Forensic Psychology Exam 2!

In general, _____ % of confessions are later recanted a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 50

b. 20

In the Robert Buckhout study conducted in the 1970s, seven weeks after eyewitnesses observed an staged event, _____ % could not correctly identify the assailant a. 75 b. 60 c. 40 d. 30

b. 60

The 1970s research conducted by Robert Buckhout took place at a. Queens College b. Brooklyn College c. Hunter College d. City College

b. Brooklyn College

At its simplest level, the situation where a suspect is placed among distracters, and witnesses are asked if they can identify him or her, is called a. heterogeneous identification b. a lineup c. a showdown d. an identification array

b. a lineup

Generally speaking, voice samples presented for longer durations are remembered with more _______________ than voice samples presented for shorter durations a. difficulty b. accuracy c. anxiety d. confidence

b. accuracy

The general unawareness of jurors to the factors which can distort eyewitness testimony provides justification for a. hung juries b. admitting expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification to assist jurors in understanding these issues c. jury nullification d. all of the above

b. admitting expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification to assist jurors in understanding these issues

In Jordan v. City of New London (2000), the issue(s) at hand was(were) a. does a low I.Q. score disqualify someone from being a police officer? b. can someone be too intelligent to be a police officer? c. does age discrimination apply to public safety jobs? d. all the above

b. can someone be too intelligent to be a police officer?

The purpose of confession in religion is usually to a. achieve catharsis b. cleanse the individual's soul and deter further wrongdoing c. purge the mind of buried unconscious material d. help people understand the events associated with emotional expression

b. cleanse the individual's soul and deter further wrongdoing

One of the problems with polygraphs is its susceptibility to_______________ used by examinees to fool the machine and the examiner a. physiological reactions b. countermeasures c. intentional veracity d. uncooperativeness

b. countermeasures

_______________, more than other trial technique, is the most commonly implemented safeguard against erroneous conviction resulting purely from mistaken identification a. direct examination b. cross-examination c. voire dire d. pre-trial conferences

b. cross-examination

Scale 2 of the MMPI assesses a. psychopathic-deviate b. depression c. hypomania d. schizophrenia

b. depression

The use of a semi-transparent mirror to observe the reflection of light perpendicular to a surface in order to retrieve latent fingerprints from smooth non-porous surfaces is called a. alternative fingerprint analysis b. episcopic coaxial illumination c. iodine lifting d. spectroanalysis

b. episcopic coaxial illumination

"Propitious heterogeneity" of lineups means that a. foils are as similar on all dimensions to the description as given by the witness suspect b. foils match the description of the perpetrator as given by the witness but vary on characteristics not mentioned in the witness's description c. the size of the lineup is five or less d. the size of the lineup is six or more

b. foils match the description of the perpetrator as given by the witness but vary on characteristics not mentioned in the witness's description

When an interrogator says to a suspect charged with petty theft that "this is a very serious offense, you can be in prison for a long time for this," he is likely using a. minimization b. maximization c. internalization d. splitting

b. maximization

Sir Francis Galton referred to the numerous detailed interruptions in fingerprint shapes, as a. points b. minutia c. patterns d. furrows

b. minutia

Under the law, the failure of a police department to properly select police officers can best be considered a form of a. public irresponsibility b. negligent hiring c. negligent retention d. negligent entrustment

b. negligent hiring

In 300 BCE, spitting drier rice powder which had been placed in one's mouth, was a very early form of a a. plethysmograph b. polygraph c. hydrosphygmograph d. pneumograph

b. polygraph

In 1967, the United States Supreme Court decided three cases (United States v. Wade, Gilbert v. California, and Stovall v. Denno) reinforcing the critical importance of information obtained from lineups in the suspect identification process. But the Court's decisions and recommendations were made without any substantial contribution from _______________ a. judges b. psychological science c. jurors d. victims of crimes

b. psychological science

Throughout history, confessions have been pivotal in three arenas, these are a. religion, psychotherapy, and civil law b. religion, psychotherapy, and criminal law c. theology, medicine, and social work d. theology, sociology, and criminology

b. religion, psychotherapy, and criminal law

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is administered by which federal agency? a. the Congress b. the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions c. the federal courts d. the Civil Rights Commission

b. the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions

In Jordan v. City of New London (2000), the test used by the city of New London was the a. the Hilson-Denning Reading Test b. the Wonderlic Personnel Test c. the Shipley Institute of Living Scale d. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

