Final Question

Most of the water that enters a plant via the roots leaves the same plant by the process of -guttation. -root pressure. -transpiration. -plasmolysis. -osmosis.

transpiration

A hydathode is normally located at the tips of a leaf vein. -true -false

true

A state of equilibrium is reached when molecules are evenly distributed in the space available to them. -true -false

true

During plasmolysis water leaves a cell's central vacuole. -true -false

true

Guttation involves loss of water in liquid form from a leaf. -true -false

true

If plasmolyzed cells are placed in fresh water before permanent damage is done, they can become turgid once more. -true -false

true

More than 90% of the water entering most plants passes on through the plant -true -false

true

Some sort of physiological pump is believed to be involved in active transport. -true -false

true

Tension in the leaf xylem is due to the adhesive and cohesive properties of water as well as transpiration. -true -false

true

The force created by imbibition of water by wooden structures can be used to split stones. -true -false

true

Recombinant plasmids are made by -isolating them from other plasmids. -joining two different plasmids with repair enzymes. -producing mutant bacteria with X-radiation -machines called protein sequencers. -mixing large numbers of DNA segments with fragments of desired DNA.

mixing large numbers of DNA segments with fragments of desired DNA.

Active transport in plants apparently involves an enzyme complex that forms a/an __________. -energy-free transport system -proton pump -sodium/potassium pump -channel through the cell membrane -passive transport system

proton pump

Pressure that develops within a living cell as a result of water entering the cell is called -osmosis. -transpiration. -plasmolysis. -water potential. -turgor.

turgor

The factors that allow organisms to grow, compete, reproduce, and perpetuate the species -physiology -biochemistry -morphology -ecology -taxonomy

ecology

Tissue culture is used _______________. - to rapidly increase the number of orchids for commercial sale - to culture protoplasts and propagate somatic hybrids - to grow plants from transgenic experiments - to propagate desirable somatic mutants such as naval oranges or seedless grapes - all of these

- all of these

Which of the following is an essential micronutrient? -Magnesium -Phosphorus -Manganese -Sulphur -Calcium

Manganese

Carbon dioxide comprises approximately what percentage of the atmosphere -0.138% -0.038% -0.38% -3.8% -13.38%

0.038%

On average, plants capture and convert approximately _______ of the energy in sunlight reaching the earth's surface - 100% - 50% - 20% - 10% - 1%

1%

Somatic hybrids can be formed from: -2 parenchyma cells from the same plant. -none of these answers are correct. -egg and sperm nuclei. -egg and polar nuclei. -2 parenchyma cells from different plants.

2 parenchyma cells from different plants.

Desert biomes have these features: -Low amount of rain and humidity -Temperatures ranging from below freezing to 30°C -Low amount of rain and humidity and Mostly sparse vegetation -Mostly sparse vegetation -All of the above

All of the above

Weather patterns are affected by: -Orientation and height of mountain ranges -The tilt of the earth's axis -All of the above -The high specific heat of water -The distribution of oceans around the globe

All of the above

Which of the following plays a role in plasmolysis? -Water potential -Vacuole -Plasma membrane -Protoplasm -All of these answers are correct

All of these answers are correct

Terrestrial biomes are primarily characterized by: -Glaciers -Number of animal species living in an area -Rainfall -All of the above

Rainfall

This biome supports a low number of plant species, receives little rain, and plants have shallow root zones due to permafrost and wet soil. -Arctic tundra -Alpine tundra -Marsh and bog lands -Arctic grasslands -Boreal forest

Arctic tundra

Rhizomes, runners, and potato tubers can be used for asexual propagation by cutting them into sections with each section having a node. -True -False

True

A heirloom variety has undergone inbreeding to create a genetically uniform variety. -True -False

False

Energy is normally completely recycled in an ecosystem -false -true

False

Genetic engineering involves the construction of new apical meristems. -True -False

False

Grafting techniques are of relatively recent origin, being first practiced in the 1800's. -True -False

False

High-yielding crops produced during the green revolution require less water and fertilizer than previously produced crops. -True -False

False

It is essential in grafting to have the bark of the stock and scion in close contact with one another -True -False

False

It is of no particular importance which end of a cutting is inserted in the ground. -True -False

False

Restriction enzymes squeeze DNA strands into narrow strips. -True -False

False

The foremost decomposers in ecosystems are the roots of plants -true -false

False

Tip-layering and air-layering are nearly identical techniques. -True -False

False

. _______________ occurs when water forms hydrogen bonds with large organic molecules such as cellulose in living or dead tissues. -Active transport -Turgor pressure -Plasmolysis -Imbibition -Guttation

Imbibition

Which of the following is NOT involved in guard cell regulation of stomata opening? -Photosynthesis -Imbibition -Accumulation of potassium ions -Active transport -Osmosis

Imbibition

Relatively uniform loss of color in leaves, occurring first on the older ones, is usually a sign of deficiency of which of the following? -Potassium -Magnesium -Boron -Iron -Nitrogen

Nitrogen

The man known as the "father of the green revolution" was -Gustav Johansen. -Luther Burbank. -Norman Borlaug. -Gregor Mendel. -Johnny Appleseed.

