final review PHIL 1020 - Frazier

According to Elizabeth Blair's NPR audio piece, which of the following actions would count as authentic celebrity philanthropy? Holding a giveaway competition where, in exchange for their charitable donations, people are entered in a drawing to possibly meet their favorite celebrity in person. A celebrity agreeing to be the face of a charitable organization so that the organization can use their image on advertising and promotional materials. A celebrity doing research on the most effective charitable organizations and donating their own money directly to those effective charities. Throwing a charitable gala where you pay a large sum for a celebrity appearance in the hopes that it raises interest in the charity among fans.

A celebrity doing research on the most effective charitable organizations and donating their own money directly to those effective charities.

According to Richard Thaler, nudging occurs when ________. A choice architect forces someone to choose a certain option A person is told they make bad choices and should behave differently A choice architect structures a decision to lead us toward different choices A person is pushed by another person A person is free to make whatever choices they want

A choice architect structures a decision to lead us toward different choices

Which of the following best describes what is meant by the concept "argument by analogy" in the context of the Alastair Norcross article against eating meat? An argument by analogy is... An inductive argument where philosophers highlight similarities between their views and objective moral facts, in order to show that the beliefs they hold should be universally followed. A style of philosophical argument in which we identify two analogous actions or cases, and use the similarities of those cases to say that we ought to have consistent moral judgements in either situation. A weak philosophical argument that uses vague thought experiments instead of any concrete moral reasoning. A style of philosophical argument in which two philosophers discuss the same case, and engage in a dialogue in order to determine the truth regarding the moral facts of this case. An argumentative strategy in which philosophers compare their moral beliefs to the moral beliefs entailed by other theories, and use this to show that only their beliefs can possibly be right.

A style of philosophical argument in which we identify two analogous actions or cases, and use the similarities of those cases to say that we ought to have consistent moral judgements in either situation.

Imagine the following scenario: Aubie is back on the dating scene after just getting out of a three-year relationship with Big Al, Alabama's mascot. He misses the connection and pleasure that he got out of his previous relationship, so he begins going out nightly to find different casual sex partners. Over time, Aubie begins being late to football games and events, and cancelling plans with friends, because he is so preoccupied with hooking up with other mascots in order to feel connected to other people. According to Halwani's view, why is Aubie's behavior in this situation morally wrong? Aubie is merely using his casual sex partners to fill an emotional void, and is objectifying them by treating them like tools to feel pleasure. Aubie should not have casual sex outside of the context of a love relationship, and he does not love any of the mascots he is having sex with. Aubie is having casual sex for the wrong reasons, since he is only trying to get revenge on his ex for ending their three-year relationship. Aubie's behavior disregards his telos or purpose. His entire existence is designed to be a good mascot, and having sex is not an essential part of being a good mascot. Aubie let casual sex consume his life, and is now so focused on having sex that he is unable to live a full and enriching life.

Aubie let casual sex consume his life, and is now so focused on having sex that he is unable to live a full and enriching life.

Thomas Aquinas says that one of the basic goods is "shunning ignorance". Which of the following most closely reflects that one is shunning ignorance (in the way Aquinas meant within Natural Law Theory)? Aubie thinks that books by Dan Brown are full of lies, so he burns all of the copies of these books in the book store so that no one else will be lied to Aubie knows that the lemonade at Toomer's Corner is the best in the country, so he only hangs out with people who also know this is true Aubie thinks all Alabama fans are stupid, so he petitions to have them banned from attending the Iron Bowl Aubie realizes he does not understand the rules of football, so he spends several hours studying those rules with the coaches so he can learn about how to play the game

Aubie realizes he does not understand the rules of football, so he spends several hours studying those rules with the coaches so he can learn about how to play the game KEY STUDY TIP: Shunning ignorance does not refer to ignorant people or passing judgments on others. It is a tendency that people have to want to avoid being ignorant themselves, which they do by seeking knowledge.

