final physio

Which of the following statements are true about heat shock proteins?

- They stabilize and refold damaged cellular proteins - Repeated bouts of exercise in warm or hot environments increase their synthesis in cells - They assist cells in tolerating heat stress - All of these answers are correct***

At high environmental temperatures, which of the following variables impact the amount of heat loss by evaporation?

- ambient temperature and relative humidity - amount of exposed skin - convective currents - all of these answers are correct***

Regulation of body core temperature is important because

- high temperature can alter the structure and function of enzymes - low temperatures can promote abnormal cardiac function (e.g., arrhythmias) - cellular structures and metabolic pathways are affected by temperature - All of these statements are correct***

Which of the following factors have the ability to impact the risk of developing heat injury during exercise?

- hydration status - wind - acclimatization - All of these answers are correct ***

Cold acclimation results in which of the following physiological adaptations?

- improved ability to sleep in cold environments - improved ability to prevent large decreases in skin temperature during cold exposure - increased nonshivering thermogenesis - All of these answers are correct***

Which of the following training adaptations does NOT occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training?

- increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase - increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes - increased muscle buffer capacity - None of these answers is correct***

Caffeine can increase fatty acid mobilization by

- inhibiting phosphodiesterase. - activating protein kinase. - increasing the formation of cyclic AMP. - all of these answers are correct. ***

Individuals who are successful climbing to high altitudes have a great capacity to hyperventilate. Hyperventilation results in ______________.

- left shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - higher PO2 in the blood - a decrease in arterial pH - All of these answers are correct

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development?

- neural factors - depressed muscle protein synthesis - overtraining - none of above is correct***

A high H+ concentration can contribute to fatigue by

- reducing the force generated per cross-bridge - interfering with Ca++ binding to troponin - inhibiting Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum - All of these answers are correct ***

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

- sparing of blood glucose - increased uptake of fatty acids - decreased utilization of muscle glycogen - all of these answers are correct***

Heat production can be increased through

- the action of thyroxine and catecholamines - non-shivering thermogenesis - shivering - All of these answers are correct***

Which of the following range of values represents "good" air quality as indicated by the Air Quality Index (AQI)?

0-50

Calculate the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent heat gain in the body given the following information: Total body energy expenditure = 250 Kcal Exercise efficacy = 20% Evaporation of 1000 ml of sweat results in 580 Kcal of heat loss Therefore, the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent body heat gain in these conditions is

0.344 liters

Calculate the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent heat gain in the body given the following information: Total body energy expenditure = 250 Kcal Exercise efficacy = 20% Evaporation of 1000 ml of sweat results in 580 Kcal of heat loss Therefore, the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent body heat gain in these conditions is

0.344 liters.

Muscle pH is generally

0.4-0.6 pH units lower than arterial pH

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels.

120-150

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) lasting typically result in a ______% improvement in VO2 max.

15-20

How many units of blood are shown to have a positive effect when reinfused in a subject via blood doping?

2

The thermal conductivity of water is about ________ greater than air.

25

Having a high VO2 max would be a primary factor for success in performances lasting

3 to 20 minutes

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals.

3-25%

Prolonged exercise results in a significant increase in body core temperature. Calculate the increase in body core temperature during exercise given the following: Total energy expenditure during exercise = 600 Kcal Exercise efficiency = 20% Total heat stored during exercise = 192 Kcal Subject body weight = 60 Kg Amount of heat required to increase body temperature by 1°C = 0.83 kcal/kg Therefore, the total increase in body temperature following exercise would be

3.86°C

Prolonged exercise results in a significant increase in body core temperature. Calculate the increase in body core temperature during exercise given the following: Total energy expenditure during exercise = 600 Kcal Exercise efficiency = 20% Total heat stored during exercise = 192 Kcal Subject body weight = 60 Kg Amount of heat required to increase body temperature by 1°C = 0.83 kcal/kg Therefore, the total increase in body temperature following exercise would be

3.86°C

Blood buffers would most likely improve performances lasting

30 to 180 seconds

Which of the following conditions would result in the highest vapor pressure in the air?

30°C, 75% relative humidity

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above baseline for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals.

40-50 hours

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately

45 ml· kg-1· min-1

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults.

50

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program.

50

Evaporation of one liter of sweat would result in the loss of ________ kcal of heat.

580

At three minutes of all-out high-intensity exercise, __________ of the ATP is derived from aerobic sources.

60%

The recommended intensity of warm-up exercise (5-10 minutes) for endurance activities is

60%-70% VO2 max

Heat acclimatization occurs generally within

7 to 14 days

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate the pH of blood given: pKa = 6.1 blood concentration of carbonic acid = 1.2 mEq/L blood concentration of bicarbonate = 24 mEq/L Your calculation reveals that the pH of blood is

7.4

During exercise ____________ of energy produced is released as heat.

70-80%

Which of the following track running events would have the greatest risk of acid-base disturbance?

800 meter run

In events lasting 21 to 60 minutes, the athlete would typically work at _______% VO2 max.

<90

Which of the following is true of the pH of arterial blood?

A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis.

Which of the following strategies would likely result in the optimal adaptations? A) Live at high altitude, train at low altitude. B) Live at low altitude, train at high altitude. C) Live and train at low altitude. D) Live and train at high altitude.

A) Live at high altitude, train at low altitude.

The observation that, after acclimatizing to altitude, lactate response to exercise is reduced, is called the lactate paradox. This statement is: A) True B) False

A) True

Training at high altitude for performances at sea level may not result in improved performance. Why? A) athletes may actually detrain at high altitude. B) going back to sea level results in decreased hemoglobin concentration. C) the higher air density at sea level offsets any improvements made at altitude. D) all of these.

A) athletes may actually detrain at high altitude.

