final quiz in order
c. 40 participants.
30. In a 2 X 2 between-subjects factorial design, we wish to run ten participants in each of the cells. In total, we will need... a. 20 participants. b. 10 participants. c. 40 participants. d. 80 participants.
d. a sample frame.
36. The initial list (such as all children in a school district) from which we draw a sample is termed... a. the sample size. b. sampling error. c. a stratum. d. a sample frame.
c. the independent variable
36. Which variable can be directly manipulated by the experimenter? a. the response-inferred variable b. the organismic variable c. the independent variable d. the dependent variable
b. naturalistic, but more constrained than simple naturalistic observation.
4. A case study is... a. an example of a highly constrained method. b. naturalistic, but more constrained than simple naturalistic observation. c. basic research. d. carried out in natural environments using high technology equipment.
a. ordinal
4. A researcher measures student's attitudes towards test-taking in the following way: 1-fun; 2-very fun; 3-extremely fun. This is an example of a(n) ________ scale of measurement. a. ordinal b. nominal c. interval d. ratio
c. no quotation marks.
4. For a blocked quotation, use... a. single quotation marks. b. double quotation marks. c. no quotation marks. d. single to begin the quote and double marks to end the quote.
b. two
19. A 2 X 3 factorial design will have how many main effect hypotheses for the dependent variable? a. three b. two c. one d. four
a. Scientific research
1. _______________ is a process of formulating specific questions and then finding answers in order to better understand nature a. Scientific research b. Statistical analysis c. Logical reasoning d. Historical inquiry
a. valid; reliable
1. measure CANNOT be ________ unless it is ________. a. valid; reliable b. reliable; valid c. famous; tested d. reliable; appropriate
b. as long as it takes to effectively communicate the main ideas.
10. According to the manual and according to the instructor, the length of a paper should be... a. as long as a short thesis. b. as long as it takes to effectively communicate the main ideas. c. at least 10 pages without references, tables or figures. d. no more than what is needed to be displayed on a poster.
a. a social science.
10. Although psychology had its roots in the natural sciences, it is often considered to be a. a social science. b. a branch of physics. c. a pseudoscience. d. a physical science.
b. generalizability of findings.
10. An area of concern that is more problematic in laboratory research than in low-constraint field work in psychology is... a. scientific validity. b. generalizability of findings. c. that lab experiments are unethical. d. that most human behavior can only be evaluated in naturalistic environments.
b. main effect.
16. The impact of an independent variable on the dependent variable is termed a... a. sequence effect. b. main effect. c. interaction effect. d. extraneous effect.
c. the study of non-observable variables.
16. The study of memory, emotion, and intelligence are examples of a. non-empirical research. b. the study of observable variables. c. the study of non-observable variables. d. the study of specific behaviors.
c. (Walker, Smith, & Lee, 2011)
16. Which is the correct parenthetical format for a citation with more than two authors the first time the source is cited? a. Walker, Smith & Lee, (2011) b. Walker, Smith and Lee (2011) c. (Walker, Smith, & Lee, 2011) d. (Walker Smith and Lee, 2011)
d. All of the above.
17. A construct a. is an idea created by the researcher. b. is often designed to explain and/or predict behavior. c. is often used by the researcher as if it were actually true. d. All of the above.
a. experimenter effects.
17. Data obtained by multiple observers is useful in controlling... a. experimenter effects. b. subject effects. c. placebo effects. d. social desirability.
d.Type II error.
17. Failing to reject the null hypothesis when in reality it is false results in a... a.Type I error. b.high alpha level. c.low alpha level. d.Type II error.
a. 0
17. If a relationship is small, the correlation coefficient will be close to _________. a. 0 b. +1 c. -1 d. perfection
c. There is an interaction that might be significant.
17. Imagine that a graph of means from a factorial design has two intersecting lines. From the information given, which of the following is correct? a. There is no significant interaction. b. There is no interaction observed. c. There is an interaction that might be significant. d. The null hypothesis will be rejected.
d. we may need a number of statistical procedures to analyze the data.
17. In more complex research, in which there may be several research hypotheses and several dependent measures, a. an analysis of variance (ANOVA) will typically suffice. b. a t-test is sufficient, no matter what the complexities are. c. selection of appropriate statistical tests is better deferred until the data are collected. d. we may need a number of statistical procedures to analyze the data.
d. a behavioral variable.
17. The dependent variable in psychological research is usually a. a stimulus variable. b. an organismic variable. c. an extraneous variable. d. a behavioral variable.
d. negatively skewed.
18. A distribution has most scores with higher values. The shape of the distribution is... a. normal. b. positively skewed. c. bimodal. d. negatively skewed.
c. differential research.
18. Comparing the visual responses of a group of autistic children and a group of normal children is an example of a. naturalistic research. b. case-study research. c. differential research. d. experimental research.
d. contain more than one null hypothesis.
18. Factorial designs... a. include no more than one research hypothesis. b. cannot test the impact of more than one independent variable. c. do not compare means. d. contain more than one null hypothesis.
a. statistical and construct validity.
18. In research on mood disorders, for example, if a researcher chooses well validated and highly reliable measures of depression, the researcher improves both... a. statistical and construct validity. b. external and internal validity. c. generalizability and utility. d. construct and external validity.
a. organize statistical information.
18. In the results section of a research article, figures and tables are often used to... a. organize statistical information. b. present the dependent measures used. c. present demographic characteristics of participants. d. delineate which participants were assigned to which groups.
d. previous psychological research.
18. Psychological research is generally developed from a. the work of early Greek philosophers. b. tradition and intuition. c. the interests of others. d. previous psychological research.
a. statistical procedures.
18. The level of measurement of the dependent variable affects the... a. statistical procedures. b. observational procedures. c. observational analysis. d. quasi-experimental observational procedures.
b. statistical and construct validity.
10. By using measures of known reliability and validity, researchers can improve both... a. statistical and internal validity. b. statistical and construct validity. c. external and construct validity. d. internal and external validity.
a. sequence effects.
10. Counterbalancing can be used to control... a. sequence effects. b. attrition. c. selection effects. d. regression to the mean
c. standard deviation
10. If you had to choose to report only one measure of variability in your research report, which would it be (if you had obtained quantitative data)? a. standard error b. range c. standard deviation d. variance
b. social desirability.