Norman Borlaug

Molecules that, due to their symmetry, have slightly different electric charges at each end are said to be -colloidal. -unbalanced. -polar -covalent -electrocharged.

Polar

Changes in solute ion concentrations that are involved in the opening and closing of stomata pertain primarily to which of the following? -Potassium -Iron -Cobalt -Calcium -Magnesium

Potassium

______ is the only major crop that was domesticated in the present US. -Squash -Sunflower -Rice -Tobacco -Corn

Sunflower

This biome receives ample rainfall, has annual temperatures from 5°C to 20°C, and is home to spruce, fir, pine, hemlock, and redwood. -Boreal forest -Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest -Subtropical coniferous forest -Temperate coniferous forest

Temperate coniferous forest

In which of the following situations will the rate of transpiration increase, assuming that no other variable changes? -The stomata are recessed below the surface of the leaf (stomatal crypts). -The air temperature increases. -An increase in the relative humidity. -The plant is under water stress. -The sun has just gone below the horizon (dusk).

The air temperature increases

Six plant species provide 80% of the calories consumed by humans worldwide. -True -False

True

_____________ are plants with specific genes from other organisms (from viruses to humans) inserted into the genome. - Hybrid plants - Polyploid plants - Somatic hybrid plants - Transgenic plants - Heirloom plants

Transgenic plants

This biome is home to the greatest number of plant and animal species -Tropical rainforests -Desert and xeric shrublands -Deciduous mixed forests -The Mohave desert -Subtropical conifer forests

Tropical rainforests

A plant resulting from the fusion of two protoplasts from different species is called a somatic hybrid. -True -False

True

A plasmid is a small circular DNA fragment. -True -False

True

A producer is an organism that carries on photosynthesis -false -true

True

Approach grafting is used when two related plants tend not to form grafts very well by other means. -True -False

True

Before genetic engineering was developed, the improvement of crops involved hybridization, polyploidy, and mutation. -True -False

True

Budding is a form of grafting widely used commercially -True -False

True

Cuttings can be made from stems, roots, or leaves. -True -False

True

In the future, transformed plants may produce viruses that act as vaccines against viral diseases. -True -False

True

Mutations can be induced by chemicals. -True -False

True

One advantage of genetic engineering over traditional plant breeding is the introduction of genes from very distantly related organisms. -True -False

True

Polyploidy is when flowering plants have more than two sets of chromosomes -True -False

True

Protoplast fusion can only take place after the cell walls have been digested. -True -False

True

When a stock has a considerably greater diameter than that of a scion, cleft grafting is the most commonly employed grafting method. -True -False

True

Plants that have their stomata elevated above the surface include -a few tropical plants. -water lilies. -most grasses. -pines. -cacti.

a few tropical plants

Plant breeding is ___________________. -intended to increase genetic diversity of plants in populations -a field that just started with the development of molecular genetics -accelerated evolution guided by humans who are selecting those features beneficial to them -picking out the best products of natural selection -none of these

accelerated evolution guided by humans who are selecting those features beneficial to them

Substances are absorbed and retained against a concentration gradient, through the expenditure of energy, by _____________________. -active transport -passive transport -imbibition -osmosis -none of these answers are correct

active transport

Features of plants and animals that allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment are considered __________. One example of this is CAM photosynthesis -mutations -advantages -adaptations -modifications -allocation

adaptations

Which of the following estimates or calculations are made with respect to population -all are correct -number of individuals -geographical range -density -biomass

all are correct

Loss of nitrogen from the soil due to a fire may be offset by which of the following? -nitrogen fixed by lighting -nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria -mineral-rich ash produced by the fire -mineral-rich ask produced by the fire -all of the above

all of the above

Loss of nitrogen from the soil occurs as a result of which of the following? -fire -erosion -harvesting -leaching by water - all of the above

