FINAL TEST STATS
The lowest possible value of χ2 is ______, which represents ______.
0; no differences between the observed and expected frequencies
The interaction df for a 2 x 2 design will always be ______.
1
Lee collects data on the average minutes of daily practice on the guitar. She decides to convert the data to ranks. If her original data are 80, 50, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, what would her ranked data be if they represented the same order as the original data?
1, 2.5, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
According to these results, ______ of the variance in test scores were accounted for by gender.
1.1%
A 3 x 4 design has ______ cells.
12
Phi squared is computed when the contingency table is a ______.
2 x 2
What is the most basic factorial design?
2 x 2
Banning is examining whether parenthood (yes no) is related to willingness to support a bond for schools (yes maybe no). He could present the data in a ______ contingency table.
2 x 3
A researcher conducts a factorial design with the following three factors: Gender (male or female), age (18 28, 29 39, 40 50, 50+), and weight (underweight, normal weight, overweight). What type of factorial design is this?
2 x 4 x 3
A study is comparing the number of people who engage in different types of exercise (walking, jogging, classes on the green, use of an exercise trail) at a park to see if there is a preference for the usage of the park. The minimum number of participants needed in order to compute a chi-square test is ______.
20
With three different conditions in a repeated-measures design, how many different orders of condition are possible?
6______
A 2 x 2 x 2 design has ______ cells.
8
How might you describe this hypothesized interaction effect?
A cell phone ringing during a lecture will lead to more errors on an exam, especially for those students who have symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Which of the following is a good rationale for a factorial design?
A factorial design allows you to systematically examine potential confounds.
How might you describe this hypothesized interaction effect?
A ringing cell phone will lead to more errors on an exam for those low in narcissism, but those with high levels of narcissism will be unaffected.
How might you describe this hypothesized interaction effect?
A ringing cell phone will lead to more errors on an exam for those who take the analytical test, but will lead to less errors for those who take the creativity test.
Which is an appropriate measure of effect size for dependent-samples groups?
Cohen's d
One of the objections to the transformation of interval or ratio data to an ordinal scale is ______.
Correct too many tied ranks
Neshia examined the relationship between pet ownership (dog, cat, or other) and health (poor, average, excellent). Because the chi-squared test for independence was significant, she should compute a ______.
Cramer's V squared
Which of the following example shows the proper format to the report results of a dependent-samples ANOVA?
F(2, 459) = 4.57, p = .07
Which of the following would be an appropriate post hoc test to run after a dependent-samples ANOVA?
Fisher's LSD
What is true about post hoc tests and dependent-samples ANOVAs?
They are run only when results are significant.
If the participants' performance gets worse as a result of performing the same task repeatedly, this is known as ______.
a fatigue effect
This graph depicts ______.
a main effect for the first factor, but no main effect for the second factor and no interaction
This graph depicts ______.
a main effect for the second factor, but no main effect for the first factor and no interaction
If the participants' performance improves as a result of performing the same task repeatedly, this is known as ______.
a practice effect
These results indicate ______.
a statistically significant interaction effect
A two-way mixed ANOVA is used to ______.
analyze designs with one independent factor, one dependent factor, and an interval or ratio outcome
Which of the following is the appropriate analysis for a dependent multiple-groups design, when the outcome variable or DV is measured on an interval or ratio scale?
dependent-groups ANOVA
The type of study that best supports the goal of beginning with similar participant characteristics in our groups is the ______.
dependent-groups design
A factorial design in which all the levels of the factors are related via matching or repeated measures is called a(n) ______.
dependent-groups factorial design
A Cochran Q test is computed when you have ______.
dichotomous measure and three or more repeated measures or matched groups
When analyzing a factorial design, you must calculate F for ______.
each main effect and the interaction
Dr. Welthe examines whether the number of those with a college degree and those who have not earned a degree who are members of an investment club differs. She finds that χ2 obt = 6.54 and χ2 crit = 3.84, and can conclude ______.
education level is related to membership in the investment club
Assumptions for the chi-square goodness of fit include ______.