How does Halwani define casual sex? Casual sex is any sex that occurs between two people seeking mutual pleasure Casual sex is any sex that two or more people engage in intentionally on an informal and irregular basis Casual sex is any sex that occurs outside of the context of a love relationship Casual sex is any sex that occurs outside of the context of a marriage between two people

Casual sex is any sex that occurs outside of the context of a love relationship

Which of the following is not a reason that Ilan Kapoor gives against celebrities promoting charities? Charity itself is problematic and gets in the way of real, systemic change and dealing with social inequity. Celebrities are mostly associating with charities to improve their own image and brands, and don't actually have an interest in solving the world's problems. Celebrities are too connected to corporate entities and marketing, which limits their ability to effectively advocate for meaningful or unpopular causes. Celebrity charities are too narrowly focused on the celebrities' favorite causes, and do not maximize the net utility of charitable donations.

Celebrity charities are too narrowly focused on the celebrities' favorite causes, and do not maximize the net utility of charitable donations.

Aubie learned in his Environmental Studies class that global warming is having terrible effects on the planet, which jeopardize the health and safety of his tiger friends. He calls philosopher Walter Sinnott-Armstrong to ask what he is morally obligated to do to help address this problem and save his friends. Which of the following pieces of advice is Sinnott-Armstrong most likely to give Aubie based on his paper from this week? Throw away all of your clothing from fast fashion companies, since every shirt you have ever bought is causing direct and immediate harm to the planet. Fill in the cracks in bridges that your government has neglected to repair so that your fellow citizens of Auburn are not in danger. Elect Senators who can help impose new environmental regulations on companies whose businesses produce significant levels of greenhouse gases. Follow the local Auburn city laws on pollution and recycling, which will help reduce global warming if done consistently. Stop going for joy rides in fuel inefficient cars with your mascot friends on the weekends, and opt to take Tiger Transit or public transportation instead.

Elect Senators who can help impose new environmental regulations on companies whose businesses produce significant levels of greenhouse gases.

Which of the following ethical principles is Norcross most likely to endorse, based on the reading? The ability to reason should guide all moral decision making Friendship is morally valuable People should have freedom to do what makes them happy Even small risks of severe harms should be avoided if possible

Even small risks of severe harms should be avoided if possible

Which of the following is not a possible moral justification Norcross considers regarding different ethical responses to treatment of animals on factory farms and versus treatment of puppies in Fred's Basement? Factory farm animals have less moral worth than puppies, so we don't have to worry about their treatment in the same way we worry about the way puppies are treated. People who consume factory farm animals may be ignorant of the conditions the animals suffer in, but Fred is aware of the conditions the puppies suffer in so should know the moral harm. Factory farm animals are mistreated by other people, rather than the puppies which are mistreated by Fred himself, so there is only personal responsibility in Fred's case. Factory farm animals provide more significant nutritional value than the chocolate the puppies allow Fred to taste, so the consequences justify the treatment. People who consume factory farm animals are not making an individual impact on the treatment of those animals if they stop consuming them, but if Fred stopped consuming chocolate the harm to puppies would stop.

Factory farm animals provide more significant nutritional value than the chocolate the puppies allow Fred to taste, so the consequences justify the treatment.

Determine whether the following is true or false: According to Raja Halwani, casual sex inherently and universally involves objectifying others, which is always morally wrong since people have value and dignity. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. According to Peter Singer's views, we do not have an individual obligation to be altruistic, since the responsibility to mitigate global poverty is shared equally among all individuals with relative wealth. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. According to philosopher Tom Regan, if something is a subject of a life they are merely alive and conscious in a way that gives them inherent value, but they lack any sophisticated ability to reason or pursue their own goals. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Alastair Norcross thinks, like Sinnott-Armstrong, that individual actions do not have a meaningful impact on large scale problems and that an individual's only moral responsibility is to petition governments for change. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. English argues that there is no difference between our moral duty (what we ought to do) and what we owe others. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Tunnel vision/ethical fading is what happens when someone acts on all relevant considerations. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong's view that individuals do not have obligations to address global warming is a utilitarian claim (of the sort that Peter Singer provides) since he defends this view by saying that individuals do not cause any harm by driving gas guzzling vehicles. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. While Hugh Lafollette argues that parental licensing programs are theoretically desirable, he does not think that they can be practically established. True False