b. the Wonderlic Personnel Test

The "offender consistency" hypothesis assumes that a. the motives of different criminals who commit the same crime are the same b. there are consistencies between the manner in which an offender carries out a crime on one occasion and they way he carries out crimes on other occasions c. even though an offender may commit various crimes, his basic motive is the same d. none of the above

b. the motives of different criminals who commit the same crime are the same

Of those states that do allow hypnotically refreshed memory into evidence, a __________ approach is taken a. preponderance of the evidence b. totality-of-the-circumstances c. clear and convincing balance of the evidence d. beyond a reasonable doubt of the evidence

b. totality-of-the-circumstances

The MMPI is divided into _______________ and _______________ scales a. validity, personality b. validity, clinical c. clinical, personality d. honesty, psychopathic

b. validity, clinical

It is estimated that approximately __________ innocent people are convicted each year in the United States because of mistaken eyewitness identification a. 9, 500 b. 3, 500 c. 4,500 d. 1,500

c. 4,500

In 1892 Sir Francis Galton published his book "Finger Prints," which represented the results of his collection of over _____ sets of prints in his Anthropological laboratories. a. 1,000 b. 5,000 c. 8,000 d. 10,000

c. 8,000

The first full-time police officer in the country to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was a. Robert Jordan b. Simon Eisdorfer c. Harvey Schlossberg d. R.B. Cattell

c. Harvey Schlossberg

Attorneys Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld have used DNA evidence to examine claims of innocence by people who were convicted by juries based primarily on eyewitness testimony. Scheck and Neufeld's work is called the a. Exonerations Project b. Exculpatory Project c. Innocence Project d. Scheck Project

c. Innocence Project

The most widely used psychological test in police applicant pre-employment psychological screening is the a. IPI b. 16-PF c. MMPI d. CPI

c. MMPI

The first policemen in this country was in the colony of a. Plymouth b. Maryland c. New Amsterdam d. Jamestown

c. New Amsterdam

Which of the following tests is not commonly used in police pre-employment screening? a. Inwald Personality Inventory b. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. California Psychological Inventory

c. Rorschach Inkblot Test

A suspect confesses, despite the knowledge of his innocence, due to extreme methods of police interrogation. This is an example of a. a coerced-internalized false confession b. a voluntary false confession c. a coerced-compliant false confession d. a coerced-torture false confession

c. a coerced-compliant false confession

This technique is designed to fully immerse a person in a partially-recalled situation using "freedom of description" rather than hypnosis a. deep imagery induction b. in vitro hierarchy c. cognitive interview d. guided imagery

c. cognitive interview

One of the oldest and most common methods for the development of latent fingerprints Involves using a fine powder of contrasting color. This process is known as a. lifting b. flaking c. dusting d. sprinkling

c. dusting

Which of the following has been shown by the research to decrease the number of false confessions and increase the reliability of confessions as evidence? a. having a suspect's lawyer present during interrogations b. allowing for food and drink during interrogations c. electronic recording of interrogations d. taking frequent breaks during interrogations

c. electronic recording of interrogations

In situations where a suspect is being compared to distracters for purposes of identification, these "distracters" are known as a. targets b. subjects c. fillers or foils d. confederates

c. fillers or foils

Scale 9 on the MMPI assesses a. psychopathic-deviate b. depression c. hypomania d. schizophrenia

c. hypomania

The case of "Delbert Ward" was one of over-suggestibility due to a. schizophrenia b. infancy c. low intelligence d. severe climate

c. low intelligence

The use of hypnosis to uncover memories often associated with trauma is called a. memory catharsis b. guided associations c. memory enhancement d. memory anesthesia

c. memory enhancement

In July 1996, the explosion of TWA Flight 800 was reported by 20 eyewitnesses as having been caused by a _______________ a. comet b. bomb c. missile d. bird

c. missle

The murderer Ken Bianchi attempted to use the defense of a. hypnotically-induced behavior b. somnambulism c. multiple personality d. suggestibility

c. multiple personality

Among the recommendations adopted by the Justice Department that were based on the work of Scheck and Neufeld, is that questioning of witnesses should be _______________ a. cognitively based b. emotively based c. open-ended d. leading