Which of the following factors would help maintain body temperature in cold water? A) higher body fat stores. B) wearing layers of clothing. C) vigorous movement. D) all of these.

A) higher body fat stores.

What will happen to submaximal heart rate during exercise at altitude for any given level of submaximal oxygen consumption when compared to sea level? A) increase B) decrease C) remain the same D) depends on the type of activity

A) increase

Which of the following is not a recommended treatment for a person suffering from hypothermia? A) leave wet clothing on B) provide warm drinks C) keep the person awake D) put him/her into a sleeping bag

A) leave wet clothing on

In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is ___________________________.

AMP kinase activation of TSC2

Ingestion of caffeine could improve exercise performance by several mechanisms. Which of the following are NOT likely mechanisms to explain the positive impact of caffeine on exercise performance?

Acting as an antioxidant to prevent radical mediated damage

Cold acclimation results in which of the following physiological adaptations?

All of these answers are correct

Heat production can be increased through

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following statements about a buffer is correct?

All of these answers are correct

Regulation of body core temperature is important because

All of these statements are correct

A researcher finds that the control group performs above its usual performance when compared with the experimental group. This effect is named the

Avis effect

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations in the ACSM position stand on "The Prevention of Thermal Injuries During Distance Running"? A) Plan races for the cooler months. B) Have a water station every 8 to 10 km. C) Encourage runner to drink 100 to 200 milliliters of water per water station. D) Provide medical facilities at race site to provide first aid.

B) Have a water station every 8 to 10 km.

If VO2 max decreases with increasing altitude, and maximal stroke volume and maximal heart rate do not change, then the decrease in VO2 max must be due to A) decreased maximal cardiac output. B) decreased oxygen extraction at the muscle. C) an increased arteriovenous oxygen difference. D) all of the above.

B) decreased oxygen extraction at the muscle.

What is the term for a higher rate of heat loss from the body compared to heat production? A) hypoxia B) hypothermia C) hyperthermia D) thermia

B) hypothermia

Carbon monoxide affects performance by A) depressing respiratory function. B) reducing oxygen transport. C) increasing carbon dioxide concentration. D) none of the above.

B) reducing oxygen transport.

Which of the following pollutants does not affect lung function in normal adults but causes bronchoconstriction in asthmatics? A) ozone B) sulfur dioxide C) carbon monoxide D) none of the above

B) sulfur dioxide

The "live high, train low" program results in similar gains in endurance performance as living and training at sea level. A. true B. false

B. false

Stretching prior to exercise has been shown to reduce the incidence of exercise-induced injury. A. true. B. false.

B. false.

Which of the following statements about body temperature homeostasis is correct?

Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain

Which of the following statements about body temperature homeostasis is correct?

Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain.

High circulating levels of catecholamines can

Both activate adenylate cyclase and activate cyclic AMP answers are correct

Which of the following physiological factors would NOT be beneficial to a mountain climber during high altitude climbing?

Both an increase in arterial PCO2 and right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve are correct

Compared to studying muscle function in vivo, using an isolated single muscle fiber to study muscle fatigue provides which of the following advantages?

Both measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible and force production of the single fiber can be measured are correct

Daily supplementation with high doses of vitamins C and E has been shown to

Both provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue and depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles are correct

Which of the following transporters in skeletal muscles are responsible for moving hydrogen ions across the sarcolemma?

Both sodium-hydrogen exchanger and monocarboxylate transporter are correct

Which of the following statements is false? A) Frequent exercise in the heat increases the capacity to sweat and reduces salt loss. B) Inadequate hydration reduces sweat rate and increases the chance of heat injury. C) Evaporation of sweat is dependent on a temperature gradient from skin to environment. D) Wind will increase the rate of heat loss by convection.

C) Evaporation of sweat is dependent on a temperature gradient from skin to environment.

Which of the following statements is false? A) Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. B) The air is less dense at high altitudes compared to sea level. C) The percentage of oxygen in the air decreases with increasing altitude. D) Each liter of air contains fewer molecules of gas at increasing altitude.

C) The percentage of oxygen in the air decreases with increasing altitude.

In the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, the wet bulb temperature provides an estimation of A) radiant heat load from sunlight B) heat loss by radiation C) ability to evaporate sweat D) heat loss by convection due to wind

C) ability to evaporate sweat

Which of the following is a physiological change that has been shown to occur as a result of exposure to extreme altitudes? A) increases in muscle fiber area B) increases in mitochondrial volume C) decreases in muscle fiber area D) both a and b

C) decreases in muscle fiber area

Which of the following would not increase the risk for hypothermia? A) colder air temperature. B) higher wind speed. C) higher exercise intensity. D) wearing less clothing.

C) higher exercise intensity.

It has been shown that those who successfully deal with altitude have A) weak hypoxic ventilatory drives. B) a lower arterial PO2. C) strong hypoxic ventilatory drives. D) the ability to hypoventilate.

C) strong hypoxic ventilatory drives.

A low PCO2 and a high pH A) cause the oxygen hemoglobin curve to shift to the left. B) cause the oxygen hemoglobin curve to shift to the right. C) result in increased saturation of hemoglobin. D) do both a and c

Cause the oxygen hemoglobin curve to shift to the left. Result in increased saturation of hemoglobin. D) do both a and c

Which of the following events would be most likely to suffer when competing at high altitude? A) long jump B) high jump C) 400 meters D) marathon

D) marathon

The heart rate is a sensitive indicator of A) dehydration. B) environmental heat load. C) acclimatization. D) all of the above.

Dehydration. Environmental heat load. Acclimatization. D) All of the above.

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question?

Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

A high percentage of body fat results in an increased ability to lose body heat during exercise.

False

Amphetamines appear to have a positive effect on exercise performance in those who are alert and motivated.