False

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. In Marion Hourdequin's article advocating for individual moral obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, she argues that individual emissions contribute meaningfully to the harms of global warming. True False

False

People have disagreement about what is morally right or wrong, which definitively proves that there cannot be moral facts. If there were moral facts, no one would disagree about morality. True False

False KEY STUDY TIP: Remember that there is a difference between having a moral belief and a moral fact

According to Kantianism, if someone has violated their moral duty by violating the categorical imperative, then they have forfeited their right to be treated as an end in and of themselves by other people. True False

False KEY STUDY TIP: Kant says we must follow the categorical imperatives always, EVEN IF other people are doing the wrong thing.

Olivia Muenter reflects on the difficulties of supporting fast fashion brands. Which of the following most closely represents Muenter's view on fast fashion as it relates to global warming? Fast fashion is a harmful industry because they do not hire plus-size models. This lack of representation makes plus-size customers feel bad about their bodies, unlike more inclusive advertising found in sustainable fashion Fast fashion does not contribute to global warming, so whether we shop from fast fashion brands is only a matter of personal preference Fast fashion brands are exclusionary to plus-size shoppers, which forces those customers to shop only with more expensive, sustainable clothing brands We should all be shopping from sustainable fashion brands regardless of our size, since the harms of global warming outweigh any considerations of access to clothing Fast fashion brands are worse for the environment, but they are often the only accessible option that people, including plus-size customers, have for buying clothing

Fast fashion brands are worse for the environment, but they are often the only accessible option that people, including plus-size customers, have for buying clothing

In the NPR episode on Toby Groves, Ann Tenbrunsel, Lamar Pierce, and Francesca Gino explain some of the reasons why Groves failed to act ethically despite his previously held/expressed beliefs and commitments. Which of the following does NOT explain why Groves violated his own moral beliefs (according to the explanations given by psychologists in the episode)? The decision may have been framed in a way that made Groves unable to see the ethical dimension of his decision. Groves was using a business frame rather than an ethics frame in making his decisions. People are frequently blind to or ignorant of the ethics of a situation before/when acting. Groves was focused on the real people in front of him rather than abstract ethical consequences. Groves was fully aware that what he was doing was wrong at the moment but chose to do the wrong thing anyways.

Groves was fully aware that what he was doing was wrong at the moment but chose to do the wrong thing anyways.

Which of the following best explains how the Singer Solution to world poverty utilizes utilitarian logic to motivate donating excess income to charities? He is prioritizing the happiness of those who deserve it most, who are innocent children with little control over their current financial situations. Donating to effective charities will help protect those children from the poor financial decisions their parents made. Singer's argument is not reflective of utilitarian thinking, and instead relies on an egoistic account of morality. He is arguing that good people are concerned with the happiness and wellbeing of all people, since this reflects virtues of compassion and generosity. Because living in poverty can drastically reduce one's happiness, generous and compassionate people will do everything they can to eliminate global poverty. He is concerned with balancing the happiness we get from luxury goods with the happiness others get from having basic needs met through charitable donations. He is arguing that we must bring about not just good consequences, but the BEST consequences we possibly can. This demands that we donate the majority of our excess income to charities rather than spending it on unnecessary luxury goods.

He is arguing that we must bring about not just good consequences, but the BEST consequences we possibly can. This demands that we donate the majority of our excess income to charities rather than spending it on unnecessary luxury goods.