every member of the data set belongs to only one of the categories
A researcher conducts an experiment examining the effect of exercise on memory. He hypothesizes that the presence of music while exercising will moderate the effect and therefore also randomly assigns the participants to listen to music or not. This is a(n) ______ factorial design.
experimental
A researcher conducts a study with two IVs, both of which were manipulated and participants were randomly assigned to groups. This is a(n) ______.
experimental factorial design
With a chi-square goodness of fit we want to see if our data ______.
fit what we would expect by chance
A 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 factorial has ________.
four factors, each with three levels
The mean of the dependent variable (DV) (or outcome) of the entire sample is called the ______.
grand mean
The mean of each level of a factor that ignores the other factor is called ______.
group means
A main effect is ______.
how one variable predicts or affects the outcome
An interaction is ______.
how one variable predicts or affects the outcome based on the levels of another variable
A researcher conducts an experiment examining the effect of a new medication on anxiety. If she wants to examine participant gender as a potential moderating factor, she would have a(n) ______ factorial design.
hybrid
A design with at least one experimental IV and at least one quasi-IV or predictor is called a(n) ______.
hybrid factorial design
Parametric statistics assume which of the following?
normally distributed variables
Expected frequencies are the ______.
number we would expect in a category according to the null hypothesis
The chi-square test compares ______.
observed frequencies with expected frequencies
The chi-square goodness of fit is appropriate when we have ______.
one nominal variable with at least two categories
Counterbalancing eliminates ______.
order effects
Nonparametric statistics are used when we have ______
ordinal or nominal data
Which of the following is one of the assumptions for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA
outcome is interval or ratio scale of measurement
is used to assess the effect size of a dependent-groups ANOVA.
partial eta squared
A researcher conducts a 2 (major) x 2 (GPA) factorial. Which of the following might be the cells for this study?
psychology majors with under 2.5 GPA, psychology majors with 2.5 or higher GPA, biology majors with under 2.5 GPA, biology majors with 2.5 or higher GPA
A researcher conducts a study with two IVs, both of which were manipulated but participants were not randomly assigned to group. This is a(n) ______.
quasi-experimental factorial design
The chi-square goodness of fit for unequal frequencies is used when ______.
the alternative hypothesis predicts different frequencies for groups the null hypothesis is false
Where does the power of the dependent-groups design come from?
the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics
The chi-square test for independence tests whether ______.
the frequency distributions of two variables are independent
A researcher conducts a 2 (exercise) x 3 (type of music) factorial. The main effect for exercise is ______.
the impact of the exercise, not taking into account the type of music that was playing
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a matched design?
the matching variable may sensitize participants to the purpose of your study
Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the dependent-samples t test?
the n of the groups is equal
Desi wants to compare whether there is a difference in the number of people over and under 30 years of age who report using texting as their primary mode of communication. She might state the following as her alternative hypothesis ______.
the number of people under 30 and over 30 who report using texting as their primary mode of communication will differ
The specific statistic used to calculate the effect size for a χ2 test for independence depends on ______.
the size of the contingency table and the relationship of rows and columns
The standard deviation of the differences for a sampling distribution of mean differences is known as ______.
the standard error of the mean difference
A(n) ______ is the appropriate analysis for a 2 x 2 independent-groups factorial design, when the outcome measured on an interval or ratio scale.
two-way between-subjects ANOVA
A ______ is the appropriate analysis for a dependent-groups factorial design.
two-way within-subjects ANOVA
The computation of the expected frequency is more complicated for a test for independence than for a goodness of fit because ______.
we have to compute the probability of the frequency for each variable represented in the cell and multiply these probabilities
You should choose between using a Kruskal-Wallis H test and a Friedman ?2 to analyze your data based on ______.
whether the groups are dependent or independent
Which of the following is used to analyze data from matched groups two-group designs when the outcome variable or DV is measured on an interval or ratio scale?
within-subjects t test
This graph depicts ______.
no main effects and no interaction effect
The McNemar test is used when you have ______.
nominal dichotomous data and a dependent-groups design
______ is a factorial design in which all the factors have independent levels.
Independent-groups factorial design
Which of the following is true about practical significance and dependent-samples designs?
It is an interpretation of the impact of the effect in daily life.