False

An abstract for a published paper is much longer than one for a dissertation, usually between 200 and 250 words.

False

During exercise, muscle ATP concentrations in skeletal muscles often fall to less than half of resting levels.

False

Following endurance training, maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall (i.e., ventricular muscle mass increases).

False

It is not physiologically possible to climb to the summit of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen.

False

Running performances lasting 21 to 60 minutes always involve an energy expenditure equal to VO2 max.

False

The Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act passed in 1994 ensures that all dietary supplements are tested for purity.

False

The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation are most evident during the first of many repetitive bouts of short and intense exercise.

False

The evaporation of 1,000 ml of sweat results in the loss of 1,000 kcal of heat.

False

The initial decrease in VO2 max with detraining occurs because skeletal muscle adaptations (a-vO2 difference) are lost.

False

The majority of evidence demonstrates that resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of muscle fiber hyperplasia.

False

The principal buffer against acidosis during exercise is intracellular phosphate groups.

False

Wind speed affects environmental temperature.

False

In short-term performances (10-180 seconds) which of the following factors is the primary cause of muscle fatigue?

H+ accumulation

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed (and not necessarily because of any effect of treatment) are considered to be under the influence of the

Hawthorne effect

Repeated bouts of high intensity exercise (e.g., interval training) can reduce arterial pH to levels as low as

None of these answers is correct

Which of the following statements about constructing tables is not true?

The table should include whatever test of significance was used.

A lack of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase would affect the ability of the body to both buffer the blood and to transport CO2.

True

Acclimatization to the heat results in an increased rate of sweating during exercise.

True

Although the drug erythropoietin can increase endurance performance by increasing the transport of oxygen, it can also impair blood flow if hemoglobin concentrations reach high levels.

True

An example of a strong base is bicarbonate (HCO3-).

True

An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in contracting skeletal muscle can impair performance by hydrogen ions competing with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin.

True

Chronic (e.g., > several weeks) exposure to altitude will increase hypoxia-inducing factor in the body.

True

Cold acclimatization results in an improved ability to sleep in a cold environment.

True

Dehydration that results in a loss of 1-2% of body weight is sufficient to impair exercise performance.

True

During exercise in a hot and humid environment, heat loss via evaporation is decreased compared to exercise in a cool and low humidity environment.

True

During exercise, body temperature is regulated by making adjustments in the amount of heat that is lost.

True

Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles.

True

If maximal exercise is conducted at 21,000 feet altitude, VO2 max may be lower due to an actual reduction in maximal heart rate.

True

In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO2 max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

True

In general, during exercise in a thermoneutral environment, the increase in core temperature is directly related to the exercise intensity.

True

Individuals with a high percentage of body fat have an advantage over lean individuals in tolerance to cold.

True

One of the principal means by which the kidneys regulate acid-base balance is by increasing or decreasing the bicarbonate concentration of the blood.

True

Poor running economy can have a negative impact on running performance in events lasting 21-60 minutes.

True

Pre-cooling the body before performing prolonged exercise in a hot and humid environment has been shown to significantly improve performance.

True

Reducing the number of motor units required to perform an exercise task may reduce the heart rate and ventilation required to perform the task.

True

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO2 max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO2 max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

True

Running economy becomes an increasingly important determinant of success as the duration of the performance increases.

True

Tables and figures should be adapted from their paper version for use during a visual presentation. Paper versions typically contain too much information and are too small to read during visual presentations.

True

The bicarbonate buffer system is involved in both intracellular buffering and blood buffering of hydrogen ions.

True

The most frequent errors in oral research presentations are spending too much time on the methods and presenting the results poorly.

True

The results section is the most important section because it presents the study's findings.

True

The term "hematological passport" refers to a systematic approach used to identify athletes that are using "doping" procedures to increase their oxygen transport capacity.

True

Training in a cool environment while wearing warm clothing (e.g., sweats) promotes heat acclimatization.

True

When the intensity of exercise exceeds 75% of VO2 max, which of the following fibers are likely brought into play?

Type IIx

Some highly trained athletes experience a larger-than-expected decrease in VO2 max when tested at altitude. This may be due to

a large desaturation of hemoglobin

The term homologous transfusion means that the subject received

a matched donor's blood

Early studies did not show a positive effect of blood doping because

a significant portion of the red blood cells were destroyed during storage of the blood

Which of the following range of values represents "good" air quality as indicated by the Air Quality Index (AQI)? a. 0-50 b. 51-100 c. 101-150 d. 151-200

a. 0-50

Conditioned athletes may experience a _________ improvement in VO2 max as a result of endurance training. a. 3-5% b. 10-15% c. 50% d. none of the above

a. 3-5%

Intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-CP system should generally last _____ seconds. a. 5-10 b. 30-60 c. 90-180 d. at least 180

a. 5-10

Although the drug erythropoietin can increase endurance performance by increasing the transport of oxygen, it can also impair blood flow if abused. a. true b. false

a. True

If maximal exercise is conducted at 21,000 feet altitude, VO2 max may be lower due to an actual reduction in maximal heart rate. a. True b. False

a. True

Chronic (e.g., two weeks) exposure to altitude will increase the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. a. True. b. False.

a. True.

Some athletes experience a larger-than-expected decrease in VO2 max when tested at altitude. This may be due to a. a larger desaturation of hemoglobin. b. a greater decrease in maximal heart rate. c. a greater decrease in maximal stroke volume. d. poor mitochondrial function.

a. a larger desaturation of hemoglobin.

Which of the following individuals would lose heat faster when floating in cold water? a. a thin, athletic person b. a fat, sedentary person

a. a thin, athletic person

Children and adults with asthma can engage in physical conditioning and sports if they a. are able to control or prevent exercise-induced bronchospasms. b. train with other asthmatics. c. engage only in low-intensity activities. d. learn to ignore breathing difficulties.

a. are able to control or prevent exercise-induced bronchospasms.

