Final Study Questions - GRY 100
sprawling squatter settlements in South Asia
What are bustees?
religious and linguistic differences
What are the sources of ethnic violence in Sri Lanka?
Nonviolence
What behavior does the South Asian religion of Jainism emphasize over all others?
Monsoons
What climatic factor dominates South Asia, often causing summer floods?
Bangladesh
What country of South Asia has been one of the most successful in the region in reducing its fertility rate?
Flooding
What is the most serious natural hazard in Bangladesh?
Hindi
What is the most widely spoken language in South Asia?
Dalits
What is the name for India's secluded or untouchable caste?
Hinduism
What religion dominates in India
Islam
What religion dominates in Pakistan and Bangladesh?
It provides low-interest credit to fund small-scale enterprise.
What role does the Grameen Bank play in Bangladesh?
The Maldives
Which country in South Asia is only 6 feet above sea level at its highest point, and therefore is most threatened by rising sea levels predicted to accompany climate change?
India
Which country of South Asia has the largest population in the region?
It is burdened by high levels of defense spending.
Which of the following is one of the main reasons that Pakistan has had a difficult time achieving economic growth?
Turkic-speaking Muslims from Central Asia
Who brought Islam to South Asia?
Mohandas Ghandi
Who is the father-figure of Indian independence?
Its wages are low.
Why is Bangladesh internationally competitive in textile and clothing manufacture?
Entrepot
a place where goods are imported, stored, and then transshipped; Singapore formed itself from this to one of the world's wealthiest and most modern states
Rain-Shadow Effect
area of low rainfall found on the downwind side of a mountain range; as winds move downslope, the air becomes warmer and dry conditions usually prevail; found on the Deccan Plateau (Hyderabad, Delhi, and Karachi)
Sikhism
arose in due to tension between Hinduism and Islam in northern South Asia; originated in the 1400s in the Punjab, near the modern boundary between India and Pakistan; combined elements of both religions; periodic persecution led the Sikhs to adopt a militantly defensive stance
Jati
caste system of India; highest to lowest- Gods, 1. Bhramin (priests, academics), 2. Kshartyia (warriors, kings), 3. Viasya (merchants, landowners), 4. Sudra (commoners, peasants, servants), Untouchable (Outcast-Out of Caste, street sweepers, latrine cleaners)
Orographic Rainfall
caused by the uplifting and cooling of moist monsoon winds over the Western Ghats and the Himalayan foothills; areas receive more than 200 inches of rain during the four month wet season
Varanasi
city on the banks of the Ganges River; the holiest city in Hinduism; a lot of people and pollution
Oceania
collection of islands that reaches from New Guinea and New Zealand to the US state of Hawaii in the mid-Pacific; Micronesia, Melanesia, etc.
Lingua Franca
common trade language; the Malay language overshadows all other languages in insular Southeast Asia
Native Title Bill
compensated aborigines for lands already given up and gave them the right to gain title to unclaimed lands they still occupied; also provided them with legal standing to deal with mining companies in native-settled areas
Caste System
complex division of South Asian society into different hierarchically ranked hereditary groups; the caste system is most explicit in Hindu society but is also found in other cultures to a lesser degree
FATA
Federally Administered Tribal Areas; semiautonomous tribal region in northwestern Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan
by the collision of peninsular India with the Asian landmass
How were the Himalayas formed?
South
In what part of India are Dravidian languages most likely to be spoken?
Kalimantan
Indonesian portion of the island Borneo (the rest of the island is part of Malaysia); facing deforestation for palm oil (which is depleting the orangutan population)
Hinduism and Islam
Sikhism is a blend of what two religions?
Typhoon
Southeast Asia and the Philippines are highly vulnerable to these tropical cyclones; bring devastating winds and torrential rain; cause damage through flooding and landslide
Swat Valley
"mini-Switzerland"; Taliban took it over; located in Pakistan bordering the FATA to the north and the east
Khyber Pass
"the Kabul-Jalalabad highway"; Afghanistan's lifeline to Pakistan on the Kabul River; dangers include Taliban spotters, military bases, and natural disasters (shifting rocks, winding road, etc.)
Austral Monsoon
"the wet"; dramatic and unpredictable seasonal changes that the tropical low-latitude north Australia experiences; specifically Darwin; major effects of flooding in the outback
Mughal Empire
16 and 17th century; most powerful of the Muslim states, dominated much of the region from its power center in the upper Indus-Ganges Basin
to retain the British policy, and allow them to maintain nearly full autonomy
After the partitioning of India in the late 1940s and the subsequent formation of Bangladesh in 1971, what was Pakistan's policy toward the Pashtun tribes in the country?