all of the above

The primary goals of plant-breeding programs are _____________________. -improved yield -disease resistance -pest resistance -stress tolerance -all of the above

all of the above

Trophic efficiency - is lower in terrestrial ecosystems when compared with aquatic ecosystems -is relatively high in aquatic ecosystem averaging about 10% from one trophic level to the next - is the percentage of available energy actually transferred from one trophic level to the next -tells us that secondary consumers get far less energy than if they were a primary consumer - all of the above

all of the above

The process of loading and transport of food through the phloem tissue involves which of the following factors? -Mass flow. -Differences in water potential. -Osmosis. -Active transport. -All of these are involved in phloem transport

all of these are involved in phloem transport

A gene pool consists of - a liquid suspension of plasmids. -all the genes of all the individuals in a population. -genetically engineered organisms. -DNA fragments that have been broken by restriction enzymes. -an aquatic environment inhabited by large numbers of mutant organisms.

all the genes of all the individuals in a population.

When people 'domesticate' plants, we ___________________. -alter them genetically to meet our needs -claim the land where populations are found and let them continue to grow there -harvest them from wild populations -plant them in greenhouses -tame them

alter them genetically to meet our needs

All the living organisms plus the environmental factors present in a given area constitute -a food web -a plant community -a food chain -a biotic community -an ecosystem

an ecosystem

The foremost ecosystem decomposers are -producers -bacteria and fungi -primary consumers -insects -scavengers

bacteria and fungi

Which series illustrates the correct hierarchy in relationship to each other in the series? -biosphere, population, community, ecosystem -biosphere, ecosystem, community, population -biosphere, community, population, ecosystem -biosphere, ecosystem, population, community - none of the above

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population

The _________ or living component of any environment includes all individuals of each species that interact in that habitat -population -ecosystem -biotic -abiotic -ecotype

biotic

In exchange for food and housing, the ants in the ant-Acacia symbiotic association act as herbivores on the Acacia -both attack herbivores and kill competing plants -neither benefit nor harm the Acacia -kill plants that attempt to compete with the Acacia for water and nutrients -attack herbivores that attempt to eat Acacia leaves

both attack herbivores and kill competing plants

Imbibition is responsible for _______________________. -plants wilting on sunny days -expansion of the vacuole inside the living cell -breaking open the seed coat of germinating seeds -osmosis -turgor pressure in cells

breaking open the seed coat of germinating seeds

The type of grafting best suited for saving a tree that has been girdled is ________________________. (Appendix 4) - whip grafting - splice grafting - cleft grafting - bridge grafting - bud graftin

bridge grafting

The cohesion of water molecules and their adhesion to the walls of narrow tubes that results in water rising in the tubes is called -active transport. -guttation. -imbibition. -capillarity. -transpiration pull.

capillarity

The first domesticated crop plants were: -banana. -tomato. -apple. -cereal grains. -potato.

cereal grains

Nitrogen fixation refers to _____ -the presence of nitrogen in proteins of living organisms -the conversion of organic proteins to nitrogen gas by bacteria -use of atmospheric nitrogen by plants -chemical conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia or nitrates by bacteria -conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia in chemical fertilizer production

chemical conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia or nitrates by bacteria

Water potential is calculated by _____________________. subtracting turgor pressure from osmotic potential -calculating the rate of diffusion of water molecules in dry soil -combining osmotic potential and pressure potential of a plant cell -determing the rate of plasmolysis -none of these

combining osmotic potential and pressure potential of a plant cell

Which is an essential trace element in plants? -Copper -Sulfur -Nitrogen -Iron -Phosphorus

copper

As much as 90% or more of the carbon dioxide throughout the earth for photosynthesis is produced by -coniferous forests -animals -decay bacteria and fungi -broad-leaved vegetation -aquatic algae

decay bacteria and fungi

Which of the following is the term used for bacteria that us nitrates instead of oxygen in their respiration -hardpan bacteria -nitrifyin -nitrogen-fixing -denitrifying -none of the above

denitrifying

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is -osmosis. -movement against the concentration gradient. -brownian motion. -diffusion. -only common in gases such as oxygen.