10. One of the most common and powerful response-set biases is... a. random responding. b. social desirability. c. social justice. d. prejudice.
c. presenting your previously published or presented work as new
10. Which defines plagiarism? a. presenting another's ideas and giving proper credit b. paraphrasing an idea and citing the source c. presenting your previously published or presented work as new d. citing the creator of a theory
c. be indented
11. A Level 3 heading would ___________ to begin the paragraph. a. not be indented b. be italicized c. be indented d. be justified to the left margin
c. the tail of the curve.
11. In a skewed distribution, the direction of the skew is indicated by... a. the height of the curve. b. the section where most scores fall. c. the tail of the curve. d. the point where the most scores lie.
d. a variable is relevant if it can have an effect on the dependent variable in a study.
11. In choosing relevant variables for matching in a matched-subjects design, it is important to note that... a. we must establish the same degree of control over all extraneous variables as found in a within-subjects design. b. we must match participants on all variables, whether relevant or not. c. we cannot match participants on too many variables without introducing variable-match confounding. d. a variable is relevant if it can have an effect on the dependent variable in a study.
d. is sufficient to cast doubt on causal conclusions.
11. It is found that an experimenter somehow influenced the participants. This... a. is a problem, but not bad enough to question causal conclusions. b. is a problem, but can be corrected through statistical procedures. c. occurs all the time in research. d. is sufficient to cast doubt on causal conclusions.
a. can negate a general proposition, but cannot establish a general proposition.
11. Low-constraint research... a. can negate a general proposition, but cannot establish a general proposition. b. can establish a general proposition, but cannot negate a general proposition. c. can only establish causal relationships. d. none of the above
d. rarely physically intrusive.
11. Psychological studies with human participants are... a. always problematic and have to meet a higher test of ethical standards than natural sciences. b. physically intrusive. c. subject to government approval. d. rarely physically intrusive.
b. to be convincing to people.
11. The intent of pseudoscience is a. to show that science is not factual. b. to be convincing to people. c. to demonstrate the value of true science. d. to present data in scientific journals.
b. display the quotation in a freestanding block.
11. When quoting more than 40 words, a. put the quotation in the regular text. b. display the quotation in a freestanding block. c. there is no need to cite the source. d. put the quotation in parentheses.
a. counter confound.
12. Any procedure used by the researcher to counteract potential threats to validity is a... a. counter confound. b. confounding variable. c. control. d. counteracter
a. Level 1
12. At what level is the heading, Discussion? a. Level 1 b. Level 2 c. Level 3 d. Level 4
d. analysis of variance
12. If you want to compare the means of more than two groups what statistic is used? a. correlation coefficient b. chi square c. t test d. analysis of variance
b. the reproducibility factor.
12. Reliability of a measure refers to... a. whether it is an accurate reflection of the characteristic in the participants. b. the reproducibility factor. c. the reproducibility of an accurate reflection of the characteristic. d. whether researchers can depend on it.
d. observation.
12. The central phase of any research project is... a. statistical analyses. b. report writing. c. interpretation. d. observation.
a. true
12. When quoting material from other work, also provide the page number where the quoted material can be found in the original source. a. true b. false
d. display the material in its original incorrect form.
13. If an original source has incorrect spelling or punctuation, when quoting the material... a. display it with corrections to spelling and punctuation. b. correct only the spelling but not the punctuation. c. correct only the punctuation but not the spelling. d. display the material in its original incorrect form.
d. the 4th edition of a reference book
18. Which is not a periodical? a. a journal published three times a year b. a monthly magazine c. a newsletter published every other month d. the 4th edition of a reference book
a. most scores fall in the middle, with fewer scores in the tails.
13. In a bell-shaped distribution, a. most scores fall in the middle, with fewer scores in the tails. b. most scores fall in the top end, with few scores in the middle. c. most scores fall in the bottom end, with few scores in the middle. d. none of the above
b. inferences
13. Most work done by psychologists deals with... a. memory b. inferences c. animals d. correlation
c. constructs.
13. Response-inferred organismic variables are also... a. dependent variables. b. directly observable. c. constructs. d. sex characteristics.
c. an interaction.
13. The occurrence in which two independent variables enhance each other is termed... a. confounding. b. an enhancement. c. an interaction. d. a sequencing effect.
a. external validity
13. What kind of validity is threatened when we cannot generalize results of a study? a. external validity b. internal validity c. construct validity d. statistical validity
b. false
13. When describing sexual orientation, the term homosexual is the best to use because it encompasses all those that identify that way. a. true b. false
a. true
14. A citation that is in a quoted portion of source material does not need to be in your reference list. a. true b. false
a. 3
14. A factorial design that has the notation 2 X 3 X 2 indicates that there are ______ independent variables. a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 2
c. make predictions about future events.
14. Consistent relationships between variables can be used to... a. determine causality. b. examine the effects of one variable on the other. c. make predictions about future events. d. do all of the above.
b. active
14. In scientific writing for APA the _______ voice is preferred. a. passive b. active c. neutral d. technical
b. false
14. Science has no use for constructs that are not observable. a. true b. false
b. guarantees a research participant the freedom to withdraw at any time from participation.
14. The American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Guidelines for Research with Human Participants... a. guarantees a research participant payment for participation. b. guarantees a research participant the freedom to withdraw at any time from participation. c. guarantees that there will be no deception or concealment. d. expressly forbids research on children or persons with impairments.
c. sampling error.
14. The chance variation among different samples drawn from the same population is termed... a. measurement error. b. population variation. c. sampling error. d. sampling variation.
c. rule out alternative explanations of the obtained results.
14. Whenever we increase control, we... a. prevent generalization. b. increase the sample size. c. rule out alternative explanations of the obtained results. d. include alternative explanations of the obtained results.
d. All of the above.
15. Age... a. should be described for the participants. b. is part of the Method section. c. should not have open ended definitions. d. All of the above.
b. disprove a theory.
15. Correlational research can be used to... a. prove the correctness of a theory. b. disprove a theory. c. demonstrate that a theory is absolute. d. help examine the difference between groups.
c. interaction effects.
