FNH121- ch. 19

Because of its high mineral content and low fat content, low-fat and fat-free cow's milk should not be fed to infants until they are at least ______ year(s) of age

2

Low-fat or skim milk should not be fed to young children until they reach ______ year(s) of age.

2

An infant who weighed 8 lbs at birth should weigh ____ lbs on his first birthday.

24

Teens should consume __ servings per day from the dairy group to meet their daily calcium needs.

3

Childhood obesity is a serious concern because about ______ of obese children become obese adults.

40%

Compared to meals prepared at home, the average meal consumed from fast-food restaurants provides

400 more milligrams of sodium. 14 more grams of fat. 300 more kilocalories.

At what age should solid foods be introduced?

6 months

About ______ of obese adolescents become obese adults.

80%

What is a common factor among female teens that leads to low iron stores and the potential development of iron-deficiency anemia?

A heavy menstrual cycle

After introducing a new solid food to the infant's diet, how long should one wait before introducing a second food?

About 7 days

Why are adolescents at particular risk for eating disorders?

Adolescents may lack effective coping skills. Adolescent boys may be dissatisfied with slow gains in muscularity. Adolescent girls may be dissatisfied with normal physiological increases in body fat that occur during puberty.

Which statement best describes a food intolerance?

An adverse reaction to food that does not involve an immune response to an allergen

Why are the caloric and micro/macronutrient needs per kilogram of body weight of children less than the needs of infants?

As an infant transitions through the toddler and preschool years, growth rate decreases.

Which statements are true in terms of the nutritional needs of an infant during development?

Before 6 months of age, breastfeeding or formula feeding can meet the nutritional needs of an infant. Vitamin D supplementation is necessary for both breastfed and formula-fed infants if vitamin D intake is less than 400 IU per day. Iron stores are exhausted at around 6 months, so infants need to begin consuming iron-fortified solid foods.

What is the major advantage of breastfeeding over formula feeding with regard to long-term health?

Breastfeeding provides increased immunity or immune protection.

______ imparts greater immune benefits compared to ______.

Breastfeeding; formula feeding

What are some reasons why obesity and type 2 diabetes are on the rise among children and teenagers?

Children consume more sugared beverages now than in the past. Children spend more time watching TV now than in the past. Children spend more time playing video games now than in the past.

Why may it be more beneficial to offer children six smaller meals per day as opposed to three larger meals?

Children have smaller stomachs, so offering smaller more frequent meals results in a more successful feeding experience.

What is a common benefit found among children who eat breakfast in comparison to children who do not eat breakfast?

Children who eat breakfast are more likely to meet their daily needs for vitamins and minerals.

What are some strategies a female teen can use to ensure adequate intake of iron and prevent iron-deficiency anemia?

Consume a balanced multivitamin and mineral supplement Consume iron-rich food sources

Why is it important to wait about a week after introducing one solid food item to introduce another?

Development of a food allergy or intolerance may take up to 7 days to appear.

Which statement is true about the development of healthful eating habits, regular physical activity, and the life span?

Establishing healthful eating habits and regular physical activity at a young age will most likely carry over into adulthood.

Which statements are true in reference to the function and importance of fat in the infant's diet?

Fat helps infants meet their calorie needs given their small stomach capacities. Fat helps with the development of the infant's nervous system.

______ are a dense source of energy (9 kcal/g) and serve as important regulators of the growth and development of the infant's nervous system.

Fats

Who is most likely to experience a rapid growth spurt first during the teenage years?

Girls

Which statement is true about when females reach their peak growth rate?

Girls experience peak growth rate just before the onset of menstrual periods.

What are some strategies that may be used to prevent the onset of early childhood caries?

Have the infant drink from a cup rather than a bottle. Do not put the infant in an infant seat with a bottle propped up. Do not put the infant to bed with a bottle.

Why do physicians measure head circumference?

Head circumference is an indicator of brain growth.

Which of the following dietary components is necessary during the first six months of life?

Human milk or infant formula

Heart-healthy dietary habits should begin during childhood. Which of the following habits promote heart health throughout the lifespan?

Incorporate two servings of fish each week. After age 2, choose low-fat dairy products. Remove visible fat and skin from meats.

What are some dietary factors that contribute to childhood obesity?

Increased availability of calorie-dense foods Excessive snacking Increased reliance on fast food restaurants

Which dietary factor contributes the most to inadequate calcium consumption among teenagers?

Increased consumption of soft drinks

What is one of the main dietary factors associated with the increase in childhood obesity?

Increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages

How does the increased consumption of fast food and sugary beverages negatively affect the nutrition status of the teenager?

Increased consumption of these foods results in decreased consumption of nutrient-dense foods.

Why are infants unable to tolerate cow's milk?

Infants are unable to tolerate the high mineral and protein content of cow's milk.

What nutrients may be lacking in the diet of a child consuming a strict vegetarian diet?

Iron Vitamin D Vitamin B-12

What are the nutritional risks for vegetarian children?