diffusion

A differentially permeable membrane is one that permits anything up to the size of large molecules to pass through. -true -false

false

Active transport is the reverse of transpiration. -true -false

false

All water that passes through a plant leaves the plant via stomata. -true -false

false

Most plants have their stomata closed during the day and open at night. -true -false

false

Osmotic potential is the amount of pressure needed to make water rise in a narrow tube. -true -false

false

The primary force that enables water to move to the top of very tall trees is root pressure. -true -false

false

Water and solute molecules never have to enter a cell because they can travel from the epidermis to the root xylem by moving through the cell walls and spaces between cell walls -true -false

false

When nitrogen from the air is converted to ammonia or other nitrogenous compounds by microorganisms, it is said to be -fixed -nitrosofied -ammonified -nitrified -oxidized

fixed

When a grass plant is eaten by a herbivore, which in turn is eaten by a carnivore, this is an example of a -symbiosis -trophic level -autotrophic web -food chain -ecotype

food chain

Movement of materials through any community can be tracked by developing a/an _______ for that community -soil profile -energy pyramid -food chain -photosynthetic pathway -food web

food web

Plants obtain most of their mineral nutrients ______________. -from fertilizer -as a solid -from minerals dissolved in water entering the root system -from dust in the air -when they enter the plant through the stomata in the leaves

from minerals dissolved in water entering the root system

The direction of movement of food molecules in plants is ______________. -only from the top of the plant to the root system -from source to sink -none of these are correct answers -from the roots to the shoot system -from sink to source

from source to sink

Hydathodes are involved directly in which of the following? -Plasmolysis -Respiration -Guttation -Transpiration -Imbibition

guttation

Liquid water is forced out of the leaf when leaf pores are closed at night in a process called -evaporation. -guttation. -diffusion. -transpiration. -translocation.

guttation

Two common types of transgenic plants widely grown in North America have genes for _________ and/or _____________ incorporated in their genome. -herbicide resistance; insect resistance -antifreeze genes; seedless fruit production -No transgenic plants are grown in North America. -frost resistance; potato blight resistance -insect resistance; wheat rust resistance

herbicide resistance; insect resistance

Most modern crops are grown from ____________ seeds, which are produced by cross-breeding inbred lines. -asexual -artificial -hybrid -open pollinated

hybrid

When starch and cellulose molecules are exposed to water, they develop electrical charges and form ____________. -ionic bonds with water -an electric current -hydrogen bonds with water -covalent bonds with water -static electricity charges

hydrogen bonds with water

The process of gene "splicing" begins with -the breaking of linkages between adjacent nucleotides of plasmids. -unpairing nucleotides in linear strands. -linking DNA fragments with repair enzymes. -insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacterial cells. -isolation and purification of the foreign gene (DNA) that is to be cloned.

isolation and purification of the foreign gene (DNA) that is to be cloned.

Genetic diversity in wild relatives and local populations of cultivated plant species is critically important to plant breeders because _____________. -modern agriculture relies on low diversity in crop varieties -they are searching for new crop species to develop -they have been domesticating approximately one new crop species per year since 1900 -crop seeds should be variable -it is the source of disease and pest resistance that can be bred into new crop varieties

it is the source of disease and pest resistance that can be bred into new crop varieties

The reproductive strategy of any plant species is regarded as -maintaining the pollinator supply -the ratio of photosynthesis to cellular respiration -the seed bank -its life history strategy -the length of its lifespan

its life history strategy

More than 100 years ago Thomas Belt called attention to the symbiotic association between Acacia shrubs and ants. Acacia encouraged the association by providing food for the ants and a home in __________ -rhizomes -large hollow thorns -small tubers -long tendrils -none of these answers are correct

large hollow thorns

Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion in which water molecules -move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. -both [move across a selectively permeable membrane and move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration] are correct. -exhibit random kinetic motion. -move through suberin. -move across a selectively permeable membrane.

move across a selectively permeable membrane

If the concentration of solutes outside the plant cell is greater than the concentration on the inside, water will -move against a concentration gradient. -move out of the cell. -move into the cell. -move in both directions equally. -none of these answers are correct.

move out of the cell

Plants obtain their nitrogen supply directly from -atmospheric nitrogen -fertilizers -nitrates or ammonia -soil bacteria -proteins in the soils

nitrates or ammonia

When a solute is dissolved in water, the ___________________ of the water is lowered. -turgor pressure -osmotic potential -gravity potential -osmotic pressure -pressure potential

osmotic potential

Pressure sufficient to prevent the rise of fluid in an osmometer tube, when applied to the top of the tube, is called -pressure diffusion. -turgor pressure. -pressure potential. -osmotic pressure. -water potential.

osmotic pressure.

Carbon dioxide is important to plants because it acts as the carbon source in which process? -active transport -respiration -photosynthesis -fermentation -glycolysis

photosynthesis

Chemicals produced by higher plants that kill or inhibit disease fungi or bacteria are known as ________ -phytoalexins -allelopathic compounds -antibiotics -herbicides -immunotoxins

phytoalexins

Circular extrachromosomal pieces of DNA in bacteria are called -capsids. -chromosomes. -both [prions and capsids] are correct. -prions. -plasmids.

plasmids.