Bobby collects data from 30 adolescents (15 ages 13 15 and 15 ages 16 18) on the average minutes of daily practice on the guitar and converts the data to ranks. He wants to know whether age is related to practice time. He should compute a ______.
Mann-Whitney U test
If you have ordinal data and want to compare two independent groups of 10 adults each, you should compute a ______.
Mann-Whitney U test
What nonparametric test for nominal data corresponds to the related-samples t test?
McNemar test
The appropriate statistic to compute when you have a dependent-groups design with nominal data is ______.
McNemar test or Cochran Q test
In a chi-square goodness of fit, the expected observations are computed by dividing ______.
N by the number of categories (k)
Richie wants to know whether the rankings for the 10 teams in his fantasy football league at the beginning and end of the season are related. What statistic would he compute to test his data?
Spearman's rho
______ is when participants are randomly assigned to different sequences of conditions so that each condition is represented in each order an equal number of times but not all sequences are represented.
Partial counterbalancing
When we have ordinal data and want to compare two independent groups of 30 adults each, we should compute a ______.
Rank Sums test
As her class project Tamara is comparing the scores of a sample of 25 undergraduates on a 10-item quiz about Global Warming to the average obtained from a very large national group. After analyzing the data, she finds χ2 (1, N = 25) = 1.56, p > .05. What would you tell her about her analysis?
She computed the wrong statistical test--a chi-square requires nominal data and she has interval data which should be analyzed with a one-sample t test.
This graph depicts ______.
two main effects but no interaction
Deedee is testing the effect of a new advising method on the study time of college students. Twelve students are matched on their GPAs and one of each pair is advised by the new method and one by the typical method. At the end of a month, all the students are ranked on their average daily study time. How would Deedee determine whether there is a difference in the study times of the two groups?
Wilcoxon T test
We compute a Spearman rho when we want to correlate ______.
two variables of ordinal data
The expected frequencies for each category of a chi-square goodness of fit
can differ according to the null hypothesis are irrelevant to the calculation of chi-square
Do twice as many females as males in high school report being bullied? In order to test this question you could review the previous semester s data from a high school and then compute a(n) ______.
chi-square goodness of fit with unequal frequencies
Data for a chi-square test for independence are presented in a ______.
contingency table
A researcher conducts a 2 (participant gender) ? 2 (participant marital status) factorial design. This is a(n) ______ factorial design.
correlational
Which of the following is one of the differences between a dependent-groups design and an independent-groups design?
decreased chance of confounds
The null hypothesis for a chi-square test for independence predicts that the two variables are ______.
independent
A 2 (gender of participant) x 2 (marital status of participant) design is an example of a(n) ______.
independent-groups factorial design
A factorial design with at least one factor with independent levels and at least one factor with dependent levels is called a(n) ______.
mixed factorial design
In an interaction, the factor that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between a predictor and the outcome (or one IV and the DV in an experiment) is called a ______.
moderator
Do children have a preference for a type of snack? When given the choice between snacks that are healthy, moderately healthy, or junk food, a study finds that 10 chose healthy snacks, 12 chose moderately healthy snacks, and 20 chose junk food. The analysis finds χ2 (2, N = 42) = 8.56, p < .01. Based on your study you can conclude ______.
more children preferred junk food than healthy or moderately healthy snacks
Bobby collects data from 30 adolescents on the average minutes of daily practice on the guitar and converts the data to ranks. He wants to know whether age (13 15 or 16 18) is related to practice time. His alternative hypothesis might state ______.
there will be a difference in the sum of ranks for older and younger adolescents
One of the advantages of nonparametric tests is ______.
they are appropriate for small samples with a nonnormal distribution of scores
A researcher examines how both education level and political beliefs relate to environmental values. A main effect hypothesis for education level might be ______.
those with a college degree will have stronger environmental values than those without a college degree
A researcher examines how both education level and political beliefs relate to environmental values. An interaction hypothesis might be ______.
those with a college degree will have stronger environmental values than those without a college degree, and this relationship will be stronger for liberals than conservatives
A(n) ______ is the appropriate analysis for a 2 x 2 x 2 independent-groups factorial design, when the outcome is measured on an interval or ratio scale.
three-way between-subjects ANOVA
