foods exam 2 (chap 4-6)

True or false: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat.

true

True or false: Final digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine.

true

True or false: Studies show that the death rates for chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes are lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians.

true

True or false: Vitamin B-12 is found primarily in animal foods.

true

Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?

vegetarians

_______ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein; their role is to transport fat that has been absorbed from the GI tract.

Chylomicrons

______ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body.

Very-low-density lipoproteins

Which type of diet poses an increased risk for dehydration?

high protein

A saturated fatty acid contains

no double bonds

The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called

photosynthesis

After absorption, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides inside intestinal cells are

reformed into triglycerides.

Which of the following is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids?

salmon

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

Of the following,(sugar cane, alcohol, grains, and fruits) which is a major source of sucrose?

sugar cane

True or false: A diet high in animal protein can reduce a person's chance of developing cardiovascular disease.

False

Which of the following may occur when a person's dietary pattern is chronically low in protein?

Muscles and organs may decrease in size. Edema develops as fluids accumulate in extracellular spaces. Immune function is impaired.

Polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes, and therefore cannot be absorbed, are called

fiber

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat. it is likely to be low in dietary fiber and phytochemicals.

Major fructose sources include

fruits and sweetened beverages.

After absorption, galactose is converted to ________ in the liver.

glucose

______ is an essential omega-6 fatty acid.

linoleic acid (LA)

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins

Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?

proteins

Adults need to consume only about 5% of total calories per day from essential fatty acids. This corresponds to about _______ of plant oil each day.

2 to 4 tablespoons

______ is an essential omega-3 fatty acid.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

______ are proteins produced by one type of white blood cell that bind to foreign proteins to facilitate their removal from the body.

Antibodies

______ is a condition in which one lacks the enzyme lactase. Symptoms include gas and bloating after consuming dairy products.

Lactose intolerance

In extreme starvation, _____ from muscle tissue start to be converted to glucose, which wastes muscle and produces edema.

amino acids

Recycled _____ make an important contribution to total protein metabolism.

amino acids

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Most ______ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all nine essential amino acids.

animal

A(n) ______ is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution.

buffer

Which of the following is a food source of cholesterol?

butter

A high-protein diet can affect the kidneys by

contributing to kidney stones. increasing the production of urea.

______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.

edema

The main function of glucose is to supply _______ for the body.

energy

Cholecystokinin (CCK) causes the release of protein-splitting _____ from the pancreas.

enzymes

A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of

estrogen and testosterone.

The symptoms of diabetes may occur suddenly and may include:

extreme thirst and excessive urination.

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

false

True or false: Most enzymes are lipids.

false

True or false: Per kilogram of body weight, the RDA for protein is highest during adulthood.

false

True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.

false

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

false, Denaturation is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

A ______ is the simplest form of lipid; it is a carbon chain, flanked by hydrogens, with an acid group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.

fatty acid

It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract except in _____.

infants

Which hormone corrects a hyperglycemic state?

insulin

Vitamin C helps with the absorption of

iron

As chylomicrons and VLDLs travel through the bloodstream, the triglycerides in these lipoproteins are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by ______ lipase, which is attached to the blood vessel walls.

lipoprotein

Immediately after sugars are absorbed into the blood, they travel to the

liver

Which food would NOT be a good source of iron in a vegan diet?

liver

A person chooses to use amino acid supplements to

lose weight. build muscle.

The term simple carbohydrates refers to

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Olive and canola oils contain mostly ______ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

Almost all enzymes are ______.

proetins

Pepsin is a major stomach enzyme for digesting _____.

protein

Which section of MyPlate is the least significant source of carbohydrate?

protein

The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber for an adult man who consumes about 2700 kcal per day is

38 grams per day

Which of the following describes type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Caused by lack of insulin production

______ are pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine.

Diverticula

Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state?

Glucagon

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?

High-density lipoprotein

Which of the following are potential health benefits of consuming plant proteins in place of animal sources of protein?

Reduced risk for cancer Reduced risk for type 2 diabetes Reduced risk for obesity Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease Lower blood pressure

Which of the following oils contains the most polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Safflower oil

What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in protein digestion?

Signals the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

Which of the following is incorrect about dietary fibers?

They are absorbed in the large intestine.

As a class of nutrients, what is the main characteristic that all forms of lipids have in common?

They do not dissolve readily in water.

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of

cardiovascular disease. cancer.

A(n) ______ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary

When eating a high-fiber dietary pattern, one should ______ fluid intake.

increase

Which of the following(glucose, fructose, lactose, and galacose) is a disaccharide?

lactose

The major storage sites for glycogen are the

muscles and liver

Unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to damage by exposure to light, oxygen, or heat. This breakdown of fatty acids may cause disagreeable flavors and odors in food products. A fatty acid that has been damaged in this way is

rancid

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

serve as buffers that resist changes in pH pump ions into and out of cells

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption is the

small intestine

Chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the

small intestine. stomach.

______ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that does meet essential amino acid needs

soy

Due to negative effects on blood lipids, partially hydrogenated oils, the main source of ______, have been banned from the food supply.

trans fats

A(n) _______ is made up of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.

triglyceride

Lipoproteins are composed of

triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins.

True or false: Amino acids play a role in the synthesis of hormones.

true

True or false: Amino acids serve as a source of nitrogen for the human body.

true

True or false: Antibodies protect the body by binding to foreign proteins and helping the body overcome and prevent illness.

true