When Messner and Habeler climbed Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen, the scientists had to reevaluate their calculations that VO2 max at the top of Everest was equal to resting metabolic rate (3.5 ml • kg -1 • min -1). They found that the a. barometric pressure was higher than expected at the top of Everest. b. oxygen percentage was higher than expected at the top of Everest. c. air temperature was colder than expected. d. hemoglobin levels increased suddenly at that altitude for those who didn't use supplemental oxygen.

a. barometric pressure was higher than expected at the top of Everest.

Carbon monoxide can decrease VO2 max by a. binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen. b. irritating the bronchioles. c. decreasing the number of red blood cells. d. decreasing the arterial PO2 to half its normal value.

a. binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen.

Oxygen has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid when the O2 a. can be breathed during an endurance exercise. b. is used before endurance exercise. c. has been used in recovery from endurance exercise.

a. can be breathed during an endurance exercise.

The most rapid and effective method of reducing body temperature in those with heat stroke is a. cold water immersion. b. rapid fluid replacement. c. moving the athlete to the shade. d. waiting; cooling is a slow process.

a. cold water immersion.

The ergogenic effect of caffeine appears to a. depend on the amount of caffeine ingested. b. not vary between individuals. c. be influenced by gender. d. be due to a decrease in fat metabolism.

a. depend on the amount of caffeine ingested.

Compared to male athletes, female athletes who participate in jumping and cutting sports are at higher risk for knee injuries, most likely because of a. dynamic neuromuscular imbalances. b. fluctuation in sex hormones. c. gender differences in knee anatomy. d. the female athlete triad.

a. dynamic neuromuscular imbalances.

Heat loss in cold water is __________ heat loss in cold air of the same temperature. a. greater than b. less than c. the same as

a. greater than

Which of the following endurance training strategies would result in the greatest improvements in VO2 max? a. high-intensity, continuous exercise b. long, slow distance exercise

a. high-intensity, continuous exercise

Research indicates that the best way for an endurance athlete to take advantage of altitude-induced physiological adjustments is to live at _______ altitude and train at ______ altitude. a. high; low b. high; high c. low; low d. low; high

a. high; low

Compared to the value measured at sea level, when a subject works at the same work rate at 3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is a. higher. b. lower. c. the same. d. dependent on the conditioning state of the subject.

a. higher.

Most, if not all, of the increase in muscle size due to strength training is the result of a. hypertrophy. b. hyperplasia. c. both hypertrophy and hyperplasia equally. d. neither hypertrophy nor hyperplasia.

a. hypertrophy.

Dehydroxyepiandrosterone (DHEA) is claimed to improve muscle mass and strength since it a. is a precursor to testosterone. b. is an antioxidant that reduces muscle damage. c. enhances fat use. d. increases anaerobic power.

a. is a precursor to testosterone.

Maximal aerobic power decreases with altitude due to the a. lower PO2 b. lower percent of oxygen in the air. c. lower hemoglobin levels. d. increase in hemoglobin levels.

a. lower PO2

Distance-running performances are generally not as good when conducted at high altitude. This is due to the a. lower PO2. b. greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy. c. greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy. d. lower air density.

a. lower PO2.

The number of sets required for strength gains in untrained, beginning weightlifters is a. one. b. three. c. three to eight. d. ten or more.

a. one.

The use of chewing tobacco to obtain a nicotine high may also be associated with which of the following problems? a. teeth and gum disease b. hair loss c. superficial twitching in the fingers and toes d. loss of vision

a. teeth and gum disease

A well-designed conditioning program allocates the appropriate amount of aerobic and anaerobic time to match the energy demand of the sport. a. true b. false

a. true

Acclimatization to the heat results in an increased rate of sweating during exercise. a. true b. false

a. true

It is generally believed that regular, but not excessive, physical activity in children promotes optimal bone growth and development. a. true b. false

a. true

It is generally agreed that women who are physically fit can perform regular exercise during pregnancy. a. true. b. false.

a. true.

The best protection against heat stroke and heat exhaustion is

acclimatization

Which of the following changes would account for the greatest potential reduction in aerodynamic drag during a cycling competition?

adopting a lower riding position

Hyperventilation at rest can result in ___________ due to ____________.

alkalosis; decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide

At high environmental temperatures, which of the following variables impact the amount of heat loss by evaporation?

all of these answers are correct

Which of the following events occurs during exercise at work rates above 60-80% VO2 max?

all of these answers are correct

Which of the following statements are true about heat shock proteins?

all of these answers are correct

Which of the following has been shown to interfere with cross-bridge "cycling" during exercise?

an accumulation of H+

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain

an extended review of literature

Fatigue refers to

an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions

The primary adaptations that occur during heat acclimatization are

an increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a higher sweat rate

The ability of histidine to buffer hydrogen ions is because histidine contains

an ionizable group

Which of the following events are not primary sources of hydrogen ions during rigorous exercise?

anaerobic production of 3-phosphoglucose during glycolysis

The respiratory system works in the regulation of acid-base balance by lowering

arterial PCO2

Clinically, hypothermia is described as a core temperature below a. 37°C. b. 35°C. c. 30°C. d. 29°C.

b. 35°C.

A sensible increase in training duration for a runner who trains 50 miles per week would be a. 1 mile (to 51 miles per week). b. 5 miles (to 55 miles per week). c. 10 miles (to 60 miles per week). d. 25 miles (to 75 miles per week).

b. 5 miles (to 55 miles per week).

The recommended intensity of indirect warm-up for endurance activities is a. 40%-60% VO2 max. b. 60%-80% VO2 max. c. at 100% race pace. d. intervals exceeding race pace.

b. 60%-80% VO2 max.

