From Jazz To Hip Hop Midterm

Billie Holiday

Singer, has a unique talent of infusing emotion into the lyrics she sang despite receiving no formal musical training and being criticized for her thin-sounding voice and limited range. She was known for her note-perfect singing and impeccable timing.

What became more prominent in big bands from the 1930s to the mid 1940s?

Singers

Blind Willie Johnson and Blind Mamie Forehand

Some of the performers who represented rural gospel style

"What is This Thing Called Love?"

Song by Cole Porter, Had many renditions from tin pan alley era to more jazz era

"Lady Be Good,"

Standard from Lester Young rerecorded by Jay McShann Orchestra. Parker's playing on the recording is heavily influenced by Young, with similar melodic lines and effortless swing.

John Hammond

An American record producer and music critic. In 1936, recorded a small group of Basie's musicians, resulting in the famous "Shoe Shine Boy" track featuring Lester Young on clarinet.

Bishop Beilly Porteus

Anglican bishop who suggested using short hymns to convert slaves to Christianity in his Essay towards a Plan for the More Effectual Civilization of the Negroe [sic] Slaves

The instrumentation and section playing of brass bands increasingly influenced what?

Dance bands, which changed in orientation from string to brass instruments.

Dorseys

Dorsey's unique musical style resonated so well in the African American community that during the 1940s and 1950s virtually "all new gospel songs were called this

"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo."

Duke Ellington band recording where "growl" style playing can be heard

The Duke's Serenaders

Duke Ellington's first band, formed in 1918. by 1923, he relocated to New York where he gained national fame. His band was impeccably dressed and delivered a statement that they were a class apart.

"jungle sound,"

Duke Ellington's sound that he created to fit in with the aesthetic of the Cotton Club, was centered around the "growl" style of brass playing pioneered by Bubber Miley and Tricky Sam Nanton.

Ella Fitzgerald

Famous black vocalist, made jazz big band recording of "What is This Thing Called Love?"

"pure expression of American democracy"

Jazz is considered this because it is born from American culture and influenced by a diverse range of styles and traditions. Without the inflections and form of African and African American traditions, and the harmonic approach of European music, and the rhythmic influence of the Caribbean, jazz would not be jazz, just as American culture would not be American culture without its diverse population.

the Blue Devils and then the Bennie Moten Band

Two bands Count Basie played in, he took over the latter

"Zip Coon" and "Jim Crow"

Two of Rice's minstrel characters

"Soundies,"

Used by Louis Jordan, were short films played on jukebox-like machines installed in public spaces.

the Fisk Jubilee Singers

In 1871, began arranging spirituals in a manner more consistent with white religious musical practices while retaining much of the original character of the folk style.

The Nat King Cole Trio (Vol. 1)

Nat King Cole Trio album that became the first number one album on the Billboard chart in 1945.

City that had a multilingual, multicultural society by the 1830s, including a large population of freed "persons of color," many of whom were French-speaking Creoles of mixed racial background.

New Orleans

City, founded in 1718, has a unique cultural integration due to its history and geography as a major port city at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

New Orleans

The African traditions of slaves were also more openly maintained in...

New Orleans

This city contributed to the development of early jazz. The city's cultural diversity and rich mix of ethnicities and cultures allowed for cultural exchange, leading to the emergence of distinctive traditions such as the African dance and drumming tradition documented in Congo Square.

New Orleans

"Oh, Susana,"

One of Foster's "Ethiopian" melodies. performed in dialect and is an example of the subtle (or not so subtle) ways that minstrelsy established a sense of difference between white and black and reinforced a perception of African-American inferiority to 19th-century audiences.

Oliver's Dreamland

One of Joe Oliver's band, played long hours, and after a gig at the Pergola Dance Pavilion in San Francisco, Oliver reassembled his band at the Royal Gardens in Chicago, adding Louis Armstrong as a young protégé.

"head arrangements"

Rough sketches used to make Kansas City jazz music

What happened to Tharpe?

She gained outside attention and began to perform outside the church and eventually the "From Spirituals to Swing" concerts

"Boogie Woogie Dream"

Short film with Lena Horne in 1944 that featured Albert Ammons and Pete Johnson

Work songs

Used to coordinate groups of workers and pace labor while also making the work less arduous. These songs were highly rhythmic and improvisatory in nature and could vary according to the type of labor being done.

Jordan's peak popularity was during when?

