Food and Nutrition Chapter 4

Process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph

Absorption

The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _____ of the digestive system that assist the GI tract in food digestion, nutrient absorption and distribution, and waste elimination.

Accessory organs

Substances that donate hydrogen ions

Acids

_____ are substances that lose H+ when dissolved in water; _____ are substances that remove and accept H+ when dissolved in water

Acids, bases

The normal pH of blood is slightly

Alkaline

_____ is a group of organ that work together for a similar purpose. The urinary system, for example, includes the kidneys and the bladder

An organ system

Scientific study of cells and other body structures

Anatomy

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Arteries (動脈）

Substances that accept hydrogen ions

Bases

Substance that is produced by the liver to prepare fat and fat-soluble vitamins for digestion and absorption

Bile

Extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it

Bioavailability

Plasma, red blood cells, and white blood cells are components of

Blood

Smallest blood vessels

Capillaries

The _____ system is an example of an organ system

Cardiovascular

Two systems responsible for circulating fluids through the body

Cardiovascular system, lymphatic system

Humans are a mixture of chemicals which are organized into

Cells

Attraction that holds atoms together

Chemical bond

Process that change the atomic arrangements or molecules

Chemical reactions

Particles formed by small intestinal cells that transports lipids in the bloodstream

Chylomicron

Mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food

Chyme

Molecules that contain two or more different elements in specific proportions

Compounds

Molecule that contains coded instructions for synthesizing proteins

DNA

Process by which large food molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down

Digestion

The primary roles of the _____ system are the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller components (nutrients) and the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Digestive

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines are the major structures of the

Digestive system

Bicarbonate secreted here

Duodenum

First segment of the small intestine

Duodenum

The small intestine has three sections

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Ions of minerals that conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water

Electrolytes

Small, negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus of an atom

Electrons（電子）

Each type of atom; substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

Element

_____ is comprised of organs and tissues, including the thyroid gland and pancreas that produce a variety of chemical messengers called hormones.

Endocrine System

An _____ is a molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes (speeds up) a particular chemical reaction.

Enzyme

Molecule (usually a protein) that speeds up a particular chemical reaction

Enzyme

_____ are recyclable; they do not become part of the products of a reaction, as a result, one _____ molecule can catalyze many reactions

Enzyme

Flap of tissue that folds down over the windpipe to keep food from entering the respiratory system during swallowing

Epiglottis

The _____ is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea during food consumption

Epiglottis

Tubular structure of the GI tract that connects the pharynx with the stomach

Esophagus

Condition that can result when acid reflux damages the wall of the lower esophagus and causes ulcers

Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

Gastrointestinal tract

Chemical symbol for hydrogen ion

H+

Backflow of irritating stomach contents into the esophagus

Heartburn

If the gastroesophageal sphincter does not function properly and relaxes while food is still in the stomach, reflux, the backflow of irritating stomach contents into the esophagus, can occur and cause

Heartburn

Maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival

Homeostasis

_____ is the relatively constant internal environment in the body that is critical for good health and survival

Homeostasis

When released into the bloodstream, a _____ conveys information to cells that are specially equipped to respond (target cells)

Hormones

_____ regulate a variety of physiological activities, including metabolism, digestion, maintenance of fluid balance, and the maturation of reproductive organs that occurs during puberty

Hormones

Last segment of the small intestine

Ileum

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by

Increasing the surface area

Hair, nails, and skin, the largest organ of your body, are structures of the _____

Integumentary System

What can metabolize food, make vitamins K and biotin, and produce substances that the colon can use for energy

Intestinal bacteria

Atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

Ion

Middle segment of the small intestine

Jejunum

Most digestion and absorption occurs here

Jejunum

Lymph vessel in villus that absorbs most lipids

Lacteal

The _____ intestine doesn't have villi

Large

Minimal absorption occurs here

Lieum

The _____ uses cholesterol to make bile

Liver

Section of esophagus next to the stomach that controls the opening to the stomach

Lower gastroesophageal sphincter

A _____ is a hollow space in an organ or structure that is surrounded by walls, such as the lumen of the small and large intestines