Which of the following is not a general recommendation for strength training? a. intensity of 8-12 RM b. >10 sets of each exercise c. three days per week (to allow rest days) d. All of the above are part of the general recommendation for strength training.

b. >10 sets of each exercise

All cardiac abnormalities that could lead to sudden cardiac death can be identified with routine medical examination. a. True b. False

b. False

Amphetamines appear to have a positive effect on performance in those who are alert and motivated. a. True b. False

b. False

Ballistic stretching is thought to be superior to static stretching due to a decreased chance of muscle injury. a. True b. False

b. False

Wind speed affects environmental temperature. a. True b. False

b. False

The Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act passed in 1994 ensures that all dietary supplements are tested for purity. a. True. b. False.

b. False.

Women involved in strength training programs do not gain strength as rapidly as men. a. True. b. False.

b. False.

The decline in muscle mass is due to A) a decrease in muscle fiber size B) a decrease in the number of muscle fibers C) both of these equally D) neither of these

b. a decrease in the number of muscle fibers.

The term homologous transfusion means that the subject received a. his own blood. b. a matched donor's blood. c. artificial blood.

b. a matched donor's blood.

Early studies did not show a positive effect of blood doping because a. too much blood was given to the subject. b. a significant portion of the red blood cells were destroyed during storage of the blood. c. the subject could not tolerate the additional blood. d. the measurements of exercise performance were not accurate.

b. a significant portion of the red blood cells were destroyed during storage of the blood.

Individuals who are successful climbing to high altitudes have a great capacity to hyperventilate. This is beneficial because it a. drives down the PO2 of the blood. b. allows more hemoglobin to bind to oxygen at the same PO2. c. increases the PO2 of the blood. d. increases hemoglobin concentration in the blood.

b. allows more hemoglobin to bind to oxygen at the same PO2.

A "blood passport" may be useful in determining a. an athlete's blood type. b. an athlete's VO2 max. c. whether an athlete has used EPO. d. if the athlete is eligible to compete in international competitions.

b. an athlete's VO2 max.

When fire fighters warmed up prior to maximal exercise, there was a. a decrease in muscle soreness. b. an elimination of ST-segment depression. c. an increase in the number of ventricular beats.

b. an elimination of ST-segment depression.

Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of anorexia nervosa? a. rapid weight loss b. bathroom visits after meals c. excessive exercise d. preoccupation with food

b. bathroom visits after meals.

The two major causes of bone mineral loss in female athletes are inadequate a. calcium/vitamin D intake and high blood estrogen levels. b. calcium/vitamin D intake and low blood estrogen levels. c. phosphate intake and high blood testosterone. d. phosphate intake and high blood estrogen levels.

b. calcium/vitamin D intake and low blood estrogen levels.

Type 1 diabetics should _______________ the dose of insulin they inject on strenuous training days to avoid hypoglycemia. a. increase b. decrease c. double d. not alter

b. decrease.

Diabetic children do not respond to training in the same manner as do nondiabetic children. a. true b. false

b. false

In general, the longer the length or duration of the interval in interval training, the greater the contribution of anaerobic energy production during the interval. a. true b. false

b. false

The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation are most evident during the first of many repetitive bouts of short and intense exercise. a. true b. false

b. false

The lactate paradox refers to the increase in production of lactate during hyperoxic conditions. a. true b. false

b. false

Children can safely engage in endurance exercise, but they cannot improve their maximal aerobic power through training. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

Evidence exists that men and women adapt differently to exercise training programs, which suggests that a different approach to physical conditioning should be taken for men versus women. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

The term that denotes an inspired PO2 that is greater than that at sea level is a. hypoxia. b. hyperoxia. c. normoxia. d. superoxia.

b. hyperoxia.

At present, the recommendation for sports participation for epileptics is that a. the epileptic can participate in any sport when accompanied by a nonepileptic. b. individuals with only mild seizure problems and with the aid of medication can participate in most sports activities without harm. c. the individual should limit physical activity to low-intensity sports. d. epileptics should not participate in sports.

b. individuals with only mild seizure problems and with the aid of medication can participate in most sports activities without harm.

Pulmonary ventilation is higher at altitude than at sea level for any work rate. This is necessary due to the a. colder air. b. lower air density. c. lower O2 percentage. d. increased viscosity of the air.

b. lower air density.

The PO2 decreases with increasing altitude because of the a. lower percent of oxygen in the air. b. lower barometric pressure. c. higher percent of carbon dioxide in the air. d. higher percent of nitrogen in the air.

b. lower barometric pressure.

Amphetamines may improve endurance performance by a. decreasing the use of plasma FFA. b. masking signs of fatigue. c. decreasing arousal. d. increasing lactic acid removal.

b. masking signs of fatigue.

Decrease in performance, weight loss, chronic fatigue, increased infections, and psychological staleness are symptoms of a. undertraining. b. overtraining. c. failure to taper. d. failure to use sport-specific training.

b. overtraining.

The most significant key to developing protection against exercise-induced muscle soreness is a. taking antioxidants. b. repeated exposure to exercise. c. exercising less. d. including more protein in one's diet.

b. repeated exposure to exercise.

Blood buffers, used to improve anaerobic performances, exert their effect by a. slowing the rate of decrease of creatine phosphate. b. slowing the rate of increase in plasma H+. c. altering the rate at which oxygen leaves the hemoglobin. d. decreasing the rate at which H+ leaves muscle.

b. slowing the rate of increase in plasma H+.

The term overload, when used in conjunction with a sport conditioning program, means to a. overtrain or to exercise too much relative to the individual's capacity. b. stress the system above a level to which it's accustomed. c. injure or damage a muscle group. d. consume excess carbohydrates.

b. stress the system above a level to which it's accustomed.