c. open-ended

The "big five" cluster of personality traits include a. fearlessness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism b. arrogance, fearlessness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness c. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism d. conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and self-discipline

c. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

The Supreme Court has created an exception to the Miranda requirements which covers emergency situations where a police officer's safety may be in question. This is known as a a. police exception b. safe entry exception c. public safety exception d. exigent circumstances exception

c. public safety exception

In the western world, the first practical application using fingerprints was in 1858 when they were used to _______________ a. keep track of people who drank alcohol b. keep track of criminals c. ratify contracts d. none of the above

c. ratify contracts

A high level of "interrogative suggestibility" is likely due to all of the following except a. anxiety b. poor self-esteem c. religiosity d. prolonged social isolation

c. religiosity

In the New York 1989 Central Park Jogger case, the convictions of the defendants were vacated because a. witnesses supplied inaccurate information b. the victim's eyewitness report was tainted c. the defendants' confessions were false d. the police planted incriminating evidence

c. the defendants' confessions were false

Hargrave & Hiatt (1987) as well as other researchers, have found that officers rated as unsatisfactory by their supervisors tend to score higher on scales _____, _____, and _____ on the MMPI than do satisfactory officers. a. 4, 8, 9 b. 5, 6, 9 c. 5, 8, 9 d. 4, 6, 9

d. 4, 6, 9

These three Viennese physicians used hypnosis to reproduce hysterical phemomena a. Marquis de Puységur, Josef Breuer, and Sigmund Freud b. Abbé José Custodio de Faria, Jean Charcot, and Josef Breuer c. Marquis de Puységur, Abbé José Custodio de Faria, and Sigmund Freud d. Jean Charcot, Josef Breuer, and Sigmund Freud

d. Jean Charcot, Josef Breuer, and Sigmund Freud

This person has been called the "father of scientific history" due to his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to divine intervention which was so common for that time in history a. Hammurabi b. Tiberius c. Xenophon d. Thucydides

d. Thucydides

Police Psychology has also been referred to as a. applied psychology b. occupational psychology c. developmental psychology d. a & b

d. a & b

The purpose of confession in psychotherapy is usually to a. achieve catharsis b. cleanse the individual's soul and deter further wrongdoing c. purge the mind of buried unconscious material d. a & c

d. a & c

A 1972 study revealed that police supervisors reported their best officers to be a. intelligent b. sociable c. self-assured d. all the above

d. all the above

In Neil v. Biggers (1972) and Manson v. Braithwaite (1977) the Supreme Court established five factors that determine the reliability of an identification. These factors include a. the witness's opportunity to view the criminal during the crime b. the length of time between the crime and the subsequent identification c. the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the identification d. all the above

d. all the above

Measures to help control for biased or prejudiced testimony include a. making use of trial simulations b. making use of Motions to Suppress c. making use of voire dire d. all the above

d. all the above

One of the major ways forensic psychologists are involved in criminal investigations is by the identification of suspects. This is accomplished by applying psychological science to a. interviewing witnesses b. obtaining confessions c. structuring lineups d. all the above

d. all the above

Sir Francis Galton classified fingerprints by their general shape. These shapes included a. rise, turn, and re-curve b. arch, loop, and rise c. loop, whorl, and curve d. arch, loop, and whorl

d. arch, loop, and whorl

DNA material can usually be found in a. gunpowder residue b. vehicular skid marks c. bomb fragments d. blood, hair, skin, saliva, and semen

d. blood, hair, skin, saliva, and semen

In ancient times, fingerprints were often used as substitutes for a. brand labels b. warnings c. signatures d. both a and c

d. both a and c

Decades of research have shown that _______________is a valuable predictor of work performance for many occupational categories, including police work a. moral reasoning b. planning ability c. impulse control d. cognitive ability

d. cognitive ability

In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that unless the accused must be advised by the police of his constitutional rights to remain silent and to obtain _______________ a. contrition b. psychotherapy c. due process d. counsel

d. counsel

There are three basic types of offender behavior at a crime scene, there are a. dynamics, motive, and ritual b. dynamics, signature, and motive c. modus operandi, signature, and location d. modus operandi, signature, and ritual

d. modus operandi, signature, and ritual

"Memory hardening" refers to a. the ineffectiveness of memory with the passage of time b. the ineffectiveness of memory with the passage of events c. the distortion of memory due to the effects of extraneous events d. none of the above