One of the practical objections raised in response to Lafollette's view is that it is not possible to discover adequate criteria of "a good parent." How does Lafollette respond to this objection? He says that we do not need infallible criteria for picking out good parents. Instead, we just need to get the best criteria we can for who is a good parent. Like all licensing programs, parental licensing will inevitably make mistakes, so searching for infallible criteria is an unfair and unreasonable standard. He says that we can ask children to help us establish the criteria of a good parent. Since children are the ones who experience parents, they have a special knowledge or expertise about what they need from their parents. We can use their judgment to help us determine who is a better or worse parent. He disagrees with the central claim of the objection, and says that if we study parenting behavior across history and different cultures we can identify a small set of criteria that are essential to good parenting. For example, reading to your children and bathing them regularly are universal signs that one is a good parent. He says that while we cannot establish this criteria, this is not required for parental licensing. Parental licensing is designed to exclude very bad parents, and we do have established criteria to determine who is a bad parent (e.g., because they abuse or neglect their children).

He says that while we cannot establish this criteria, this is not required for parental licensing. Parental licensing is designed to exclude very bad parents, and we do have established criteria to determine who is a bad parent (e.g., because they abuse or neglect their children).

In addition to discussing objections to the most common defenses of eating meat, we also discussed reasons why those defenses may be philosophically strong. Which of the following philosophical concepts or views is able to support or strengthen the "cultural norms" defense of eating meat? The is/ought fallacy says we should do whatever our bodies are naturally capable of doing. Since society is made up of people whose bodies are physically capable of eating meat, this shows that we ought to eat meat. If normative cultural relativism is true, then we have good reason to believe morality is defined by our cultures. Thus, if a culture says eating meat is morally permissible, NCR can help justify this defense. There is no way of strengthening the "cultural norms" defense of eating meat. It is a flawless and universally accepted moral argument, and even philosopher David Yount agrees that this alone justifies eating meat. The "cultural norms" defense is an instance of what Peter Singer calls "go with the crowd ethics." Singer agues that we have a moral obligation to go with the crowd. So if our culture says we should eat meat, then we have a moral obligation to do so in order to avoid offending others.

If normative cultural relativism is true, then we have good reason to believe morality is defined by our cultures. Thus, if a culture says eating meat is morally permissible, NCR can help justify this defense.

Which of the following best describes the difference between applied ethics and normative ethics? In applied ethics we investigate specific ethical issues and questions. In normative ethics we investigate the nature of morality itself. In applied ethics we never appeal to ethical theories, and instead ONLY use moral values to support our arguments. In normative ethics we only appeal to ethical theories to support our arguments. In applied ethics we investigate specific ethical issues and questions, whereas in normative ethics we examine more abstract and generalized theories regarding what is morally right or wrong. In applied ethics we apply ethical theories to specific cases. In normative ethics we theorize about what is normal or accepted in a society.

In applied ethics we investigate specific ethical issues and questions, whereas in normative ethics we examine more abstract and generalized theories regarding what is morally right or wrong.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that normative cultural relativists use to defend their belief that our moral facts are simply defined by a culture/society? The good is a variant of the normal, both of which are identified by societies We have good reason to reject that there are universal moral principles like the categorical imperatives that apply to all cultures Societies disagree about what is right or wrong, and we do not have an objective way to settle this disagreement In observing the history of categorizing ethics, we can see that we have moved towards seeking a first principle of ethics

In observing the history of categorizing ethics, we can see that we have moved towards seeking a first principle of ethics KEY STUDY TIP: Remember that it is not enough to memorize the definition of the views we discuss. You also need to review the reasons the authors give to support that conclusion, or prove that it is true. (For this specific question, you may have to look at both the Benedict AND the Gensler/Tokmenko readings to find these defenses.)

According to the article for today, what does English think that grown children owe their parents? (Answer in 1 sentence.)

In the article we read for today, English thinks that grown children owe their parents nothing.

choice architects

Individuals who are responsible for the context in which people make decisions.