World War II when he recorded for the Armed Forces Radio Service and the V-Disc program.

Bill Johnson

a bassist and bandleader, played a significant role in promoting the New Orleans sound, taking his "Creole" bands on tours that reached Los Angeles and Boston.

Muddy Waters

a blues musician born in the Mississippi delta, played a significant role in the development of the Chicago Urban Blues.

Arizona Dranes

a celebrated pioneer of this style, known for her highly rhythmic, percussive ragtime piano style and powerful, shouted vocal leads.

"Wichita" transcriptions

a collection of transcriptions of jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker's solos.

"Bon Bon Buddy"

a composition by Will Marion Cook

Jitterbugging

a dance that originated in Harlem, was a significant part of swing culture and was characterized by physicality and improvisation.

What did Holiness-Pentecostal style require?

a demonstrative style of delivery, and was sung in heterophony.

"Kansas City Sound"

a distinct movement in big band jazz pioneered by the territory bands of Bennie Moten and Walter Page and popularized by Count Basie.

Minstrel show

a form of popular entertainment in America that evolved from earlier forms of entertainment. It involved white performers in blackface impersonating African Americans, often exaggerating speech patterns, mannerisms, and dances.

"race records"

a genre of music that was marketed to African-American audiences during the Great Migration. By the 1920s, record producers felt that white audiences would be more inclined to buy jazz recordings made by white musicians. This led to the emergence of specialty record labels that offered recordings aimed at a particular audience, such as new immigrants yearning for the sounds of home.

folk rags

a genre that emerged in rural communities of the south and mid-west and drew upon popular ragtime's musical conventions but transformed them through localized performance practice. These songs featured banjos and guitars and were delivered in a more rustic manner.

Rhythm Section

a group of instruments (typically drums, bass and guitar/keyboard) used in rock, jazz, blues and popular music that provides that underlying harmonic and rhythmic framework for a song

The Clef Club Symphony Orchestra

a group of up to 150 performers, helped black musicians gain recognition and become a premier source of musical entertainment in New York.

Chord

a grouping of three notes from a scale that are each a third apart from each other (ie. C chord = C-E-G, A minor = A-C-E, etc.

12-Bar Blues

a twelve-measure strophic [repeating] chord progression that forms the basis of a great deal of American popular music/rock/jazz/etc. Often uses an "a a b" phrase structure.

Call and Response

a type of melodic/formal structure in which a first line is answered by a second line. The two parts can be performed by a leader and a group, by two soloists, by soloist and accompaniment or by the same performer.

Swing

a type of rhythmic feel in music, an approach to creating and interpreting rhythmic aspects of music, typifed by uneven eighth notes and backbeats

"Coon songs"

a type of vocal ragtime music that incorporated ragtime's elements with the representational strategies of minstrelsy. The songs propagated negative stereotypes about African Americans and were recorded by white singers who specialized in "black voice" impersonations.

Field Hollers

a type of work song that emerged for less dangerous field work. Unlike gang work songs, they were often individual expressions with an irregular beat and flow of lines. They could include animal sounds, pitch bends, and slides, and were difficult to notate and sing.

Lester Young

a unique saxophonist whose playing was influenced by the blues. Joined Count Basie in 1934 but left due to disagreements with other musicians. He resumed his association with Basie in 1936 and became well-known for his solos on recordings and broadcasts. His small-group performances and recordings with Billie Holiday were particularly influential.

What inspired "St. Louis Blues" lyrics?

a woman on a St. Louis street lamenting the loss of her lover

Charlie Parker

a young saxophonist, joined the Jay McShann Orchestra in 1938. He was the band's best soloist and inspired their version of "Lady Be Good," which had previously been a standard for Lester Young.

Bessie Smith

an influential blues singer known as the "Empress of the Blues."

John Hammond

an influential figure in the music industry, responsible for discovering and promoting numerous iconic musicians such as Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday, Bessie Smith, Bob Dylan, Aretha Franklin, and Bruce Springsteen. He was a producer, writer, critic, and board member of the NAACP, and was credited with integrating the music business.

Willie "the Lion" Smith

an influential pianist who was known for his unique style that combined ragtime, barrelhouse, and classical concert piano. He was one of the founders of the Stride piano style, along with James P. Johnson and Fats Waller, and was a tremendous influence on future jazz greats Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Thelonious Monk. He played in New York City. Also toured Europe and North Africa. Engaged in piano battles with James P. Johnson in New York

Jay McShann Orchestra

band that Charlie Parker joined, in 1940 recorded a series of transcriptions in Wichita.