d. none of the above

All of the following tend to make a suspect more prone to make a false confession, except a. lengthy interrogations b. deception in interrogations c. non-neutral wording of questions d. offering Miranda rights

d. offering Miranda rights

A suspect is presented in a lineup (or instructions are given to the witness) in such a manner as to convey to the witness who the police want the witness to choose. This is known as a. police malpractice b. police malfeasance c. simulation bias d. presentation bias

d. presentation bias

As a corrective measure under the ADA, making changes in the nature of an employee's job is called a. job conciliation b. job compliance c. reasonable compliance d. reasonable accommodation

d. reasonable accommodation

Scale 8 on the MMPI assesses a. psychopathic-deviate b. depression c. hypomania d. schizophrenia

d. schizophrenia

It is common practice in the United States to use _______________ photos in a photo lineup a. three or five b. four or six c. five or seven d. six or eight

d. six or eight

It is common practice in the United States to use _______________ persons (a suspect plus four or five fillers) in a lineup a. three or four b. four or five c. five or six d. six or seven

d. six or seven

Alfred Binet (1900) expressed that eyewitness reports were affected by a. time deterioration b. retroactive interference c. proactive interference d. suggestive questioning

d. suggestive questioning

United States' courts at all levels have generally been _______________of police departments' rights to order fitness-for-duty evaluations and for making the necessary and appropriate recommendations based on these evaluations a. unsupportive b. suspicious c. dismissive d. supportive

d. supportive

In the context of fingerprint identification, the "Mayfield Affair" is an example of a. the success of fingerprint identification b. "confirmation bias" in fingerprint identification c. undervaluing the relevance of fingerprint identification d. the limits of fingerprint identification

d. the limits of fingerprint identification

All of the following are estimator variables, except a. lighting b. stress c. fatigue d. the type of questioning employed

d. the type of questioning employed

The generation of memory that is related to an incident, but is not relevant to the issue being considered, is called a. lateral transference b. forward transference c. reverse transference d. unconscious transference

d. unconscious transference

According to Carter and Radelet (1999), it is the _______________ that is/are most damaging to police officers a. cumulative interactive stressors b. individual stressful events c. negative supervisory experiences d. boredom interspersed with extreme excitement

a. cumulative interactive stressors

The study of fingerprint patterns for the purpose of making identifications is called a. dactyloscopy b. episcopic coaxial illumination c. plethysmography d. somnambulism

a. dactyloscopy

The Yerkes-Dodson law a. describes the effects of arousal on learning b. describes the effects of complexity on learning c. describes the effects of past experience on memory d. describes the effects of conformity on memory

a. describes the effects of arousal on learning

The process of acquiring new information, keeping it in memory, and using it at a later time is divided into three stages. These stages are a. encoding, storage, and retrieval b. perceiving, incorporating, and remembering c. perceiving, storage, and retrieval d. perceiving, incorporating, and retrieval

a. encoding, storage, and retrieval

Research comparing simultaneous to sequential lineup presentation has found __________ false identifications in the sequential condition a. fewer b. greater c. equal d. no instances of

a. fewer

The "argon ionic," "copper vapor," and "neodymium:YAG," are all examples of a. laser fingerprint methods b. amino acid fingerprint methods c. voice identification methods d. psychoacoustical features of captured speech

a. laser fingerprint methods

In the late eighteenth century, Franz Anton Mesmer experimented with what he called a. magnetic healing b. polygraphy c. somnambulism d. luminous fixation

a. magnetic healing

When an interrogator says to a suspect charged with rape that "she was dressed really sexy, it's no wonder you acted the way you did," he is likely using a. minimization b. maximization c. externalization d. splitting

a. minimization

A sequential photo spread is different from a simultaneous photo spread, in that in the latter a. photos of suspects are presented at one time b. photos of suspects are presented one at a time c. photos of suspects are presented to allow for relative judgments d. photos of suspects are presented to allow for comparative judgment

a. photos of suspects are presented at one time

A device used to measure a person's breathing patterns is called a a. pneumograph b. hydrosphygmograph c. spectrograph d. sphygmomanometer

a. pneumograph

In his study of eyewitness accuracy, Robert Buckhout reported several factors which are likely to result in an unreliable identification of a suspect. These include all the following except a. projective identification b. stress c. physical condition of the witness d. suggestive identification procedures