Imagine Aubie works at Meat Makers International, a leading supplier of bacon in the southern US. Their company asks its employees to offer suggestions about ways to improve their industrial agricultureAubie asks you what suggestions they should make to Meat Makers. You endorse the animal activist position highlighted in the article on compromise by Fischer and McWilliams. Based on the animal activist position from that article, what suggestions should you tell Aubie to make to their employer in industrial agriculture? Meat Makers International should remember that certainty of principle can interfere with our ability to act morally. Because of this, they should encourage consumers to participate in Meatless Mondays, where one day a week they go without eating any bacon in order to help reduce animal cruelty. Meat Makers International should not change anything in their current production process. There is nothing morally wrong with eating bacon, since pigs do not have rights or inherent dignity. Meat Makers International should make incremental improvements to the lives of the pigs they raise for slaughter. They can improve by giving the pigs larger cages that are more comfortable to live inside. Industrial agriculture, or factory farming, is an unjust industry. Rather than seeking to change and improve the company, Meat Makers International needs to dissolve the business because we should not reform unjust institutions.

Industrial agriculture, or factory farming, is an unjust industry. Rather than seeking to change and improve the company, Meat Makers International needs to dissolve the business because we should not reform unjust institutions.

Based on Martha Nussbaum's classification of different modes of objectification, how do instrumentality and fungibility differ? Instrumentality involves treating someone merely as an instrument, whereas fungibility involves a decay or deterioration of one's moral status as a person. Instrumentality involves treating someone as an interchangeable tool or instrument, whereas fungibility involves treating someone as equal to other people. Instrumentality involves treating someone merely as a tool, whereas fungibility involves treating someone as interchangeable with other objects or people. Instrumentality and fungibility are identical concepts, and both refer to using someone as a mere means to an end.

Instrumentality involves treating someone merely as a tool, whereas fungibility involves treating someone as interchangeable with other objects or people.

Which of these is not one of the values/virtues that Hourdequin identifies with integrity? Integrity will allow you to be the kind of person you want to be, even in the face of suffering Integrity will bring one's beliefs, words, and actions into line with one another, which has psychological benefits Integrity will help influence others to take your cause more seriously Integrity will make you honest and have strong moral principles

Integrity will make you honest and have strong moral principles

According to lectures and learning materials from this week, which of the following is true of moral psychology? Select all that apply. It gives us a theoretical approach to use to answer moral questions It allows us to act as perfect moral agents who are not vulnerable to psychological limitations like ethical fading It allows us to understand how our psychology interacts with and influences our moral decision making It allows us to think about how we can use what we know about our psychology to make better choices

It allows us to understand how our psychology interacts with and influences our moral decision making It allows us to think about how we can use what we know about our psychology to make better choices

What is the main ethical value or principle that Lafollette uses to support his argument that we should require parental licenses? It is legitimate to limit freedom in circumstances where an activity may be potentially harmful to others. Safety should be our only morally relevant concern, and freedom is irrelevant to questions of morality. It is wrong to hurt people or put them in unsafe environments unless they consent to being harmed. We should never limit freedom of anyone, including children, so we must ensure that children are raised in a free and healthy environment. We should limit freedom of people who are incompetent so that we have a smarter society.

It is legitimate to limit freedom in circumstances where an activity may be potentially harmful to others.

According to the reading, what is Lafollette's response to the objection you identified/explained in the previous question? Explain his response in your own words

Lafollette responds by saying these specific distinctions are not necessary, and they're not looking for the best most adequate parents to license, rather they're looking to exclude the very bad ones and the ones who may neglect or abuse their children. Although there isn't a great system in place to recognize good parents, through reliable and useable criteria, there is definitely a way to identify bad ones. This results in only licensing parents who are identified as not bad.

According to Jane English, grown children owe their parents ________________________. Nothing Love and friendship Mutuality Reciprocity

Nothing

Imagine you are reading an essay written by Aubie, in which he defends the view that Auburn's basketball team could beat Alabama's team in a basketball game. (In other words, Aubie believes Auburn's team could beat Alabama's team in basketball.) Since Aubie cares about making the strongest argument possible, he considers and responds to several possible objections to his view. Which of the following phrases would best help signal to you (as the reader) that Aubie is about to introduce an objection to his view? Despite worries about Auburn's season in basketball, everyone knows that they are the best basketball team at the collegiate level. Although you might be concerned about whether Auburn can beat Alabama, you should remember that Auburn has the better mascot on their side. One worry with my position is that Alabama has a better record in this year's March Madness basketball tournament than Auburn has. Only a fool would think that Alabama's student athletes are successful in their respective sports.