1929 film titled "St. Louis Blues,"

based on W.C. Handy's tune of the same name. The film was a short and was shown before feature films. It was shot in Astoria, Queens, and served as both entertainment and a promotional vehicle for Bessie Smith's recordings and performances. The film featured an all-African American cast and included jazz greats James P. Johnson on piano and Joe Smith on cornet. The second half of the film is an extended performance of the tune "St. Louis Blues," while the first half portrays a stereotypical depiction of African American life in the 1920s.

The Sound of Ragtime

based on the constant use of syncopation and surprising rhythmic accents. comes from marches, music intended to be walked or marched to in rhythm. Syncopated and lively feel

Walter Page

bassist in KC, played a key role in transforming the rhythm section sound from a stiff and clumsy pounding out of the beat to a smooth and flowing, yet driving accompaniment.

Jimmy Rushing

better known to his fans and bandmates as "Mr. Five by Five" for distinctive physical appearance was a blues singer from Oklahoma City who became a key part of Count Basie's early success.

Mardi Gras Indians

black "gangs" who masked as American Indians on Mardi Gras day, also influenced the development of early jazz through their drumming and call-and-response chanting reminiscent of West African and Caribbean music.

The Blues Queens

black female singers and entertainers who emerged in the early 1920s during the race record boom. They were the first divas of the American entertainment industry, wearing flashy costumes and featuring elaborate stage shows.

Frank Johnson and Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield

black musicians that gained renown in Northern cities, who also toured England and performed for Queen Victoria

What did Muddy Waters do for blues?

blended Mississippi delta blues with urban style and incorporated electric instruments, creating a distinct sound

Record companies used which marketing terms to sell records to different audiences?

blues, hillbilly, rag, and jazz

even mainstream artists and Tin Pan Alley songwriters incorporated which genre feel into their compositions?

boogie woogie

Louis Armstrong

born in New Orleans in 1901, was a highly influential jazz musician known for his improvisational abilities on the trumpet. He transformed jazz from an ensemble-based music to a soloist's art.

Duke Ellington

born in Washington D.C. in 1899, was a prominent musician who started playing piano at the age of seven and later became captivated by jazz and the stride piano styling of James P. Johnson.

What was Hammond committed to?

breaking down racial barriers in music and expanding the audience for jazz

the dance craze of 1913

broke down social boundaries between various groups of people, exemplified the social restructuring of the time. was African American in its roots but was brought to the American public by white dancers supported by black musicians.

Sidney Bechet

clarinet legend that recorded with Willie "the lion" Smith

Jordan's sound

combined driving boogie-woogie rhythms and witty lyrics, set the model for R&B small groups throughout the 1940s and beyond.

What is a modern equivalent of "race records"?

contemporary small independent record companies that cater to niche audiences.

Page and Jones

created the distinctive rhythm section sound of the Basie-driven KC sound.

Mahalia Jackson

embraced both sacred and secular music, and her exposure to blues music influenced her singing style.

Accent

emphasis on a certain note by way of an increase in volume

Holiness-Pentecostal gospel

evolved in the context of the Pentecostal denomination, which embraced an uninhibited and highly demonstrative worship style under the anointing of the Holy Spirit., congregants sang, clapped their hands, shouted, and danced to the accompaniment of instruments shunned by traditional denominations.

"boom-chick" pattern

feature of ragtime, left hand emphasizes the space between the beats

Two-Beat feel

feature of ragtime, rhythmic pulse and meter in marches is in "two-four" (2/4) meter.

Big Bill Broonzy

filled in after Robert Johnson's death at Carnegie Hall as the "country bluesman", was a talented musician who was known for playing a variety of musical styles, including blues, popular songs, spirituals, and protest songs.

The Blues Brothers in 1980.

film in which Calloway played a major role

The four-member male quartet

first emerged under the sponsorship of universities such as Fisk and Hampton and sang largely Negro spirituals without instrumental accompaniment.

Cafe Society

first integrated night club, Hammond invested in

Alan Lomax

folklorist, in 1938 recorded Morton's singing, playing, and boasting for almost ten hours, in which Morton claimed to have singlehandedly invented jazz.

What did Page's transformations of the rhythm section allow for?

freed Basie to provide accents at the piano, and Jones was free to compliment and work around the pulse of the music on his cymbals, hi hat, and snare.