Oxygen breathing prior to exercise may increase arterial oxygen by a. substantially increasing O2 bound to hemoglobin. b. substantially increasing O2 dissolved in the plasma. c. increasing both O2 bound to hemoglobin and O2 dissolved in plasma.

b. substantially increasing O2 dissolved in the plasma.

What is the major concern for children participating in endurance or resistance training? a. that the muscles will grow faster than the bones b. that constant microtrauma will cause premature closure of the growth plate c. that there will be permanent cardiopulmonary damage d. all of the above

b. that constant microtrauma will cause premature closure of the growth plate

When Messner and Habeler climbed Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen, the scientists had to reevaluate their calculations that VO2 max at the top of Everest was equal to resting metabolic rate (3.5 ml · kg-1 · min-1). They discovered that the

barometric pressure was higher than expected at the top of Everest

The most important of the blood buffers is/are

bicarbonate

Which of the extracellular buffers contributes the most to the cell's buffering capacity?

bicarbonate

Breathing carbon monoxide can decrease VO2 max by

binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen

In response to a decrease in body temperature, humans often exhibit ____________ upon response to cold.

both peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering are correct

Which of the following training intensities of exercise is believed to elicit the greatest percentage of improvement in VO2 max? a. <50% VO2 max b. ~57% VO2 max c. 80-90% VO2 max d. >90% VO2 max

c. 80-90% VO2 max

Aquatic exercise is recommended for pregnant women. Why? a. It relieves pressure on the fetus. b. It is associated with lower heart rate and perceived exertion. c. It accelerates heat loss to maintain a lower body temperature. d. All of the above.

c. It accelerates heat loss to maintain a lower body temperature.

Why might a sprinter (100 m) not benefit from creatine monohydrate supplementation? a. Supplementation does not result in higher muscle phosphocreatine levels. b. Phosphocreatine is not an important energy source during this type of exercise. c. Supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain. d. All of the above.

c. Supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain.

Which of the following statements is true regarding pre-competition warm-up? a. Benefits of warm-up include elevated body temperature, which increases muscle resistance. b. Benefits of warm-up include elevated body temperature, which decreases enzymatic reactions. c. Warm-up causes both physiological and psychological changes that are beneficial to performance. d. To be effective, warm-up activities must be identical to the performance.

c. Warm-up causes both physiological and psychological changes that are beneficial to performance.

The female triad includes a. amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and normenorrhea. b. bone mineral loss, dysmenorrhea, and eating disorders. c. amenorrhea, bone mineral loss, and eating disorders. d. eating disorders, bulimia, and normenorrhea.

c. amenorrhea, bone mineral loss, and eating disorders.

Which of the following beverages typically contain the most caffeine? a. energy drinks (e.g., Red Bull) b. tea c. coffee d. most soft drinks (e.g., colas)

c. coffee

The occurrence of irregular menses in athletes is generally highest in a. cyclists. b. swimmers. c. distance runners. d. the same in all female athletes.

c. distance runners.

Which of the following is the most serious form of heat illnesses? a. heat cramps b. heat exhaustion c. heat stroke d. heat syncope

c. heat stroke

The ingestion of sodium bicarbonate has been shown to benefit a. exercise tasks lasting less than one minute in duration. b. high-intensity exercise tasks lasting longer than one hour. c. high-intensity exercise tasks lasting one to ten minutes. d. repeated bouts of low-intensity exercise with short recovery periods.

c. high-intensity exercise tasks lasting one to ten minutes.

A genetic predisposition for athletic talent a. is not necessary for an individual to compete at a world-class level. b. has little impact on the individual's ultimate athletic potential. c. is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level. d. is important only in power events such as sprinting.

c. is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level.

The type of resistance training that is least effective for improving strength in athletes is a. isotonic training using free weights. b. isotonic training using machines. c. isometric training. d. isokinetic training.

c. isometric training.

The key to safe participation in sports conditioning for the type 1 diabetic is to a. keep the intensity of the exercise low. b. perform only short-term, high-intensity exercise. c. learn to avoid hypoglycemic episodes during training. d. learn to avoid small increases in blood glucose during training.

c. learn to avoid hypoglycemic episodes during training.

The major factor causing a decrease in VO2 max at all altitudes is a. lower cardiac output. b. higher cardiac output. c. lower oxygen extraction by muscle. d. higher oxygen extraction by muscle.

c. lower oxygen extraction by muscle.

The main goal of in-season conditioning for athletes is to a. prevent excessive fat weight gain. b. maintain ligament and bone integrity. c. maintain the level of fitness. d. maintain skill level.

c. maintain the level of fitness.

Delayed onset of muscle soreness is thought to be due to a. lactic acid buildup in muscles. b. depletion of muscle glycogen. c. microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the SR. d. muscle cramps.

c. microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the SR.

A double-blind research design is one in which a. the subject does not know which treatment he/she has been administered. b. both the subject and the investigator know what treatment had been administered. c. neither the subject nor the investigator know what treatment had been administered. d. only the investigator knows what treatment has been administered.

c. neither the subject nor the investigator know what treatment had been administered.

Dysmenorrhea is a. an absence of menstruation. b. infrequent menstruation. c. painful menstruation. d. 2-3 menses per year.

c. painful menstruation.

A cool-down period following heavy exercise is probably very important in a. preventing heat stroke. b. preventing muscle cramps. c. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation. d. allowing the individual to reduce brain blood flow back to normal.

c. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation.

When an athlete stops training, the training effect is quickly lost. This illustrates the concept of a. overload. b. specificity. c. reversibility. d. the "ten percent rule."

c. reversibility.