One worry with my position is that Alabama has a better record in this year's March Madness basketball tournament than Auburn has.

This week we read two articles that are in conversation with one another, by Sinnott-Armstrong and Hourdequin. Which of the following statements is something that both philosophers would agree with or use as a starting assumption in the articles we read? Select all that apply. Our individual actions do not cause harm in the context of global warming We should make the government do work towards mitigating the harms of global warming It would be morally better if we stopped engaging in activities like wasteful driving Global warming exists If we have a collective obligation to address a problem, this means we also always have an individual obligation to address that problem Changing our personal behaviors in response to global warming is supererogatory, and is a good thing for us to do

Our individual actions do not cause harm in the context of global warming We should make the government do work towards mitigating the harms of global warming It would be morally better if we stopped engaging in activities like wasteful driving Global warming exists

Why are Fischer and McWilliams concerned about having "purity of principle"? Purity of principle is at odds with our moral duties to animals, since it implies that we must follow a pure version of the principle of humanity in which only humans have dignity and value. Purity of principle often gets in the way of our other moral duties. By focusing on following one moral principle too strictly, we may unintentionally violate other, competing moral principles. Purity of principle is a form of ethical fading that causes us to ignore ALL moral values, acting only with financial incentives and personal preferences in mind. Purity of principle focuses on making small and incremental changes, which do not do enough to meaningfully impact injustice in the world.

Purity of principle often gets in the way of our other moral duties. By focusing on following one moral principle too strictly, we may unintentionally violate other, competing moral principles.

system 2 thinking

Reflective thinking that is slow, deliberate, and conscious. Often less charged with emotions.

According to Jane English, what is the difference between relationships of reciprocity and relationships of mutuality? Relationships of reciprocity are ones in which people are able to give and take the exact same amount. Relationships of mutuality are ones in which both people give to and take from one another, but give and take different amounts based on their needs and abilities. Relationships of reciprocity are based on exchanges for mutual benefit, while relationships of mutuality are based on exchanges that only benefit one party/participant. Relationships of reciprocity are ones in which language of owing is inappropriate, since they are based on love and care. Relationships of mutuality are ones in which the relationship is structured based on mutual favors, and you owe others for the favors they have done for you. Relationships of reciprocity are ones where people owe one another for favors, and any owing ends once one has repaid this debt. Relationships of mutuality are built off of shared love and care, and any ethical obligations in this context continue as long as the relationship continues.

Relationships of reciprocity are ones where people owe one another for favors, and any owing ends once one has repaid this debt. Relationships of mutuality are built off of shared love and care, and any ethical obligations in this context continue as long as the relationship continues.

Lafollette argues that there are three conditions under which we typically find it legitimate to regulate behavior through licensing. Which of the following is not part of the rationale we ordinarily provide to defend licensing? The activity in question is potentially harmful to others. Safe performance of the activity requires a certain competence. Restricting one's ability to perform the activity in question would not severely inconvenience them or restrict their freedoms. We have a moderately reliable procedure for determining proficiency to perform the activity in question.

Restricting one's ability to perform the activity in question would not severely inconvenience them or restrict their freedoms.

According to Daniel Kahneman, the complex and effortful reasoning used to answer a difficult math problem is known as _____________. Practical wisdom System 2 thinking System 1 thinking Tunnel Vision

System 2 thinking

Answer the following in 2-3 sentences, based on the reading by Peter Singer that was assigned for today's class: How does the Singer Solution to Global Poverty reflect/use utilitarianism? (In other words, how are the arguments he gives reflective of a concern for maximizing utility?) Make sure your answer demonstrates an understanding of the main idea of the "Singer Solution" as explained in today's reading.

The Singer Solution to Global Poverty is kinda focusing on everyday charity. This reflects utilitarianism because it maximizes utility by producing the greatest good for the greater number, as donating to charity affects everyone involved positively. What does the Singer Solution say we must do for charity? How much must we donate in order to do the right thing according to a utilitarian?