15. Generally, in factorial designs, the focus is on... a. sequence effects. b. main effects. c. interaction effects. d. extraneous effects.
b. the average score.
15. Statistics of central tendency describe... a. the variability of scores. b. the average score. c. the range of scores in the distribution. d. the most important scores.
d. score data.
15. The data produced by interval scales are called... a. interval data. b. ordered data. c. categorical data. d. score data.
c. randomization.
15. The only control procedure that can control for unknown factors is... a. statistical control. b. repeated measures, within-subjects designs. c. randomization. d. complete disclosure on the part of participants.
a. use both authors' surnames each time the source is cited.
15. When a citation has two authors... a. use both authors' surnames each time the source is cited. b. use the first author's surname and et al after the first time the source is cited. c. use the first author's surname and et al the first time the source is cited. d. None of the above are correct.
b. A series of studies observed that students generally did better on exams when most of their studying was done on weekends.
15. Which of the following would best be considered a fact? a. For a study, intelligence was to be defined as a person's IQ score. b. A series of studies observed that students generally did better on exams when most of their studying was done on weekends. c. It is hypothesized that the brain operates by integrating all of its regions. d. A husband hears his wife slam the door of the car shut and he then thinks she must be frustrated.
a. degree; direction
16. Correlational studies examine the ____________ and the ____________ of the relationship between variables. a. degree; direction b. strength; degree c. degree; fullness d. direction; validity
d. increased if the researcher makes an attempt to create a natural environment.
16. In a laboratory setting, external validity is... a. always high. b. increased when settings are more controlled. c. increased when laboratories are made more constrained. d. increased if the researcher makes an attempt to create a natural environment.
c. -1.00 to +1.00.
16. The Pearson correlation coefficient can range from... a. -2.00 to +2.00. b. 0 to +1.00. c. -1.00 to +1.00. d. -1.00 to 0.
d. categorical data.
16. The data produced by nominal scales are called... a. grouped frequency data. b. score data. c. ordered data. d. categorical data.
a. arise from the experimenter's detailed knowledge of the experiment.
19. Experimenter effects... a. arise from the experimenter's detailed knowledge of the experiment. b. are actually of little concern in research. c. cannot be controlled. d. are best controlled by random assignment of participants.
d. do all of the above.
19. If an article is retrieved online but it does not have a DOI, a. put the URL of the journal homepage at the end of the reference. b. do not put a retrieval date. c. include the volume and issue number of the journal. d. do all of the above.
c. differential research
19. In design, which level of research constraint is similar to experimental research? a. naturalistic research b. correlational research c. differential research d. case studies
d. null hypothesis
19. Inferential statistics are used to make decisions about the... a. causal hypothesis b. rival hypothesis c. alternative hypothesis d. null hypothesis
c. Decide level of significance.
19. The decision-tree model presented in the book is based on three basic steps necessary for determining appropriate statistical procedures. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic steps? a. Describe the research. b. Identify important characteristics. c. Decide level of significance. d. Based on identified characteristics, make decisions to arrive at statistical test.
c. represent the research variables numerically.
19. The major task in measurement is to... a. make sure variables are arranged in the proper order. b. make sure the proper measurement is taken. c. represent the research variables numerically. d. make sure all participants are counted.
c. levels of research constraint, phases of research
19. Which dimensions make up the model of scientific research proposed by the authors? a. empiricism, rationalism, phases of methodology b. levels of research methods, phases of research methodology c. levels of research constraint, phases of research d. phases of research and levels of research ideas
a. frustration level.
2. A researcher hypothesizes that criticism and aggression increase among coworkers when frustration increases. Workers are assigned to one of three groups (no frustration, moderate frustration, high frustration). For each group, verbal criticism and aggression are measured. In this example the independent variable is... a. frustration level. b. verbal criticism and aggression. c. number of people in a group. d. amount of work completed.
b. individuals or small groups.
2. Case studies focus typically on... a. large groups. b. individuals or small groups. c. environments. d. variables from groups.
b. between elements in a series of two or more items.
2. Commas are to be used in all of the following except... a. between elements in a series of three or more items. b. between elements in a series of two or more items. c. in a citation like (Patrick, 1999). d. to set off the year in exact dates.
c. during the design phase of the research.
2. The task of ruling out confounding variables as explanations of the results is done primarily... a. during data interpretation. b. in low-constraint research. c. during the design phase of the research. d. during the data analysis.
d. None of the above.
2. To reduce gender bias in writing, a. always use she instead of he. b. alternate between she and he. c. use (s)he or he and she. d. None of the above.
a. Each participant is exposed to more than one level of the independent variable.
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a randomized, between-subjects experimental design but it is part within subjects designs? a. Each participant is exposed to more than one level of the independent variable. b. The groups are independent of each other. c. Only one score per participant on the dependent variable is used in analyzing the results. d. The critical comparison is the difference between independent groups on the dependent measures.
a. frequency distributions
2. Which of the following is often computed with ordinal and nominal data? a. frequency distributions b. means c. t-tests d. random number tables
d. curiosity
2. Which of the following is one of the fundamental motivators of the scientist? a. thinking b. money c. ideals d. curiosity
d. subject effects are likely.
20. Deception is used in studies in which... a. assistants may bias the results. b. experimenter effects are likely. c. lack of objectivity is likely. d. subject effects are likely.
b. alphabetically according to the first author's surname.
20. References should be listed... a. according to the type of source material. b. alphabetically according to the first author's surname. c. alphabetically according to the name of the journal. d. based upon when it was first cited in the paper.
d. better at testing several causal hypotheses within a single design.
20. The increased use of factorial designs in research has come about largely because they are... a. less complicated to analyze. b. more sensitive to the effects of the independent variable. c. using more than one dependent variable. d. better at testing several causal hypotheses within a single design.
d. informed consent.
20. The most important safeguard that can be employed to minimize risks to human research participants is... a. debriefing of participants. b. use of coded data. c. anonymity of participants. d. informed consent.
c. age of participants
20. Which is NOT a characteristic used to determine appropriate statistical procedures? a. number of independent variables b. research hypotheses c. age of participants d. level of measurement for each dependent variable
b. there will be no differences between the means
20. Which of the following is a null hypothesis? a. there will be differences between X & Y b. there will be no differences between the means c. there will be a relationship between X & Y d. no relationship between X & Y was observed
c. a person's memory
20. Which of the following would NOT be a fact? a. a person's score on a test b. the response of a participant to an anxiety producing situation c. a person's memory d. the time it takes a participant to complete a difficult task
c. They both examine relationships between variables.