Which of the following activities should children with asthma avoid? a. running b. swimming c. scuba diving d. cycling

c. scuba diving

When environmental air temperature exceeds skin temperature, a. heat is lost by the body through convection and/or radiation. b. the sweat rate decreases. c. the sweat rate increases. d. heat is gained by the body through conduction.

c. the sweat rate increases.

In the heat stress equation, which of the following terms are given the most consideration in predicting the heat load? a. dry bulb temperature b. black globe temperature c. wet bulb temperature

c. wet bulb temperature

The term that describes the potential loss of heat due to cold air and air movement is a. hypothermia. b. frostbite. c. wind chill.

c. wind chill.

Oxygen has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid when the O2

can be breathed during an endurance exercise

Clenbuterol use by athletes may cause

cardiac arrhythmias

A subject, with eyes closed, repeatedly contracts a muscle until fatigue occurs. When the eyes are opened, the muscle's ability to produce force is improved. This experiment is a demonstration of fatigue being linked to which of the following sites?

central nervous system

Which of the following beverages contain the most caffeine?

coffee

The most rapid and effective method of reducing body temperature in those with high body temperatures is

cold water immersion

The transfer of heat from the body into molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface is called

conduction

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the preliminary part

contains materials that are typically required by the institution and is left off when submitting the study for publication

Which of the following would be included in a grant proposal but not in a thesis proposal?

curriculum vitae of the author

An increase in body core temperature results in

cutaneous vasodilation

An increase in body core temperature results in

cutaneous vasodilation.

How many units of blood are shown to have a positive effect when reinfused in a subject via blood doping? a. 0.5 b. 1 c. 1.5 d. 2

d. 2

The best protection against heat stroke and heat exhaustion is a. taking salt tablets. b. hydrating before exercise. c. wearing light-colored clothing. d. acclimatization.

d. acclimatization.

Clenbuterol use by athletes may cause a. decrease in tremors. b. increased resistance to fatigue. c. muscle atrophy. d. cardiac arrhythmias.

d. cardiac arrhythmias.

Which of the following is not a factor associated with increased risk of seizures during exercise in epileptics? a. hypoglycemia b. electrolyte imbalance c. hyperventilation d. head trauma

d. head trauma

Heavy endurance training in children has been shown to a. increase the risk of cardiovascular failure. b. decrease the risk of pulmonary disease. c. cause permanent musculoskeletal damage. d. improve maximal aerobic power comparable to adults if proper techniques of physical training are employed.

d. improve maximal aerobic power comparable to adults if proper techniques of physical training are employed.

When track meets are held at altitude, the sprint performances are usually better than at sea level because of the a. lower PO2. b. greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy. c. greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy. d. lower air density.

d. lower air density.

Which of the following pollutants is generated by the reaction of UV light and emissions from internal combustion engines? a. carbon monoxide b. sulfur dioxide c. particulate matter d. ozone

d. ozone

Natives who have resided at altitude all their lives adapt to the altitude by a. exercising regularly. b. decreasing maximal ventilation. c. increasing the environmental PO2. d. producing more red blood cells.

d. producing more red blood cells.

Including a placebo in a research design helps control for a. the training state of the subjects. b. the gender of the subjects. c. the type of exercise task used. d. the subject's belief in the substance being tested.

d. the subject's belief in the substance being tested.

Free radicals can promote muscle fatigue in events lasting longer than 30 minutes by

damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges bound to actin

Hypothermia is defined as a significant

decrease in body core temperature

Hypothermia is defined as a significant

decrease in body core temperature.

Particulate matter in the air can result in a. decreased capacity of blood vessels to dilate. b. reduction in fibrinolytic activity. c. increased oxidative stress. d. all of the above

decreased capacity of blood vessels to dilate. reduction in fibrinolytic activity. increased oxidative stress. d. all of the above

The age-related decline in VO2 max is due to A) decreased maximal heart rate B) decreased maximal stroke volume C) decreased maximal a-v O2 difference D) all of these

decreased maximal heart rate decreased maximal stroke volume decreased maximal a-v O2 difference D) all of these

In aerobic performances lasting 3 to 20 minutes, which of the following factors do not contribute to performance?

depletion of muscle glycogen

A baseline in single subject research

establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention

Which of the following durations of exercise would environmental factors play the largest role in determining performance?

events lasting 1-4 hours

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called

experimental mortality

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to

external validity

Pulmonary ventilation is higher at altitude than at sea level for any work rate. During exercise at high exercise intensities, this could result in

fatigue of the respiratory muscles (e.g., diaphragm)

According to the text, the proposal should be written in

future tense

When environmental air temperature exceeds skin temperature,

heat gain can occur in the body through convection and/or radiation

Which of the following terms describes the most serious form of heat illnesses?

heat stroke

The ingestion of sodium bicarbonate has been shown to benefit

high-intensity exercise tasks lasting one to ten minutes

If athletes plan to use high altitude training, research suggests that the best way for an endurance athlete to take advantage of altitude-induced physiological adjustments is to live at _______ altitude and train at ______ altitude.

high; low

Compared to the heart rate value measured at sea level, when a subject works at the same work rate at 3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is

higher

Humans and other animals that maintain a rather constant body temperature are called

homeotherms

A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session.

hours

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session.

hours

The term that denotes an inspired PO2 that is greater than that at sea level is

hyperoxia

The body's thermostat is located in the

hypothalamus

he body's thermostat is located in the

hypothalamus

Which of the following should be included in the discussion section of a research report?

implications of the results

Metabolic acidosis can result from the overproduction of ketoacids, which can occur

in uncontrolled diabetes

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise?

increased fat storage in the liver

Exercise in the heat is associated with accelerated fatigue due, in part, to

increased free radical production in the active skeletal muscles

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles?

increased glycogen utilization

Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference?

increased hemoglobin in the blood

Which of the following factors contributes to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max?