"Practical Objections to Licensing" Based on the text, identify the first practical objection Lafollette considers in response to his view. In your own words, explain that objection.

The first objection that Lafollette considers in response to his view is that "there may not be, or we may not be able to discover, adequate criteria of a "good parent". We simply do not have the knowledge, and it is unlikely that we could ever obtain the knowledge, that would enable us to distinguish adequate from inadequate parents". The objection is basically saying that there's no way for us to determine what a good parent is, and determining whether someone is an adequate or an inadequate parent is not possible. Therefore, licensing parents who are "good" is hard because how do we know which parent is "good" or not.

Which of the following is not an ethical principle that Sinnott-Armstrong considers (and rejects) as a possible justification for individual moral obligations to reduce global warming? The supererogatory principle The virtue principle The means principle The harm principle

The supererogatory principle

According to the readings for this week, ethical fading and motivated blindness are concerning because of the effects they have on people. Which of the following is NOT a reason why we should be concerned about ethical fading and motivated blindness? They make people unable to be objective They are a sign that a person has completely bad/corrupt ethical values They make us more likely to overlook others' unethical behavior They cause people to overlook their own values They make us fail to realize when we are acting unethically

They are a sign that a person has completely bad/corrupt ethical values

According to Marielle Elizabeth, how can we most effectively convince consumers to switch from fast fashion to supporting more ethical and sustainable clothing brands? Boycott all fast fashion brands, and demand that your loved ones only buy you clothing from sustainable fashion companies Offer tax write-offs to people who shop from sustainable brands so that they are nudged to change their shopping habits Think of ways to make those brands more inclusive and inviting so that people want to make more ethical choices Shame people who shop from fast fashion brands, putting social pressure on them to change their habits

Think of ways to make those brands more inclusive and inviting so that people want to make more ethical choices

As we discussed during the lecture on Jane English's paper, Confucianism offers a different way of understanding relationships between parent and child beyond the two frameworks (reciprocity and mutuality) found in English's account. Which of the following best describesthe parent/child relationship in Confucianism? This relationship is based on filial piety, and requires that children (including grown children) show respect for their elders. This relationship is based on love, and says that if we don't love everyone equally then society will be chaotic. This relationship is based on respect and deference within the context of an individual relationship, and ignores the role the community plays in our relationship with others. This relationship is based on the universalizable rule of promise keeping, which requires us to return any favors and discharge our debts to our parents who sacrificed for us when we were younger.

This relationship is based on filial piety, and requires that children (including grown children) show respect for their elders.

According to the readings and assigned learning materials for today, who was Toby Groves? What did Toby Groves do? (Be sure your answer shows how his actions are related to morality and thinking about ethics.)

Toby Groves was a business owner, and for a long time, found himself to be very successful. He was shocked when he sat down one night, to find himself 1/4 of a million dollars down the hole. In order to save his business he lied on his loan application about his income, in order to receive the load. After this, he continued to lose money and then started to ask his workers to help, by applying to buy a house that didn't exist, in order to get their business back to being successful. Surprisingly, all the workers agreed. He lied on multiple occasions on different applications and such which then resulted in him being in jail for fraud. although there were financial incentives, lying to this extent, especially with money, is illegal and morally wrong. Good! One important thing to remember is that in committing fraud, Toby Groves failed to act with integrity (as he violated his own deeply held moral commitments). He broke a promise he had made to his father that he would never commit fraud, and did it anyway (despite thinking that fraud was morally wrong)

Determine whether the following is true or false. Fischer and McWilliams believe that animals have rights, and that we should work towards eliminating industrial agriculture by taking small, incremental steps to improve (and eventually get rid of) the industry over time. True False

True

Determine whether the following statement is true or false: Good choice architects should offer choices to people that the person making the choice would think are good choices, rather than offering choices that just/only the choice architect decides are good or worthwhile.

True

In more than one of the ethical theories we've studied, reason plays an important role in helping us act morally. True False

True KEY STUDY TIP: This question asks you to compare and contrast theories, thinking about what they have in common (and where they differ). One way to approach this question is to go ethical theory by ethical theory, and think about whether reason plays a role in the theory.