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations; includes every country in the region except East Timor; has created a generally effective system of regional cooperation
Penal Colony
Australia served as a prison for British convicts to keep them away from their general population when they first settled and colonized Australia; called "New Holland" at the time
Colonization
Britain, France, US, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese all colonized in Southeast Asia; the only country to always remain independent is Thailand
Migration Program
part of the "White Australia Policy" since the 1970s; limited nonwhite migration in Australia; promoted European and North American immigration at the expense of others
Reincarnation
part of the Hindu belief; concept that the soul or spirit, after biological death, begins a new life in a new body that may be human, animal, or spiritual depending on moral quality of previous life's actions
Ta Moko
permanent body and face covering that the Maori got; tattoos
Dowry
process whereby parental property is distributed to a daughter at her marriage rather than at the holder's death; wealth of bride's family is transferred to the groom and groom's family; results in conflicts / domestic violence / killing of wives
Geothermal Energy
refers to geothermal springs, geysers, steam vents, mud pools, etc.; located on North Island
Transmigration Policy
relocation of its population from one densely populated area to another area within its national territory that is less densely populated; high social and environmental costs accompany these relocation programs; offered 5 acres of land, a one year rice supply, and a one-way ticket in Indonesia
Maoist Insurgencies
revolutionary movement generated by poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation and inspired by former Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong; spread throughout eastern India and Nepal level of violence dropped by about 50% by 2011
Mallee
scrubby eucalyptus woodland vegetation; produced in in the Mediterranean climates of the southern and southwestern part of Australia
Monsoons - Winter/Summer
seasonal change of wind direction that corresponds to wet and dry periods; during winter a large high-pressure system forms over the cold Asian landmass; dry season from November until February; by early June the low pressure cell is strong enough to cause a shift in wind direction so that the warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean moves toward the continental interior
Sex Tourism
sex trade targeted at tourists / foreigners (especially outside US military bases); Thailand
Primate City
single, large urban settlements that overshadow all others (Ex. Thailands urban system dominated by Bangkok);
Killing Fields
sites in Cambodia where mass numbers of people were executed and buried into pits by the Khmer Rouge regime; genocide of all educated people
Swidden
small plots of several acres of forest or brush are periodically cut by hand; practiced throughout the rudded uplands of Southeast Asia; harmed by commercial logging
Bustees
squatter settlements; exist in and around urban areas, providing meager shelter for many migrants
Buddhism
started 563 BCE in India; Buddha was born into the elite caste and challenged the caste system; rejected the life of wealth and power and instead seeked enlightenment (mystical union with the universe) and said that such enlightenment was open to everyone no matter social status; the religion never completely replaced Hinduism in India
Great Barrier Reef
stretches along the eastern Queensland coast; one of the world's most spectacular examples of coral reef-building; threatened by varied forms of coastal pollution, now mostly protected in national marine park; world's largest living organism
Gendercide
systematic killing of members of a specific sex; killing infant girls because family's need a boy to provide, and they can't afford a dowry wedding; India has one of the worst gender ratio imbalances in world (10:7); government has offered to pay for all of daughters' educations to incentivize keeping and giving birth girls (rather than aborting them after finding out gender)
Stolen Generations
taking of aboriginal children from their families by whites to live with white ozzie families to "protect and create a better life for them"; went on until 1960s; about 100,000 children were taken from their families
Civil Disobedience (Satyagraha)
term coined by Ghandi; part of Indian indepence movement; nonviolent civil resistance; marches and demonstrations
Papua
the Indonesian half of the island of New Guinea; remains the region's least settled area; mineral mining has increased significantly (rich in gold) and palm oil plantation; annexed by Indonesia; very secluded indigenous people
Domino Theory
the idea that once a country adopted communism its neighbor countries would soon follow after; thought that if Vietnam adopted communism then Laos and Cambodia would follow; the reason for US going to war with Vietnam to prevent the spread communism; Vietnam split into North Vietnam (lead by Ho Chi Minh and influenced by China) which was for communism, and South Vietnam which wanted democracy
Hindu Nationalism
threating the current secular state of India; promotes Hindu values as the foundation of Indian society; Hindu nationalists have gained considerable political power through the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); Hindu mobs have demolished Muslim mosques that had allegedly been built on ancient Hindu sites
Eco Tourism
tourism that attracts tourists due to very undisturbed and beautiful natural habitats; Thailand
Trash Treks
trash clean-up plan in Nepal to reduce pollution in the Himalayan Mountains
El Nino
turns normally wet tropical forests into tinderboxes which causes large portions of Southeast Asia to suffer from droubt; one of the factors that combined to produce the region's air pollution disaster in the late 1990s
Artisean Wells
underground water resources; make grazing possible in dry areas; wells in the Great Artesian Basin in Australia; water runs down from a higher surface (mountain) after rainfall and is stored in sandstone / limestone between layers of impermeable rock
White Australia Policy
