industries from international competition -Infant industry protection -Protection of industry vital to national security -Defense effort to ward off predatory practices by foreign companies or states
Which of the following accurately describes foreign aid from the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) states? The United States and Norway are the only DAC states to meet the goal of giving away 0.7 percent of their GNP as foreign aid. While the United States does not meet the DAC goal of giving away 0.7 percent of its GNP, it nonetheless is one of the most generous givers of foreign aid, measured as a percentage of GNP. The DAC is a bit player in foreign aid; most foreign assistance now comes from the United Nations, from oil-rich states, or from elsewhere in the global South. The goal of DAC states is to spend 0.7 percent of their GNP on foreign aid. The reality is that they spend less than half this amount.
The goal of DAC states is to spend 0.7 percent of their GNP on foreign aid. The reality is that they spend less than half this amount.
What do the strong international norms of sovereignty and territorial integrity suggest about the international community?
The international community is unlikely to support secession movements.
What is the principle of comparative advantage and what does it mean for international trade?
The overall success of liberal economics is due to the substantial gains that can be realized through trade. Comparative advantage explains these gains and the benefit the countries would obtain by making a trade. This increases the overall efficiency of production, thus increasing desire for international trade.
In what way does foreign aid sometimes become a political issue rather than simply a way of helping other states develop?
The promise of foreign aid (or the threat of its withdrawal) is sometimes used by donor states to encourage desired behaviors of a recipient state's government.
International Political Economy
The study of the politics of trade, monetary, and other economic relations among nations, and their connection to other transnational forces. relationship international politics and international economics
Bilateral Reciprocity
Two states agree to have same tariffs on goods
Wagner and Zhou
WTO highest decision-making body - a conference of ministers from the organisation's 164 member nations - has just met for the first time since 2017. The WTO has also been criticised for having few to no answers to the world's most pressing issues: how to craft modern trade rules that support climate action and sustainability. the multilateral trading system will need strong and sustained commitment from member governments.
Ingram
What every American should know about US foreign aid: Less than 1% of federal budget is devoted to Foreign Aid Wealthy countries do their fair share relative to their economic size Support for aid is Bipartisan Foreign aid does not go to corrupt wasteful govts Foreign aid rarely goes to autocratic govts Produces concrete results (poverty, mortality, life expectancy, etc) Benefits everyone Americans support
How has the president of China, Xi Jinping, responded to reports of corruption among Communist Party officials?
While he has vowed to make fighting corruption a top priority, he has also discouraged protests or writings that expose corruption.
What is the International Trade Commission (ITC)?
a U.S. government agency that determines whether low-priced foreign goods hurt U.S. industries Consider This: The U.S. government may use ITC rulings when deciding whether to retaliate with trade barriers. 5.2 Identify at least one factor behind the current impasse in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations.
What is the Peace Corps?
a U.S. government program that gives volunteers modest stipends to provide technical assistance to help states around the world develop
direct foreign investment
a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country
The U.S. subprime mortgage collapse
a multinational financial crisis that occurred between 2007 and 2010 that contributed to the 2007-2008 global financial crisis.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
a permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes
Autarky
a situation in which a country does not trade with other countries Self-reliance - avoid trading and instead try to produce everything the state needs itself
What is a cartel?
an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition.
What does the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) attempt to do?
control the price of oil to the benefit of member states
What is the basis for an ethnic conflict?
different identities
Centraly planned economy
economic system in which the central government makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services
Intervention
involvement of outside actors in internal conflict
In regard to the expansion of free trade policies, which of the following causes the most concern among workers in the global North and their labor unions? A) low wages in the global South B) global inflation C) lax environmental regulations in the global South D) the challenges posed by the sudden availability of new markets
low wages in the global South
Who carries out most currency exchange and other international economic transactions?
private firms and individuals
What is the primary effect of terrorism?
psychological impact
Spill-over
spread of conflict across borders
Diffusion
spread of protest, tactics, ideas through observation and copying
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
successor to the WTO, the IMF, and its sister institution, the World Bank, and the United Nations. All these institutions were created by voluntary agreement between the individual nation-states, and their functions are enshrined in international treaties.
absolute advantage
the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity more efficiently than another individual or group.
What is the goal of a state engaged in total war?
to conquer another state and force the surrender of its government
What is the purpose of the WTO's Generalized System of Preferences?
to ensure that participation in world trade advances rather than impedes economic development in the global South
Why is a group most likely to turn to terrorism?
to gain attention for its cause
What is equalized among the most-favored nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
trade restrictions
balance of trade
value of state's imports relative to exports
trade surplus
when a country exports more than it imports country sells more than it buys from abroad
Causes of Ethnic Hostility
• Longstanding historical conflicts over specific territories or natural resources, or exploitation or political domination of another • Out-group/in-group dynamics • Ethnocentrism • Dehumanization
Economic Liberalism
• Shares the assumption of anarchy; but it does not preclude cooperation to realize common gains. • International organizations, institutions, and norms • states can mutually benefit from economic exchanges • It matters little to liberals whether one state gains more or less than another - just whether the state's wealth is increasing in absolute terms • Government role: non-interference
Individual Level: What makes a person a terrorist?
• When powerful agendas cannot be advanced through other means • Most grievances do not lead to terrorism • Few conclusive findings on "profiles"
Protectionism can have both positive and negative effects on an economy -LONG term
• loss of efficiency; • rise in costs for consumers • weakens the industry
Protectionism can have both positive and negative effects on an economy -SHORT term:
• stabilizing effect; • increase domestic production
Globalization
•Time it takes for goods, people, information, and money to flow across borders, and the cost of moving them are decreasing •International trade increases relative to domestic trade - World is increasingly defined by single market rather than by many separate markets •Increase in financial flows