Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance

T/F: Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.

False

T/F: Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest.

False

T/F: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones.

False

T/F: The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium.

False

Excessive amounts of potassium in the body may lead to:

Fibrillations of the heart

Body water content is greatest in

Infants

Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.

7.0 and 7.35

A buffer system generally contains:

A weak acid and a strong base

The rate and depth of breathing has a regulatory influence on the:

Acid/base balance of the body

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?

Adipose Tissue

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention.

Aldosterone

The concentration of potassium in the blood is regulated by:

Aldosterone

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, __________.

Aldosterone levels decrease

The intracellular fluid compartment refers to all the water found in:

All cells of the body

Two Substances secreted into the proximal convoluted tubules in exchange for sodium ions

Ammonium abd Hydrogen Ions

Two ions produced during catabolism of glutamine

Ammonium ions and bicarbonate

The release of aldosterone forms the adrenal cortex is related to the presence of:

Angiotensin II produced in the lung

At the venule end of the capillary, water enters the capillary:

Because the colloid osmotic pressure exceeds the hydrostatic pressure

Part of an important chemical buffer system in plasma

Bicarbonate

Two main substances regulated by parathyroid hormone

Ca2+ and Phosphate

All the following are important electrolytes in the body except:

Carbon Ions

Gastric juice contains:

Chloride Ions

Which of the following factors will enhance ADH release?

Decrease in ECF volume and decrease in ECF osmolarity

Which of the following may be a possible cause of edema in the tissues?

Decrease levels of proteins in the plasma

When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________.

Decreased sodium and water reabsorption

Parathyroid hormone __________.

Enhances release of calcium from bone

Sodium balance is regulated primarily by control of amounts

Excreted in urine

Approximately one-third of the body water exists in the

Extracellular Compartment

The hormones aldosterone and ADH both have an important function in:

Fluid balance of the body

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.

Generating new HCO3-

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

Glucose

The Ph of the blood varies directly with

HCO3-

An example of a strong acid found in the body is:

Hydrochloric Acid

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?

Hydrogen

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as

Hyponatremia

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________.

Hypotonic ECF

Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells?

Hypotonic Hydration

Which condition would cause a drop in pH?

Hypoventilation

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions are predominate electrolytes in

ICF

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?

ICF

The carboxyl groups of amino acids in proteins:

Increase the acidity of the surrounding environments

Water balance is regulated by control amounts

Ingested and excreted in urine

Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.

Insensible Water Loss

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __________.

Interstitial Fluid

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?

K+

Two main substances regulated by the influence of aldosterone

K+ and Na+

Most water is excreted via the __________.

Kidneys

ADH acts on the ____________ to ___________ water excretion.

Kidneys; Decrease

The normal pH of the venous blood and interstitial fluid is slightly:

More acidic than arterial blood

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.

Na+

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.

Na+ transport

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water.

One hour

All of the following would occur if there were an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________.

Production of large amounts of urine

Which of the following would INCREASE sodium excretion?

Progestrone

The interstitial fluid is generally poor while the plasma is generally rich in:

Protein

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________ buffer system.

Protein

In an individual with metabolic acidosis, a clue that the respiratory system is compensating is provided by

Rapid Deep Breathing

The loss of bicarbonate ions from the body through urine excretion:

Relieves the alkaline condition of the blood

A base may be defined as a chemical compound that:

Removes hydrogen ions from a solution

A low concentration of sodium in the blood stimulates the production of:

Renin from the nephron of the kidney

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________.

Respiratory Acidosis

Hyperventilation can lead to __________.

Respiratory Alkalosis

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.

Salts

Normal arterial blood pH is __________.

Slightly Alkaline

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________.

Sodium

Ninety percent of the cations in the extracellular fluids consist of:

Sodium Ions

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________.

The concentration of K+ in the ECF

Starling's law of the capillaries indicates:

The direction the fluid flows between interstitial fluid and capillary

When the concentration of solutes is the same on both inside and outside cells, then:

The osmotic pressure is zero

Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma?

The phosphate buffer system

Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?

Their insufficient kidneys

Osmoreceptors detect a decreased blood volume and increased blood concentration of salt and stimulate:

Thirst

Water leaves the body by all the following mechanisms except:

Through metabolic reactions taking place in the cells

The major source of water loss from the body is __________.

Urine

Substances regulated by ADH's effects on the renal tubules

Water

In the process of osmosis:

Water moves from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration

Which statement about acids is true?

Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.