Iron-deficiency anemia Vitamin D deficiency Inadequate calorie intake Vitamin B-12 deficiency

What type of milk should children (after age 2) drink to help establish heart-healthy eating habits?

Low-fat milk

What is the age range when males and females begin to experience their rapid growth spurt?

Males: 12-15 years old; Females: 10-13 years old

Select all of the following foods that are choking hazards for young children.

Popcorn Grapes Hot dogs Peanut butter

What is a good strategy used to promote infant acceptance of food?

Presenting the new food on several consecutive days.

If a child was in the 90th percentile for height-for-age according to the growth charts, how may one interpret these results?

The child is shorter than 10% of children his age, and taller than 89%.

______ has increased significantly over recent years among children and adolescents.

The rate of obesity Type 2 diabetes

True or false: Growth charts developed by the CDC and other health organizations show how an individual's size (e.g., weight or height) compares to the sizes of other children of the same age and biological sex.

True

Which statements are correct in reference to type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes was initially believed to be a disease that could only be developed in adulthood. A growing number of children are developing type 2 diabetes.

Presenting a new food repeatedly over several consecutive days will ______ the infant's acceptance of the food.

aid

Head circumference is an important indicator of

brain growth

An increased consumption of soft drinks contributes to a decrease in ______ intake for teenagers.

calcium

The vast majority of teenagers in the United States are not meeting their needs for which mineral?

calcium

Because sugar-sweetened beverages often displace milk in the typical dietary pattern, many teenagers fall short on

calcium. vitamin D.

Per kilogram of body weight, calorie intake ______ from infancy into childhood.

decreases

Prolonged episodes of vomiting or diarrhea coupled with insufficient intake of breast milk or formula can rapidly lead to ______ among infants.

dehydration

An infant's birth weight ______ within the first 4 to 6 months and ______ by the first birthday.

doubles; triples

Childhood is an important time to establish behaviors such as

eating in response to hunger cues. engaging in physical activity during leisure time. making nutrient-dense food choices.

There have been thousands of reports of caffeine poisoning in children as a result of excessive intake of

energy drinks.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, fruit juice is an essential part of the infant's diet.

false

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends fruit juice as an essential part of an infant's diet.

false

True or false: For the most part, males in the teenage years are consuming recommended amounts for calcium, whereas females are lacking.

false

True or false: Infants are able to consume cow's milk after 3 months of age.

false

True or false: It is not easy for infants to become dehydrated due to the massive amount of formula or human milk they consume per kilogram body weight.

false

True or false: Most teenagers meet or exceed their MyPlate recommendations for daily servings of fruits and vegetables.

false

True or false: Once solid foods are introduced, there is no need to continue feeding the infant formula or human milk.

false

A ______ involves an immune response to a food protein.

food allergy

A substantial percentage of high school students do not consume the recommended number of servings of

fruits and vegetables.

As a percentage of total calories, the recommended fat intake for an infant is ______ that for any other stage of the life cycle.

higher than

The average trip to a fast-food establishment yields about 300 extra kilocalories, 14 additional grams of fat, and 400 milligrams of sodium _____ of typical home prepared meals.

in excess

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been ______ among school-aged children.

increasing

Among children, consuming too much caffeine can lead to

insomnia. gastrointestinal distress. anxiety.

An adverse reaction to food that does not involve an immune response is a food

intolerance.

Calorie restriction _____ advised for infants who weigh above accepted weight standards.

is not

Preschool children eat ______ than infants or adults.

less

Foods that are round, compressible, and small in diameter are ______ for infant feeding.

not recommended

Intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugars exceed the recommendations set by the American Heart Association placing teens at risk for

obesity and cardiovascular disease.

High intakes of 100% fruit juices in children have been linked to

obesity. metabolic syndrome. fatty liver.

Tina is a 12-year-old girl. Her BMI-for-age fall at the 90th percentile. Tina is

overweight.

Infants who are beginning to eat solid food ______ be allowed to self-feed.

should

After _____ months of age, developmentally appropriate nutrient-dense foods will help meet the infant's kilocalorie and iron needs.

six

Which mineral is being overconsumed by the majority of high school students across the country?

sodium

Calorie restriction during infancy could result in

stunting of growth. poor nervous system development. slow organ growth.

Initially, the introduction of "table food" should ______ formula or human milk in the infant's diet.

supplement

It may be beneficial to feed a child 6 small meals as opposed to 3 larger meals each day because

their stomachs are so small.

How many servings of milk, cheese and yogurt should teens have every day?

three

Children who eat breakfast are more likely to meet their daily needs for vitamins and minerals than children who do not eat breakfast.

true

Compared to other stages of the life cycle, teens are at increased risk for eating disorders.

true

True or false: Infants must be allowed to practice and experiment feeding on their own in order to develop self-feeding skills.

true

The diets of vegetarian adolescents should be closely monitored to ensure adequate ______ intake.

vitamin B-12 calcium iron

A teen who follows a vegetarian diet may have low intakes of

vitamin B-12. calcium. iron.

Excess consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among children can lead to

weight gain. high blood lipids. increased inflammation