20. Why is differential research and correlational research similar in concept? a. They both examine causality. b. They each test differences between groups. c. They both examine relationships between variables. d. They always utilize more than two variables.
b. a random number generator.
21. Free random assignment of participants to conditions is typically carried out by the use of... a. participants' preferences. b. a random number generator. c. researchers' preferences. d. drawing straws.
a. groups that are already existent
21. In differential research, what is compared? a. groups that are already existent b. groups that are randomly created c. two variables d. more than 2 independent variables
b. 3
21. In item number 8, how many levels of the second independent variable are there? a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6
b. confusing a construct for a fact.
21. Reification means a. confusing empirical observations with fact. b. confusing a construct for a fact. c. confusing reality and logic. d. believing that there is an afterlife.
b. a Type I error.
21. The alpha level is the expected probability of... a. measurement error. b. a Type I error. c. a Type II error. d. sampling error.
c. is an applied research question.
21. The question, "How can we train people to be better drivers?" a. is too vague a question to lead to research. b. cannot be subjected to research. c. is an applied research question. d. is a basic research question.
e. All of the above can be cited and referenced.
21. What type of source cannot be cited and referenced? a. a paper presented at a professional conference b. a webpage c. a journal article d. a book with multiple authors e. All of the above can be cited and referenced.
c. any differences were likely to be random occurrences.
22. A non-significant result means... a. that p < alpha. b. the Ho was rejected. c. any differences were likely to be random occurrences. d. all of the above.
c. no interaction
22. If the lines are parallel in a graph for a factorial design, there appears to be _______ effect. a. a main b. an interaction c. no interaction d. a main and interaction
b. nonmanipulated independent variables.
22. Independent variables in differential research are a. experimental independent variables. b. nonmanipulated independent variables. c. manipulated independent variables. d. randomly-assigned independent variables.
c. participants are aware they are being observed.
22. Subject effects can occur as a confounding factor when... a. there are too few participants. b. the conditions are not clearly differentiated. c. participants are aware they are being observed. d. participants are tested under more than one condition.
b. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. *Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx
22. The general reference form for a periodical is... * = italicized; % = underlined a. Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (year). Title of article. *Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx b. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. *Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx c. Author, A. A., Author, B. B. and Author C. C. (year). *Title of Article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx d. Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (year). %Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx
a. that the research includes explicit propositions.
22. The systematic influences of research on subsequent research would indicate... a. that the research includes explicit propositions. b. that Freudian techniques have been employed. c. that evolution played an important theoretical role. d. that the research does not include explicit propositions.
d. always tentative statements.
22. Theories are a. either right or wrong. b. evaluated on the basis of being right or wrong. c. not open to verification. d. always tentative statements.
c. 3
23. A factorial design with a notation of 3 X 3 X 2 tells us that the design has ____ groups of the second variable. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
b. experimental research.
23. Differential research uses essentially the same statistical analyses as... a. correlational research. b. experimental research. c. case study research. d. nominal research.
c. interrater.
23. The type of reliability that involves two observers is... a. test-retest. b. internal consistency. c. interrater. d. internal raters.
b. Mack, M.G., & Ragan, B.G. (2008). Development of the mental, emotional, and bodily toughness inventory in collegiate athletes and nonathletes. %Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 125-132. note: Journal of Athletic Training, 43...is all italicized -(2), 125-132. is not italicized.
23. Which is the best example of an APA formatted reference? * = italicized; % = underlined a. Mack, M.G. & Ragan, B.G. (2008). Development of the mental, emotional, and bodily toughness inventory in collegiate athletes and nonathletes. %Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 125-132. b. Mack, M.G., & Ragan, B.G. (2008). Development of the mental, emotional, and bodily toughness inventory in collegiate athletes and nonathletes. *Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 125-132. c. Mack. & Ragan (2008). Development of the Mental, Emotional, and Bodily Toughness Inventory in Collegiate Athletes and Nonathletes. %*Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 125- 132. d. Mack, M.G. & Ragan, B.G. (2008). Development of the mental, emotional, and bodily toughness inventory in collegiate athletes and nonathletes. *Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 125-132.
a. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
23. Which of the following is correct? a. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. b. The variance is the square root of the standard deviation. c. The standard deviation is the deviation divided by the square root of n. d. The variance is the square root of the average deviation.
c. independent variable.
24. In differential research, the classification variable is the... a. stimulus variable. b. response variable. c. independent variable. d. dependent variable.
d. there is more chance for confounding to occur in factorial designs.
24. The major difference between the hypothesis-testing procedures in factorial versus single-variable designs is that... a. single-variable designs, although less complicated in terms of design, are more difficult to interpret. b. there are more dependent variables in the factorial design. c. the reasoning is very different in each type of design. d. there is more chance for confounding to occur in factorial designs.
b. equal to beta.
24. The probability of a Type II error is... a. less than 1%. b. equal to beta. c. equal to alpha. d. power.
a. spans basic and applied research.
24. Translational research... a. spans basic and applied research. b. has been rejected by nearly all scientists. c. has no place in a democracy. d. has virtually displaced all other research models in the U.S.
d. All of the above are purposes.
24. What is a purpose of the Introduction of the paper? a. describe the basic research strategy b. present the specific problem under study c. describes relevant literature d. All of the above are purposes.
d. a pretest-posttest, control group design
24. Which of the following designs is an experimental design? a. a single group posttest only design b. a simple pretest-posttest design c. a single group pretest only design d. a pretest-posttest, control group design
b. Review
25. Empirical studies do not have _________ as a section of the article. a. Introduction b. Review c. Method d. Discussion
b. parallel.
25. In a 2 X 2 factorial design represented on a graph, a main effect for factor B is indicated (the x-axis labeled with the levels of factor A) but no interaction is present. The graphed lines should be... a. perpendicular. b. parallel. c. vertical. d. intersecting.
b. an analysis of variance.