a. projective identification

Scale 4 of the MMPI assesses a. psychopathic-deviate b. depression c. hypomania d. schizophrenia

a. psychopathic-deviate

In 1966, the Supreme Court's "voluntariness standard" for evaluating confessions in criminal trials, was changed to a _______________ standard with its 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona a. self-incrimination b. totality of the circumstances c. admissibility d. coercion

a. self-incrimination

Crime scenes which are baffling and contain peculiarities which serve no apparent purpose in the perpetration, are often the result of a. staging b. "calling cards" c. fantasy actions d. symbolic actions

a. staging

All of the following are tests designed to measure cognitive functioning except a. the Hilson-Denning Reading Test b. the Wonderlic Personnel Test c. the Shipley Institute of Living Scale d. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

a. the Hilson-Denning Reading Test

This police department created the nation's first hostage negotiations team a. the Los Angeles Police Department b. the New York Police Department c. the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department d. the Newark New Jersey Police Department

a. the New York Police Department

The 1985 case of Kirk Bloodsworth illustrated a. the profound effects of mistaken eyewitness testimony b. how jurors can be intentionally mislead c. the effects of race on juror decision-making d. how scientific testimony can be misused

a. the profound effects of mistaken eyewitness testimony

Approximately __________ of all states do not permit hypnotically-refreshed memory into evidence a. two-thirds b. one-third c. one-quarter d. one-half

a. two-thirds

In the Robert Buckhout study conducted in the 1970s, seven weeks after eyewitnesses observed an staged event, of the witnesses who could not make a correct identification, _____ choose an innocent bystander at the event. a. two-thirds b. one-half c. three-quarters d. four-fifths

a. two-thirds

Which of the following tends to decrease the likelihood of a coerced or false confession? a. an investigator assuming a disinterested role rather than an adversarial one b. an investigator keeping a suspect isolated from other people c. an investigator exposing a suspect to loud noises or bright lights d. an investigator making false or deceptive promises

a. an investigator assuming a disinterested role rather than an adversarial one

The process in which the person who administers a lineup is not aware of which lineup member is the suspect and which members are distract is known as a(n) a. blind lineup b. double blind lineup c. contextual lineup d. Show-up

a. blind lineup

Pre-employment psychological screening of police applicants encompasses three spheres, these are a. cognitive assessment, personality assessment, and interview b. background investigation, polygraph, and interview c. cognitive assessment, background investigation, and polygraph d. personality assessment, written examination, and polygraph

a. cognitive assessment, personality assessment, and interview

Filling in the gaps in memory with irrelevant information is called a. confabulation b. suggestion c. compartmentalization d. dissociation

a. confabulation

Reliable estimates, such as those from the Innocence Project, suggest that at least _____ of innocent defendants (especially in homicide cases) who confess to the crimes, would be exonerated by DNA evidence a. 25% b. 30% c. 35% d. 40%

a. 25%

In 1897, British official Sir Edward Richard Henry devised a workable classification system which he used to classify prisoners in India. This system was called the a. Henry Classification System b. Scotland Yard Classification System c. Sir Edward Classification System d. British Classification System

a. Henry Classification System

The United States Attorney General who commissioned a report based on Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld's work was a. Jenet Reno b. Eric Holder c. Alberto Gonzales d. John Ashcroft

a. Jenet Reno

The police department with the nation's first full-time police psychologist was the a. L.A.P.D. b. N.Y.P.D. c. Chicago P.D. d. Boston P.D.

a. L.A.P.D.

Many police department across the country became convinced of the need for hostage negotiations teams after watching the 1972 Summer Olympics games in _______________. a. Munich b. Berlin c. Amsterdam c. Switzerland

a. Munich

In Brown v. Mississippi (1936) it was established that a. a coerced confession violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment b. a recanted confession violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment c. a voluntary false confession violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. d. a confession made on foreign soil violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.

a. a coerced confession violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment

An innocent suspect comes to believe that he is in fact guilty, and confesses. This is an example of a. a coerced-internalized false confession b. a coerced-compliant false confession c. a post-interrogation confession d. a coerced-torture confession

a. a coerced-internalized false confession

An individual makes self-incriminating statements that are purposeful and in the absence of pressure by the police. This is an example of a. a voluntary false confession b. a coerced-compliant false confession c. a coerced-internalized false confession d. none of the above

a. a voluntary false confession