Of the following ethical theories we've studied, which theory says that emotions play an important role in helping us identify the right thing to do? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Kantian deontology Utilitarianism Virtue theory Natural Law Theory

Utilitarianism KEY STUDY TIP: Make sure that you identify what the question is asking for (hint: look at the bolded and underlined text!). Emotions are relevant to all of these ethical theories, but emotions only HELP us find the right thing to do according to two theories. For the other two, emotions get in the way of our ability to do the right thing. Virtue theory KEY STUDY TIP: Make sure that you identify what the question is asking for (hint: look at the bolded and underlined text!). Emotions are relevant to all of these ethical theories, but emotions only HELP us find the right thing to do according to two theories. For the other two, emotions get in the way of our ability to do the right thing.

Which of the following best describes the Singer Solution to World Poverty proposed by Peter Singer? We ought to donate all or most of our excess income to effective charities rather than spending that money on luxuries, since these donations can help those in need. We ought to put pressure on our government to donate more to those in need since governments have the greatest amount of money and power, which gives them greater ability to meaningfully reduce global poverty. We ought to donate a small percentage of our excess income to effective charities rather than spending that money on luxuries, since these donations can help those in need. We ought to donate all or most of our excess income to only effective charities that help support children, rather than spending that money on luxuries, since children are not morally blameworthy for being in a situation where they are in poverty.

We ought to donate all or most of our excess income to effective charities rather than spending that money on luxuries, since these donations can help those in need.

Imagine we used utilitarianism to help strengthen this defense of eating meat. Which of the following questions would a utilitarian most likely need to ask in order to determine whether eating meat maximizes pleasure? What is the moral status of animals? Is their pain (e.g., from factory farming, or being killed) morally relevant? Are there sources of protein beyond meat? Do humans all have the same moral status, or do relative levels of intelligence impact the moral status of humans? Are humans designed by nature to feel pleasure when they eat meat? Are we motivated to seek this pleasure for good reasons, or is our pleasure motivated by a "go with the crowd" ethics?

What is the moral status of animals? Is their pain (e.g., from factory farming, or being killed) morally relevant?

libertarian paternalism

a policy that tries to influence people to choose in a way that will make them better off (as judged by themselves) but in a way that also preserves freedom of choice

integrity

ability to live up to your own values and to act in accordance with beliefs

relationship of mutuality

based on love and care, not owing, give/accept what you need

parent/child relationships

based on mutuality, sacrifice irrelevant to child's duty

whats the flaw in automatic thinking

can lead to tunnel vision

how do we determine duties to parents?

dependent on needs, abilities and resources plus extent of friendship

system 1 thinking

fast thinking, quick, automatic, effortless, no voluntary action, can lead to erroneous thinking

relationship of reciprocity

favor for someone, they owe you back -- after repaid then nothing but mutual respect from then on

Daniel Kahneman

founded S1 and S2 thinking "humans have two ways of thinking"

who supports licensing parents?

hugh lafollette

moral psychology

mental process goes along with making moral decisions

lafollette's reply to "having a right to bear children"

most right are not without limits to protect others, no more of an intrusive process than adoption

when choice architects push us towards certain decisions

nudging

what are the objections of licensing parents?

people have a right to bear children, shouldn't restrict before a wrong is committed

why license parents?

regulate activities already, parenting requires competence, can limit harm, already precedent with adoption process

how can we make better choices using nudging?

structure choices, physical reminders

what are the alternatives for licensing parents?

tax incentives for licensed parents, protective services scrutiny for non-licensed

Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Mark Wheeler's position is that celebrity promotion of charities can be a more effective means of foreign policy than some government interventions because people connect to celebrities in a way that they no longer do to politicians. True False

true

lafollette's reply to "shouldn't restrict before a wrong is committed"

use prior restraint for criminals who most likely would have repeated offense

licensing parent's argument

verification that one is prepared to be a parent to protect the child