25. In analyzing score data in research that examined differences in logical reasoning between adults with a graduate degree, a bachelor's degree or no degree we would typically use... a. a t-test for independent groups. b. an analysis of variance. c. a correlation coefficient with regression. d. χ²
a. nature and use.
25. Variables are classified based on their... a. nature and use. b. validity. c. constraint levels. d. use and validity.
d. All of the above are purposes of experimental design.
25. What is the purpose of experimental design? a. To increase internal validity. b. To test the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. c. To control for confounding variables. d. All of the above are purposes of experimental design.
b. alpha
25. Which value indicates the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis in reality is true? a. p b. alpha c. beta d. power
c. a Type II error.
26. A researcher does a study on knowledge of animals in cat lovers compared to dog lovers. In reality, dog lovers have a greater knowledge of animals. After statistical analysis, the researcher makes the decision not to reject the null hypothesis. This decision is... a. correct. b. a Type I error. c. a Type II error. d. not possible to evaluate from the information given.
d. causality.
26. An experiment attempts to answer questions about... a. correlation. b. contingencies. c. regression. d. causality.
b. Method
26. In what section is there a description of the participants in a study? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion
c. reduce validity.
26. We seek to control extraneous variables in research because they... a. are threats to reliability. b. distract the participants. c. reduce validity. d. reflect the experimenter's planned biases
d. analysis of variance
26. What type of statistical test is usually used to test null hypotheses in factorial designs? a. Chi square b. t Test c. correlation coefficient d. analysis of variance
c. Analysis of variance
27. A researcher wants to compare the mean differences in scores on an anxiety questionnaire between clients who received a high dose of an anti-anxiety drug treatment, those receiving a low dose of the drug, those that received a placebo dose, and those that did not receive anything. What statistical test would be most appropriate if the data are score data? a. Correlation coefficient, r b. Chi square c. Analysis of variance d. t-test for independent groups
c. discussing the implications of the data.
27. In the Results section, all of the following should be done except a. reporting relevant statistics. b. reporting data to support conclusions. c. discussing the implications of the data. d. including results that do not support your hypotheses.
a. specifies one or more hypotheses about predicted causal effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
27. One of the characteristics of the true experiment is that it... a. specifies one or more hypotheses about predicted causal effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. b. specifies one or more hypotheses about predicted relationships between the predictor and criterion variable. c. specifies predicted effects that will be proven by the statistical result. d. includes at least two levels of the dependent variable.
d. Both b and c [b. actual manipulation of the independent variable is not always clearly defined or under the experimenter's control. c. often the experimenter cannot assign participants to groups in an unbiased manner.]
27. Quasi-experiments are unlike experiments in that... a. they do not always include a comparison of at least two levels of an independent variable. b. actual manipulation of the independent variable is not always clearly defined or under the experimenter's control. c. often the experimenter cannot assign participants to groups in an unbiased manner. d. Both b and c
c. The effect of A was different depending on the level of B.
27. What does an A X B interaction mean in a two-way ANOVA? a. There must be significant main effects for Factors A and B. b. The main effects for Factors A and B must be short of significance. c. The effect of A was different depending on the level of B. d. If there are significant main effects, they must be interpreted first, before interpreting the interaction.
a. Develop and apply a good operational definition.
27. What is the best way to reduce measurement error? a. Develop and apply a good operational definition. b. Use a ratio scale of measurement. c. Keep the number of participants equal in all groups. d. Conduct research at the experimental level.
d. gender x activity level x problem solving ability
28. A study is examining the how adulthood (young, middle, older), gender, and activity level (sedentary versus active) impact problem solving ability. Which of the following could not be an interaction effect? a. adulthood x gender b. gender x activity level c. adulthood x activity level x gender d. gender x activity level x problem solving ability
c. set of one or more questions presented to participants.
28. A survey is a... a. comprehensive summary of information gathered. b. proposal for scientific work. c. set of one or more questions presented to participants. d. set of one or more independent measures.
d. the number of scores free to vary.
28. Degrees of freedom are... a. always equal to N - 1. b. always equal to n. c. the number of scores a researcher can make up. d. the number of scores free to vary.
c. Discussion
28. Evaluating and interpreting the implications of your study is done in which section of the APA paper? a. Abstract b. Results c. Discussion d. Method
d. there must be variation of the independent variable.
28. In order to study causal relationships... a. internal validity must decrease. b. external validity must increase. c. use low constraints of research design. d. there must be variation of the independent variable.
c. the characteristics of the situation each person was placed in as part of the study (e.g., a performance task in which the researcher has rigged the task so that some participants almost always succeed and others almost always fail, regardless of their actual performance)
28. Which of the following would be a good operational definition for the manipulated independent variable of "level of anxiety"? a. a person's score on a well validated measure of anxiety b. a person's self-report of how anxious he or she was in a given situation c. the characteristics of the situation each person was placed in as part of the study (e.g., a performance task in which the researcher has rigged the task so that some participants almost always succeed and others almost always fail, regardless of their actual performance) d. the performance of participants on the task described in (C) above
d. Both a and b [a. the knowledge base of participants b. the attitudes of participants.]
29. A survey is most useful in gathering data on... a. the knowledge base of participants b. the attitudes of participants. c. the causes of participants' behavior. d. Both a and b
c. factorials come closer than do single-variable designs to the way behavior in natural environments is determined (i.e., influenced by multiple factors).
29. An important reason for the increased popularity of factorial designs in psychological research is that... a. factorials are much less expensive to conduct. b. factorial designs are easier to conceptualize than single-variable designs. c. factorials come closer than do single-variable designs to the way behavior in natural environments is determined (i.e., influenced by multiple factors). d. factorials require the use of many fewer participants than do single-variable designs.
a. reduce internal validity.
29. Extraneous variables generally... a. reduce internal validity. b. enhance internal validity. c. increase the possibility of finding significant statistical results. d. increase the effectiveness of the independent variable.
d. Who knows?
29. If alpha is set to .05, what will be the probability of a Type II error? a. .05 b. .95 c. 0 d. Who knows?
c. heuristic research
29. What is the term for the type of influence exerted when a theory generates a great deal of interest and thus suggests further research questions? a. applied research b. basic research c. heuristic research d. implicit research
d. be willing to tolerate uncertainty.