increased maximal stroke volume

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise?

increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

Studies reveal that exercise training improves muscle buffering capacity. Which of the following exercise-induced changes is NOT responsible for training-induced improvements in muscle buffering capacity?

increased muscle levels of citrate synthase

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?

increased peripheral resistance

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a submaximal exercise. This is due to

increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries

Sodium bicarbonate has been ingested by athletes in an attempt to improve performance by

increasing blood buffering capacity

In the results section of a research report, the author should include

information contained in tables and information concerning statistical significance and meaningfulness

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This threat to internal validity is known as

instrumentation

The first line of defense in protecting against pH change during exercise is

intracellular buffers

In the alternative format for a thesis or dissertation, the body of the thesis or dissertation

is a paper in research journal format

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is claimed to improve muscle mass and strength because it

is a precursor to testosterone

The ergogenic effect of caffeine

is dose dependent (i.e., depends upon on the amount of caffeine ingested)

The most common and strongest acid produced in skeletal muscle during heavy exercise is ________________ acid.

lactic

Generally speaking, an oral presentation at a conference has

less detail than a poster

Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise is most important in performances lasting

longer than 60 minutes

The higher the relative humidity, the __________ vapor pressure gradient between the skin and the environment.

lower

Maximal aerobic power decreases with high altitude due to the

lower PO2

Compared to competition at sea level, distance-running performances are generally not as good when conducted at high altitude. This is due to the

lower PO2 in the inspired air

When track meets are held at altitude, the sprint performances are usually better than at sea level because of the

lower air density

The partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PO2) decreases with increasing altitude because of the

lower barometric pressure

The major factor causing a decrease in VO2 max at moderate altitudes (~4000 meters) is

lower oxygen extraction by muscle

Amphetamines may improve endurance performance by

masking signs of fatigue

After a 15-week program of endurance exercise training, which of the following cardiovascular variables does NOT decrease after 14 days of detraining?

maximal heart rate

A table of descriptive data should include which information for each group?

mean, standard deviation, and number

Which of the following is not included in a proposal?

methods

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session.

minutes

Endurance exercise training results in an increased turnover of mitochondria in skeletal muscle. The process of removing old and damaged mitochondria is called ______.

mitophagy

Acids are defined as

molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+)

A double-blind experiment is one in which

neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

A double-blind research design is one in which

neither the subject nor the investigator know what treatment had been administered

During the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength are due primarily to

neural adaptations

Acidosis can occur due to

none of these

It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to

other volunteers from similar populations

Which of the following pollutants is generated by the reaction of UV light and emissions from internal combustion engines?

ozone

In examining the mechanisms for exercise-induced fatigue, the vast majority of the evidence points to the

periphery (i.e., peripheral fatigue)

It is well known that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamyosin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are:

phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

What is the primary source of ATP production in ultra short-term (high intensity) exercise performances (i.e., exercise lasting less than 10 seconds)?

phosphocreatine (i.e., ATP-PC system)

The lengths and contents of abstracts differ according to their intended use. The important parts of an abstract for a published research paper include the

problem, methods, results, discussion

Natives who have resided at high altitude all their lives adapt to the altitude by

producing more red blood cells

The principal means of heat loss at rest in a cool indoor environment (20°C/low humidity) is via

radiation

Which of the following could be a mechanism of heat gain in a hot and sunny environment?

radiation

The one characteristic of true experimental designs that preexperimental and quasi-experimental designs do not have is

random assignment to groups

According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of a weak acid solution is determined by

ratio of the concentration of the base in solution to the concentration of the acid

Which of the following should not be included in the results section of a research report?

raw data

An increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide results in a decrease in blood pH because an increase in PCO2

reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to release H+

Exercise performance in endurance events is impaired in a hot and humid environment. Which of the following physiological factors does NOT have a negative impact on exercise performance in a hot and humid environment?

respiratory dysfunction

Which of the following plays an important role in acid-base balance during exercise?

respiratory system

Compared to exercise in a cool environment, prolonged exercise in the heat

results in a more rapid onset of muscular fatigue

Studies suggest that elevating the levels of _____________ in the brain can contribute to "central" fatigue during prolonged endurance events.

serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

In comparison to the traditional chapter format, the body of a dissertation using the journal format is almost always

shorter

Blood buffers, used to improve anaerobic performances, exert their effect by

slowing the rate of increase in plasma H+ and thus, maintaining pH homeostasis

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

specificity

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal population is maximal

stroke volume

Although creatine monohydrate supplementation can increase creatine storage in muscles, a potential drawback of this supplementation is

supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain

The primary source of heat production during exercise is

the contracting skeletal muscles

The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chapter model in that a separate chapter is devoted entirely to

the literature review

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 4 months of endurance exercise training results from an increase in both maximal cardiac output and maximal a-vO2 difference. Relatively short durations of endurance exercise training (e.g., 1-4 months) increases VO2 max primarily by increasing

the maximal cardiac output

Including a placebo in a research design to study ergogenic aids helps control for

the subject's belief that the substance tested is an ergogenic aid

Experiments have shown that following a series of voluntary contractions to produce skeletal muscle fatigue, electrical stimulation of the "fatigued" muscle group results in an increase in the maximal voluntary force production. This experiment suggests that

the upper limit of voluntary strength is psychologically set and that the central nervous system can limit performance

One disadvantage of studying muscle fatigue in vivo is that ________________.

these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms

Measurements are frequently made and then averaged across several participants. To what degree of precision should the average be reported in a research paper?

to the precision with which it was measured

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the

trained skeletal muscles

In resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by ______.

tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)

To quantify the overall heat stress associated with any environment, the ______________ guide was developed.

wet bulb temperature

The term that describes the potential loss of heat due to cold air and air movement is

wind chill