A ___________ is a group of individuals of the same species, occupying the same region and potentially interacting with each other -food chain -family group -community -ecosystem -population

population

All essential macro- and microelements exist as part of organic molecules in the plant except -nitrogen. -hydrogen. -carbon. -potassium. -phosphorus.

potassium

At present the most widely accepted theory for movement of sugars in the phloem is called the -pressure-flow hypothesis. -water-potential theory. -imbibition-guttation hypothesis -cohesion-tension-transpiration theory. -translocation theory.

pressure-flow hypothesis

Methods for improving existing varieties of crop plants do NOT include __________. - use of mutant forms - hybridization - use of polyploids - pruning - tissue culture

pruning

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession -successive development of vegetation in a pond created by a beaver dam -successive development of vegetation on a rock pile after an avalanche -reforestation after a fire -successive development of vegetation on a lava flow after it has cooled - none of the above

reforestation after a fire

Development of homozygous purebred strains is brought about by -crossing heterozygous varieties with one another. -all of these answers are correct. -cross-pollinating individuals of the same species or variety. -artificially inducing the doubling of chromosome numbers. -repeated inbreeding.

repeated inbreeding

Microorganisms that gain access to various plants, particularly legumes, usually do so through or as a result of which of the following? -none of the above -root hair -imbibition -osmosis -active transport

root hair

The structure produced when nitrogen-fixing bacteria infect legume plants and forms a symbiotic relationship called a _____ -crown gall -root nodule -adventitious root -legume node -secondary root

root nodule

Gene banks are locations where _____________________. -samples of wild relatives and local populations (land races) of domesticated plants can be studied and stored for future incorporation into new breeds of crops -patented seeds can be stored -national agencies maintain stocks of the most common plants grown in that country -plant breeders can deposit the germplasm of their new hybrids and crop varieties -plant breeders can borrow germplasm

samples of wild relatives and local populations (land races) of domesticated plants can be studied and stored for future incorporation into new breeds of crops

Components of the abiotic environment include predators -all living species -all of these -seasonal temperatures -pollinating species

seasonal temperatures

Many crops, such as wheat, rice and beans, are ___________________ and do not require a pollinating agent such as wind or animals. -not dependent on fertilization to produce fruits and seeds -self-pollinating -cross-pollinating -outcrossing -open pollinated

self-pollinating

An area within a plant where food is utilized is called a -sub-stomatal chamber. -tension column. -food-storage region. -translocation region. -sink.

sink

Which of the following is NOT required by plants in larger quantity and thus, not a macronutrient? -Phosphorus -Sodium -Calcium -Nitrogen -Potassium

sodium

In grafting, the rooted part is known as the -scion. -interstock. -stock. -cambium. -inarch.

stock

Organic molecules produced in photosynthesis are mainly transported in the form of _______. -glucose -starch -carbon dioxide -cellulose -sucrose

sucrose

When an entire plant wilts, it is due to _____________. -the decrease in salt concentration -the lack of mineral nutrients -the loss of turgor pressure in leaf and stem cells similar to that of plasmolysis -a decrease in cellulose and lignin strengthening cell walls -excessive turgor pressure

the loss of turgor pressure in leaf and stem cells similar to that of plasmolysis

In an energy pyramid of an ecosystem ________ -secondary consumers are sustained with less energy than primary consumers -there is much more energy at the top than at the bottom -the individual components do not function in a regulatory fashion -there is little reduction in energy retained from one level to the next -the individual components do not function in a regulatory fashion

there is much more energy at the bottom than at the top

The pressure required to prevent osmosis from taking place is referred to as: -water potential. -turgor pressure. -pressure potential. -osmotic potential. -none of these answers are correct.

turgor pressure.

Methods to insert desirable genes into a target cell in the production of a transgenic plant includes the use a crown gall bacterium or ______________. -explant -using a particle gun that fires very small DNA-covered gold pellets into the target cell -cross pollination -grafting -producing a somatic hybrid cell

using a particle gun that fires very small DNA-covered gold pellets into the target cell

Weedy plant species are __________ -usually fast growing, small annuals that reproduce quickly -plants that usually require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle -usually woody -usually large, long-lived plants that occur in stable habitats -usually herbaceous perennials

usually fast growing, small annuals that reproduce quickly