3. A good scientist must a. not tolerate uncertainty. b. deny anything that is uncertain. c. focus only on what is certain about the world around us. d. be willing to tolerate uncertainty.
b. Level 2
3. A heading such as Participants would be at what level? a. Level 1 b. Level 2 c. Level 3 d. Level 4
b. verbal aggression and criticism.
3. A researcher hypothesizes that verbal criticism and aggression among coworkers increase as frustration increases. Workers are assigned to one of three groups (no frustration, moderate frustration, high frustration). For each group verbal aggression and criticism are measured. In this example the dependent variable is... a. frustration level. b. verbal aggression and criticism. c. the number of people in a group. d. amount of work completed.
d. all of the above.
3. A significant result means... a. that p < alpha. b. the Ho was rejected. c. any relationship was not likely to be a random occurrence. d. all of the above.
d. the effects of the independent variable.
3. Correlated-groups designs are generally more sensitive than between-subjects designs to... a. researcher effects. b. the effects of the dependent variable. c. medications. d. the effects of the independent variable.
a. true
3. Quotation marks can be used for introducing ironic or slang words or phrases. a. true b. false
b. history
3. Threats to internal validity due to ________ are greatest when a long time has passed between pretest and posttest measurements. a. regression to the mean b. history c. effects of testing d. scoring errors
c. random assignment of participants to conditions
3. Which of the following would not be found in low constraint research? a. sophisticated measurement instruments b. observation of more than one participant c. random assignment of participants to conditions d. any sort of statistical analysis
b. organizing and understanding large sets of data.
30. Statistics are research tools for... a. generating experimental hypotheses. b. organizing and understanding large sets of data. c. identifying participants. d. generating hypotheses, but only at the experimental level.
c. learn about the ideas, knowledge, feelings, opinions, attitudes, and self-reported behavior of a defined population of people by directly asking them.
30. The major goal of a survey is to a. learn about how people behave generally. b. learn about how people will actually behave in certain circumstances. c. learn about the ideas, knowledge, feelings, opinions, attitudes, and self-reported behavior of a defined population of people by directly asking them. d. None of the above
a. true
30. Variance is essential for an experiment to provide meaningful results. a. true b. false
b. asking a question
30. What is the usual starting point for research? a. the observation phase b. asking a question c. communication phase d. procedures design
a. 4
31. If we have four factors in a factorial design, we have ________ possible main effects. a. 4 b. 2 c. 8 d. 16
b. equivalent in their level of the dependent variable
31. In a true experiment, it is essential that the groups be ________________ before the study begins. a. different in their level of the dependent variable b. equivalent in their level of the dependent variable c. different in their exposure to the independent variable d. variable
b. Type II errors.
31. Power is the ability to reduce... a. statistical significance. b. Type II errors. c. Type I errors. d. practical significance
b. demographic
31. What kind of survey question seeks information about the respondent, such as age, sex, occupation, and family status? a. status b. demographic c. content d. graphic
b. a person's socioeconomic status
31. Which of the following is NOT a behavioral variable? a. the heart rate of a participant in a psychophysiological study b. a person's socioeconomic status c. a person playing the harpsichord d. the verbal behavior of children
a. one group.
32. In the multilevel (multi-group), completely randomized, between subjects design, each study participant is randomly assigned to... a. one group. b. one or two groups. c. one to three groups. d. one or more groups.
c. the expected variation among different samples due to chance.
32. Sampling error represents... a. a mistake on the part of the researcher. b. the error among different samples due to errors by the researcher. c. the expected variation among different samples due to chance. d. a lack of validity in the study due to design problems.
c. have a clear focus and be guided by hypotheses and expectancies held by the researcher.
32. Survey research should... a. be used in early exploratory research. b. use a "shotgun" approach to cover as many areas as possible. c. have a clear focus and be guided by hypotheses and expectancies held by the researcher. d. All of the above
d. effective range
32. Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability? a. test-retest b. interrater c. internal consistency d. effective range
c. the larger group about whom we wish to obtain information.
33. The population in a survey is... a. the group of respondents that were given the survey but did not complete it. b. the country about which we wish to obtain information. c. the larger group about whom we wish to obtain information. d. the group of respondents who were given the survey and completed it.
c. the alpha level.
33. The probability of a Type I error is equal to... a. less than 1%. b. the beta level. c. the alpha level. d. the degrees of freedom.
b. Randomized, pretest-posttest, control group design
33. Which experimental design provides assurance, other than just random assignment, that groups are the same at the beginning of the experiment? a. Randomized, posttest-only, control group design b. Randomized, pretest-posttest, control group design c. Multilevel, completely randomized, between-subjects design d. Pretest-posttest, natural control-group study
b. the IQs of participants
33. Which of the following is an example of an organismic variable? a. the difficulty level of a test of math b. the IQs of participants c. the amount of distraction each participant is exposed to d. None of the above
c. a positive correlation.
34. In a scatter plot, the dots cluster along a line from the lower left hand corner to the upper right hand corner. This shows... a. a negative correlation. b. no relationship. c. a positive correlation. d. a nonlinear relationship.
b. the careful selection of representative samples.
34. The heart of survey research is... a. statistical analysis. b. the careful selection of representative samples. c. a commitment to the democratic system. d. getting a quick public response to an issue.
d. gender of the participant
34. Which of the following participant characteristics can be directly observed in scientific research? a. intelligence b. racial attitudes c. neuroticism d. gender of the participant
b. defines how the variable will be measured or manipulated.
35. An operational definition of a variable... a. defines the variable in lay terms and is understandable to everyone. b. defines how the variable will be measured or manipulated. c. has nothing to do with the activities of the researcher, since the researcher should be blind. d. is the same as the dictionary definition.
c. the means of all the groups.
35. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) compares... a. the variance of all the groups. b. the standard error of all the groups. c. the means of all the groups. d. the standard deviation of all the groups.
b. The sample may not be representative of the total population.
35. What is the major disadvantage of nonprobability sampling? a. It is difficult to carry out. b. The sample may not be representative of the total population. c. The statistical procedures needed are not easily available. d. The robustness of the sample is decreased.
a. We created a questionnaire...