various policies by Britain that intentionally favored immigration from certain European countries (especially Britain) to make Australia a nation populated by white people
Outback
very dry, arid, sparsely settled area of Australia (as opposed to the Australian Core); mostly desert climate
Vietnam War
war that US went into with "limited engagement" to contain the spread of communism and prevent events of the 'domino theory' from happening; North Vietnam wanted communism and South Vietnam wanted democracy; US lost the war which ended in 1975 and North and South Vietnam were reunited as one country the following year (1976) with a communist government
Kumbh Mel Festival
world's largest religious gathering; occurs once every 12 years; ritual bathing at the banks of the river in whichever city the festival is being held
Sanskrit
writing in which many epic Hindu stories are usually written in; sacred language of the Hindu religion
Dalits
designation for a group of people traditionally regarded as "untouchable"; outside traditional order; ancestors held impure jobs such as leather working or trash collecting
Line of Control
dividing line in Kashmir between India control and Pakistan control
Islamic Sultante
dynasty of lands ruled by a sultan; small, but extremely wealthy; Brunei; wealth comes almost completely from crude oil / natural gas; British protectorate
Jainism
emerged in northern India around the same time Buddhism came about (circa 500 BCE); stressed non-violence to an extreme; Jains are forbidden to kill any living creatures; the most devoted members actually wear gauze masks to prevent them from swallowing small insects
British East India Company
followed Britain's victory against France in the "Seven Year War"; private organization that acted as an arm of the British government; free to carve out its own South Asian empire which was essentially completed by 1840; continuous expansion led to rebellion in 1856 across much of South Asia
Palm Oil
found in Indonesia; used in many consumer products from ice cream to lip stick and so on; because demand for it is so high it is being gathered at such a high rate that it is causing deforestation and therefor threating the orangutan inhabitants
Viticulture
grape cultivation; increasingly shaping the rural scene in places such as South Australia's Barossa Valley, the Riverina district in New South Wales, and Western Australia's Swan Valley
Khmer Rouge
guerilla based communist government of Cambodia; led by Pol Pot; led to a genocide on the educated people in Cambodia; turned a high school into a huge prison
Partition of India
happened in 1947; divided the British Indian Empire into different independent 'parts' (India and Pakistan); massive migration and violence; ethnic and religious differences
Silicon Plateau
hi-tech region in South Asia (southern India specifically); destination of many outsourced US jobs (primarily telephone support jobs)
Australian Core
higher populated urban part of Australia; located in the southeast (Sydney = 20% population)
Kashmir Conflict
hostility between the two nuclear powers of India and Pakistan; under the British, this region of predominately Muslim population was ruled by a Hindu maharaja, who managed to join the province to India upon partition but today many Kashmiris wish to join Pakistan, while many others argue for an independent state
Uluru
huge red-colored mountain looking rock; sacred spiritual site for the Anangu Aboriginal people; one of the world's largest monoliths; has climbing issues because it is made of sandstone
Dharavi Redevelopment Project:
improvements made to the formerly rough bustee-like city of Dharavi (the heart of Mumbai); includes projects such as elevated walkways, gardens and open spaces, multi-story residential and office complexes, new Dharavi railway station between Sion and Mahim, & multi-layer roads and car parks
Aborigine
indigenous inhabitant of Australia; currently make up only about 2% of population; arrived 60-70,000 years ago
Dravidian Language
languages of southern India belong to this language family; found only in South Asia
Golden Triangle
located in the mountains of northern Southeast Asia; one of the main cash crops has historically been opium, grown by local farmers for the global drug trade
Hinduism
main religion of South Asia, specifically India; emerged out of the early Ganges Valley civilization (now Pakistan); fewer than 1% of the people of Pakistan are now Hindu; more than 90% of the population in most of central India is Hindu; sort of polytheistic; "sacred cow" Goshalas
Mainland/Insular Regions
mainland is connected to the continent (NW of South China Sea); Insular region is the area of island countries (SE area of South China Sea)
Demographic Collapse
major decrease in aboriginal population when Britain arrived; aboriginals now have issues with life expectancy, unemployment, and alcoholism; the aboriginals first arrived 60-70,000 years ago and now make up only about 2% of population
Gross National Happiness (GNH)
measure of the quality / pleasure of life in Bhutan; based on the 4 pillars of 'Sustainable and Equitable Socio-Economic Development', 'Conservation of the Environment', 'Preservation and Promotion of Culture', and 'Good Governance'
Grameen Bank
microcredit plan for the poor; inventor won a Nobel peace prize; gave very small loans to high risk candidates (usually women) to start businesses
Hindi
most widely spoken language of South Asia; more than 500 million native speakers
Animism
name for the religions of tribal peoples in the highlands of Southeast Asia that worship nature spirits and their ancestors
Asia's Farm and Quarry
name given to Australia because of how much of their economic activity supplies China; specifically iron ore
Maori
natives of New Zealand; wear a lot of body ornaments such as ear piercing and face tattoos; 10% of population; warriors would perform a ceremonial dance called the Haka before battle; Polynesian roots
Land Down Under
nickname given to Australia; only place to sit entirely in the S. Hemisphere
Green Revolution
originated in the 1960s in agricultural research stations established by international development agencies; transformed South Asia from a region of chronic food deficiencies to one of self-sufficiency