Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance
T/F: Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.
False
T/F: Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest.
False
T/F: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones.
False
T/F: The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium.
False
Excessive amounts of potassium in the body may lead to:
Fibrillations of the heart
Body water content is greatest in
Infants
Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.
7.0 and 7.35
A buffer system generally contains:
A weak acid and a strong base
The rate and depth of breathing has a regulatory influence on the:
Acid/base balance of the body
Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?
Adipose Tissue
Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention.
Aldosterone
The concentration of potassium in the blood is regulated by:
Aldosterone
When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, __________.
Aldosterone levels decrease
The intracellular fluid compartment refers to all the water found in:
All cells of the body
Two Substances secreted into the proximal convoluted tubules in exchange for sodium ions
Ammonium abd Hydrogen Ions
Two ions produced during catabolism of glutamine
Ammonium ions and bicarbonate
The release of aldosterone forms the adrenal cortex is related to the presence of:
Angiotensin II produced in the lung
At the venule end of the capillary, water enters the capillary:
Because the colloid osmotic pressure exceeds the hydrostatic pressure
Part of an important chemical buffer system in plasma
Bicarbonate
Two main substances regulated by parathyroid hormone
Ca2+ and Phosphate
All the following are important electrolytes in the body except:
Carbon Ions
Gastric juice contains:
Chloride Ions
Which of the following factors will enhance ADH release?
Decrease in ECF volume and decrease in ECF osmolarity
Which of the following may be a possible cause of edema in the tissues?
Decrease levels of proteins in the plasma
When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________.
Decreased sodium and water reabsorption
Parathyroid hormone __________.
Enhances release of calcium from bone
Sodium balance is regulated primarily by control of amounts
Excreted in urine
Approximately one-third of the body water exists in the
Extracellular Compartment
The hormones aldosterone and ADH both have an important function in:
Fluid balance of the body
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.
Generating new HCO3-
Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?
Glucose
The Ph of the blood varies directly with
HCO3-
An example of a strong acid found in the body is:
Hydrochloric Acid
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?
Hydrogen
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as
Hyponatremia
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________.
Hypotonic ECF
Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells?
Hypotonic Hydration
Which condition would cause a drop in pH?
Hypoventilation
Potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions are predominate electrolytes in
ICF
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?
ICF
The carboxyl groups of amino acids in proteins:
Increase the acidity of the surrounding environments
Water balance is regulated by control amounts
Ingested and excreted in urine
Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.
Insensible Water Loss
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __________.
Interstitial Fluid
What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?
K+
Two main substances regulated by the influence of aldosterone
K+ and Na+
Most water is excreted via the __________.
Kidneys
ADH acts on the ____________ to ___________ water excretion.
Kidneys; Decrease
The normal pH of the venous blood and interstitial fluid is slightly:
More acidic than arterial blood
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.
Na+
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.
Na+ transport
Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water.
One hour
All of the following would occur if there were an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________.
Production of large amounts of urine
Which of the following would INCREASE sodium excretion?
Progestrone
The interstitial fluid is generally poor while the plasma is generally rich in:
Protein
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________ buffer system.
Protein
In an individual with metabolic acidosis, a clue that the respiratory system is compensating is provided by
Rapid Deep Breathing
The loss of bicarbonate ions from the body through urine excretion:
Relieves the alkaline condition of the blood
A base may be defined as a chemical compound that:
Removes hydrogen ions from a solution
A low concentration of sodium in the blood stimulates the production of:
Renin from the nephron of the kidney
Someone who is suffocating would develop __________.
Respiratory Acidosis
Hyperventilation can lead to __________.
Respiratory Alkalosis
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.
Salts
Normal arterial blood pH is __________.
Slightly Alkaline
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________.
Sodium
Ninety percent of the cations in the extracellular fluids consist of:
Sodium Ions
The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________.
The concentration of K+ in the ECF
Starling's law of the capillaries indicates:
The direction the fluid flows between interstitial fluid and capillary
When the concentration of solutes is the same on both inside and outside cells, then:
The osmotic pressure is zero
Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma?
The phosphate buffer system
Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?
Their insufficient kidneys
Osmoreceptors detect a decreased blood volume and increased blood concentration of salt and stimulate:
Thirst
Water leaves the body by all the following mechanisms except:
Through metabolic reactions taking place in the cells
The major source of water loss from the body is __________.
Urine
Substances regulated by ADH's effects on the renal tubules
Water
In the process of osmosis:
Water moves from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration
Which statement about acids is true?
Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.