4. In terms of writing style, what is the proper way to reference something done by the authors of the paper? a. We created a questionnaire... b. The authors constructed a questionnaire... c. The experiment interpreted the results... d. The researchers reviewed the literature...
d. all of the experimental conditions.
4. In within-subjects designs, all participants are exposed to... a. some of the experimental conditions. b. some of the dependent measures. c. all of the control measures. d. all of the experimental conditions.
b. skeptics
4. Scientists are pervasive ________; that is, they constantly challenge accepted wisdom in their search for more complete answers. a. optimists b. skeptics c. pessimists d. laureates
b. instrumentation
4. What confounding variable occurs when the researchers gradually change their observation criteria over the course of the study? a. regression toward the mean b. instrumentation c. maturation d. history
a. inferential statistics
4. Which type of statistics are used to draw conclusions about the data? a. inferential statistics b. interpretational statistics c. descriptive statistics d. none of the above
c. ratio
5. A researcher wants to measure the number of stressful behaviors students display before a test. Which type of scale of measurement would be most appropriate? a. nominal b. ordinal c. ratio d. interval
d. tenacity.
5. Accepting ideas as valid because the ideas have persisted for a long time is the acquisition of knowledge through a. rational processes. b. intuition. c. authority. d. tenacity.
d. regression to the mean.
5. If some of the top scorers on an exam don't perform as well on a second exam, this could be explained by the Phenomenon known as... a. poor motivation. b. equilibration. c. attrition. d. regression to the mean.
a. does not manipulate independent variables.
5. In both case study and naturalistic research, the investigator... a. does not manipulate independent variables. b. does not care about dependent variables. c. manipulates independent variables. d. manipulates dependent variables.
c. a within-subjects design
5. In order to test the effects of noise levels on typing speed, a researcher uses six expert typists and asks each to type a page at two different noise levels (low and high). The dependent variable, typing speed, is measured under both conditions for all typists. What kind of design is the researcher employing? a. a between-subjects design b. a between-groups design c. a within-subjects design d. a single-variable, independent-groups design
d. creativity.
5. In terms of writing style, the paper should demonstrate all of the following except... a. preciseness. b. continuity. c. clarity. d. creativity.
d. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
5. Which dictionary is the standard for spelling in APA format? a. Dictionary.com b. Cambridge English Dictionary c. Collins English Dictionary d. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
c. .05
5. Which is a traditional level of alpha? a. .5 b. .005 c. .05 d. .025
d. t-test for independent groups
6. A researcher wants to compare the mean differences in the number of errors made in a driving simulator between students using a cell phone and those not using the phone while driving. What statistical test would be most appropriate if the data are score data? a. Correlation coefficient, r b. Chi square c. Analysis of variance d. t-test for independent groups
d. All of the above.
6. Acknowledge participation of those in your study by... a. using specific descriptors such as college students, children or the control group. b. use general terms like subjects or participants. c. emphasizing the actions of the those in the study. d. All of the above.
c. the film participants watch as part of the study.
6. An example of a stimulus variable is... a. the sex of a participant. b. a participant's psychiatric diagnosis. c. the film participants watch as part of the study. d. a participant's racial attitudes.
d. all of the above.
6. Capitalize... a. words that begin a complete sentence. b. the word after a colon that begins a complete sentence. c. major words in a title or heading. d. all of the above.
d. might not predict behavior in the wider society.
6. Case study research with individuals... a. is generally applicable to the wider society. b. is similar to high constraint research. c. can be used to make accurate predictions of future results. d. might not predict behavior in the wider society.
b. serves as his or her own control.
6. In within-subjects designs, each participant... a. is measured at least five times. b. serves as his or her own control. c. is measured only once. d. is randomly assigned to one of two conditions.
b. the premises may not be true.
6. One problem with using rationalism to obtain knowledge is that a. the premises may be unimportant. b. the premises may not be true. c. observations may be representative, but there may be exceptions. d. observations may not be completely representative.
d. validity.
6. The concept that a procedure really does test what it is supposed to test is called... a. determination. b. replication. c. reliability. d. validity.
b. naturalistic observation methodology.
7. A researcher decides to study the dating patterns of college students. To do this he goes to a college party and observes the students. This is an example of... a. archival research methodology. b. naturalistic observation methodology. c. field experimentation methodology. d. case-study methodology.
c. symmetric.
7. A set of normally distributed scores is... a. positively skewed. b. negatively skewed. c. symmetric. d. bimodal
d. a variable.
7. Any set of events having different values is called... a. an event network. b. the variance. c. variational correlation. d. a variable.
d. any of the above.
7. Authors do not have to capitalize... a. statistical procedures like chi square. b. the name of a principle such as the law of effect. c. a generic reference to a field of study such as psychology. d. any of the above.
d. between correlated groups on the dependent variable.
7. In within-subjects designs, the critical comparison is... a. between correlated groups on the confounding variables. b. between correlated groups on the independent variable. c. between randomly assigned groups. d. between correlated groups on the dependent variable.
c. with a period at the end.
7. Level 2 headings are all of the following except... a. boldface. b. uppercase and lowercase. c. with a period at the end. d. flush left.
a. statistical, construct, external, and internal.
7. The four types of validity are... a. statistical, construct, external, and internal. b. face, statistical, construct, and internal. c. statistical, construct, integral, and digital. d. face, statistical, annual, and perennial.
c. intuition.
7. The method of acquiring knowledge in which an individual has a hunch or ʺgut feelingʺ but does not rationally examine facts is a. authority. b. tenacity. c. intuition. d. empiricism.
d. the natural flow of behavior.
8. At the lowest constraint levels, the researcher looks for... a. the effects of one variable on another. b. predictability of variable A from knowing variable B. c. causal relationships. d. the natural flow of behavior.
a. standard in some areas of study.
8. Deception in psychology is... a. standard in some areas of study. b. unnecessary and should be eliminated. c. ethical under all circumstances. d. a threat to validity.
d. histograms and frequency polygons.
8. Frequency distributions for variables that are measured on an interval or ratio scale can be graphically displayed using... a. histograms and graphs of means. b. bar graphs and pie charts. c. graphs of means and pie charts. d. histograms and frequency polygons.
a. italicized.