Lumen

Open space within a structure such as the small intestine

Lumen

_____, the primary structures of the respiratory system, enable the body to exchange gases, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide

Lungs

Organs that work together to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood

Lungs, kidneys

Fluid in the lymphatic system

Lymph

_____ vessels empty their contents (including chylomicrons) into the cardiovascular system through a duct neat the heart

Lymphatic

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the

Lymphatic system

Elements that are found in the Earth's crust

Minerals

A typical human cell contains certain structures and various organelles, including

Mitochondria, ribosomes, and a nucleus

Matter that forms when two or more atoms interact and are held together by a chemical bond

Molecule (分子・微分子）

Fluid that lubricates and protects certain cells

Mucus

_____ is a slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes

Mucus

_____ are the main organs of the muscular system.

Muscles

_____ enable movement to occur, and they also provide stability for the body, Furthermore, muscles generate heat that helps maintain normal body tempratura.

Muscles

When an atom gains one electron, it has a ____ charge

Negative

The brain produces a variety of intellectual functions and emotional responses, including thoughts, memories, and emotions. The brain also controls and regulates many body functions, including hunger, muscle contractions, and physical responses to danger

Nervous System

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the rest of the body make up the

Nervous system

Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell

Nucleus

What is the name for the cellular structure that stores the genetic material that directs protein synthesis in the cell?

Nucleus

A human being is an _____, an organism that can digest and absorb nutrients from plants, animals, fungi, and even bacteria

Omnivore

Organism that can digest and absorb nutrients from plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

Omnivore

Collection of tissues that function in a related fashion

Organ

Group of organs that work together for a similar purpose

Organ system

Structures in cells that have specific functions

Organelles

Two organs that produce most of the digestive enzymes

Pancreas, small intestine

Swallowing signals the GI tract that food is being eaten and stimulates _____, waves of muscular activity that help propel material through the digestive tract

Peristalsis

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

Peristalsis

Type of muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract

Peristalsis

Scientific study of the functioning of cells and other body structures

Physiology

Positively charged particles in the nucleus（細胞核・核心） of an atom

Protons（陽子）

Lower section of the large intestine

Rectum

The main function of the _____ is to produce children

Reproductive System

_____ enables a minor amount of starch digestion to occur in the mouth

Salivary amylase

Saliva contains the enzymes _____ and _____.

Salivary amylase, lingual lipase

Substance that forms when an acid combines with a base

Salt

_____ involves ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxation of a small region of the small intestine

Segmentation

These structures provide support, movement, and protection for the body. Additionally, bones store excesses of several minerals and produce blood cells

Skeletal System

Almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the _____ intestine

Small

Describes a substance's ability to dissolve and form a solution

Solubility

Lesser component of a solution that dissolves in solvent

Solute

Evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds

Solution

Primary component of a solution

Solvent

A cell is the smallest functional unit of an organism and is specialized to perform a particular function

T

Functions of the liver 1) Manufactures bile 2) Makes cholesterol

T

Functions of the lymphatic system 1) defense of the body against invading pathogens 2) Transport of absorbed dietary fats 3) Returns fluid that collects between cells back to the bloodstream

T

Segmentation differs from peristalsis in that segmentation mixes chime through a back and forth movement

T

The absorptive cells of the villus 1) move nutrients from chime into intestinal blood 2) move nutrients from chime into lacteals

T

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in 1) partially digesting protein 2) killing disease causing microorganisms 3) activating some digestive enzymes

T

_____ have specialized cells that help you distinguish sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami tastes

Taste buds

The major components of the cardiovascular system are _____, _____, and _____.

The heart, blood, blood vessels

Bones, tendons, and ligaments are the principal organs of

The skeletal system

Cells that have similar characteristics and functions are usually joined together into large masses called

Tissues

Masses of cells that have similar characteristics and functions

Tissues

Vessels that return blood to heart

Veins

Under normal circumstances, _____ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine

Very little

(singular, villus) tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestinal lining that participate in digesting and absorbing food

Villi

The main function of the gastroesphageal sphincter is to

close the opening between the esophagus and the stomach

Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

pH