8. Letters used as statistical symbols are... a. italicized. b. not italicized. c. always underlined. d. are capitalized.
d. rationalism and empiricism because it employs logic by checking each step with empirical observation.
8. Science brings together elements of a. tenacity and rationalism because the scientist is persistent and logical. b. intuition and authority because science relies on creativity and previous work. c. empiricism and tenacity because objective information can only come through patient observation. d. rationalism and empiricism because it employs logic by checking each step with empirical observation.
c. diffusion of treatment.
8. When research participants give information to prospective participants about the procedures, the research could be affected by the confounding variable of... a. the bystander effect. b. diffusion of responsibility. c. diffusion of treatment. d. regression to the mean.
b. sequence effects
8. Which of the following is a potential confounding factor in within-subjects designs but NOT in a between-subjects design? a. regression to the mean b. sequence effects c. attrition d. history
d. All of the above are good suggestions.
8. Which of the following is not a good suggestion for effective writing? a. use an outline b. put the draft away before reviewing it c. have a peer critique the draft for you d. All of the above are good suggestions.
b. fewer participants are needed to run the experiment.
9. An advantage of within-subjects designs is that... a. they are less complex conceptually. b. fewer participants are needed to run the experiment. c. the statistics used are simpler than in a between-subjects design. d. sequence effects enhance the results.
b. the controls are primarily on the observer.
9. In naturalistic and case study research, a. no controls are needed. b. the controls are primarily on the observer. c. the controls are primarily on the participant in order to specify and delimit their behavior. d. the highest level of control possible is imposed on both the participant and the observer.
a. be able to identify the level of measurement of the dependent variable.
9. In order to select the appropriate statistical test, it is critical that the researcher... a. be able to identify the level of measurement of the dependent variable. b. be able to predict the results in advance. c. be familiar with the most sophisticated statistical packages. d. have all the data collected before deciding.
a. is not recommended.
9. In terms of writing effectiveness for science, using metaphors and other linguistic strategies... a. is not recommended. b. is recommended. c. should be part of the basic flow of the work. d. is not distracting.
d. tend to integrate various theoretical knowledge and ideas.
9. Most modern psychologists a. adhere to the theories of behaviorism. b. advocate the humanistic theories of psychology. c. base their research on Gestalt principles. d. tend to integrate various theoretical knowledge and ideas.
d. all of the above
9. The mean is an appropriate measure of central tendency for... a. score data b. interval data c. ratio data d. all of the above
b. rule out alternative explanations of the obtained results.
9. Whenever a study increases control, researchers can... a. prevent generalization. b. rule out alternative explanations of the obtained results. c. increase the sample size. d. include alternative explanations of the obtained results.
APA Manual Chapter Two b. Title
APA Manual Chapter Two 23. Page one of the paper should be the a. Abstract b. Title c. Discussion d. Method
Appendix B & D a. should be made before the data are collected.
Appendix B & D 16. The decision about how to analyze the data... a. should be made before the data are collected. b. should be made after the data are collected. c. should be made randomly. d. is not a particularly important concern in research.
CHAPTER 10 c. randomization of assignment.
CHAPTER 10 23. The single most important control procedure in determining what participants go into the treatment group and which go into the control group is to base placement on... a. subjects' preferences. b. subjects' past performance in research. c. randomization of assignment. d. specifying the independent variable.
CHAPTER 11 b. random assignment to conditions
CHAPTER 11 1. Which of the following is NOT used in correlated-groups designs? a. matching of participants b. random assignment to conditions c. within-subjects procedures d. careful measurement of the dependent variable
CHAPTER 12 c. two or more independent variables.
CHAPTER 12 12. Factorial designs have... a. one independent variable. b. exactly three independent variables. c. two or more independent variables. d. more than one dependent variable.
CHAPTER 13 b. The participants are usually assigned to groups in an unbiased manner.
CHAPTER 13 26. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quasi-experimental designs? a. Causal hypotheses are stated. b. The participants are usually assigned to groups in an unbiased manner. c. At least two levels of the independent variable are included. d. Unlike low-constraint methods, quasi-experiments usually assign participants to groups.
CHAPTER 3 APA MANUAL d. completely certain [*completely]
CHAPTER 3 APA MANUAL 1. To avoid redundancy, a researcher could reduce a phrase in a paper. Which of the following italicized words best demonstrate an omission that minimizes redundancy? [* = italicized] a. they were all alike [*they are] b. three different groups were exposed [*were exposed] c. summarize briefly [*summarize] d. completely certain [*completely]
CHAPTER 5 c. descriptive statistics
CHAPTER 5 1. Which type of statistics are meant to simplify and organize data? a. inferential statistics b. univariate statistics c. descriptive statistics d. multivariate statistics
CHAPTER 6 c. You can adjust the focus of the study depending on what you find.
CHAPTER 6 1. What is a principle advantage of low constraint research? a. It is easier to do a lower constraint study than a higher constraint study. b. There are no extraneous variables. c. You can adjust the focus of the study depending on what you find. d. All of the above are advantages.
CHAPTER 7 b. 2
CHAPTER 7 13. How many variables at a minimum are typically assessed in correlational research? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
CHAPTER 8 & 9 b. causality.
CHAPTER 8 & 9 1. At the experimental level of constraint, the hypothesis is concerned with... a. the degree of relationship between variables. b. causality. c. complex scientific theories of prediction. d. describing behavior in a natural environment.
Chapter 4 APA Manual d. should
Chapter 4 APA Manual 1. For initials of personal names, there _________ be a space after the period. a. should not b. could c. could not d. should
Chapter 6 APA Manual d. all of the above
Chapter 6 APA Manual 9. What should be cited in and APA paper? a. any work that has influenced your work b. any ideas that are not your own. c. sources that provide key background info to your work. d. all of the above
Chapter 7 APA Manual b. digital object identifier
Chapter 7 APA Manual 17. doi is the abbreviation for... a. don't overlook illness b. digital object identifier c. donuts only in-class d. dabble on itches
Material Based on Chapter Two d. facts
Material Based on Chapter Two 12. Which of the following are directly observed or the result of direct observation? a. thoughts b. memories c. inferences d. facts