Tharpe showed an affinity between which two genres at the "From Spirituals to Swing" concerts?

gospel and jazz

What emerged in the 1930s as a result of the Great Migration of African Americans from rural to urban areas?

gospel music

Nat King Cole Trio

group Nat King Cole was in which gained him popularity in the 1940s, won Downbeat's award for best small group in 1944.

How did Broonzy's image change after the Carnegie concert?

he did not fit the image of a typical "country bluesman," at first but continued to perform in a "countrified" image for white audiences after the event.

What did Benny Goodman do to swing music three years after he brought the swing style to the forefront of American music?

he presented it as "serious" music for its artistic merits at Carnegie Hall, a prestigious concert venue. The concert marked the first time swing was presented in a concert hall,

Benny Goodman's big band

helped to break down racial barriers in jazz by hiring black arrangers and musicians like Teddy Wilson and Lionel Hampton. However, the integration of black musicians in white bands was met with controversy and resistance.

What did Cole receive criticism for?

his clean-cut image

black minstrel shows

in the late 1800s, featured African Americans performing in blackface and stereotyped parodies.

Will Marion Cook's music

in the popular, showtune ragtime style of the day, but with a higher level of musical sophistication.

What was the the sound of swing music in the early 1940s?

including the instrumentation of big bands which consisted of a rhythm section, brass section, and sax section. This music typically followed a standard model, with a 32-bar AABA song form featuring a chorus of arranged melodic material followed by short solos by different instrumentalists

Papa Jack Laine's Reliance Brass Bands

integrated white jazz band that helped promote the first generation of white jazzmen.

What is John Hammond credited with?

integrating the music business

Down Beat magazine

interviewed various musicians on their opinions about band integration

Piano rolls

invented in 1896. is capable of reproducing the sound of a piano performance when played on a player piano, making it possible to capture many of the great ragtime compositions played by their composers.

"boogie woogie bass"

is a repeating, swinging rhythmic pattern played by the pianist's left hand in boogie woogie music. It is a distinctive and essential element of the boogie woogie sound, and has a "bounce" to it that encourages listeners to move.

What was Benny Goodman's idea to add two black musicians to his band met with?

mixed opinions, with some musicians like Jimmy Dorsey applauding his decision and others condemning it.

The popularity of rural blues artists was what in comparison to the blues queens of the decade?

modest

Strophic Form

musical form constructed of harmonic progressions that repeat over and over again (for example 12-bar blues,32-bar song form)

Rhythm

musical time

Pitch

musical vibrations at defined frequencies, how high or low a note is

Paul Whiteman

musician, had, "sweet" dance band style that dominated jazz music in the 1930s

Coleman Hawkins and Louis Armstrong

musicians that worked with Fletcher Henderson

"Empress of the Blues."

nickname for Bessie Smith

"Bull Fiddle Blues" (1928)

notes Johnson's bass playing, is the earliest known example of a recorded bass solo in jazz.

Benny Goodman's big band featuring the arrangements of Fletcher Henderson

on national radio in 1935 helped to popularize the "hot" swing sound that had been growing in Harlem.

Where did Jones develop his skills?

on the road with bands such as the Dixie Ramblers, Walter Page's Blue Devils, and the Bennie Moten Ensemble.

Cab Calloway

one of the first singing superstars of the swing era who rose to fame when he and his orchestra filled in for Duke Ellington at the Cotton Club in 1930.

Thomas A. Dorsey, Mahalia Jackson, and Roberta Martin

prominent figures of traditional gospel music

Bridge

section in a composition meant to contrast with the rest of the song. The contrast can be in terms of texture, timbre, rhythm or some other musical parameter [also know as a "middle eight"].

Major scale

seven notes in order that form the basis of most Western music. (do, re, mi fa, so, la, ti [do]; or in the key of C: C, D, E, F, G, A, B, [C]

What did Fitzgerald do in 1936?

she recorded her first song and began including scat improvisations in her performances, which would become a hallmark of her style.

What did Kansas City music often rely on?

short, repeating rhythmic phrases called riffs, played by individuals or groups of instruments.

"New Orleans sound"

spread in the early 1900s, musicians had to tour extensively to share this new music with audiences around the country.

What was a defining cultural phenomenon of the 1930s, with its own distinctive generational culture characterized by jazz music, dances, clothing styles, and slang?

swing music

New Orleans brass bands and ragtime

syncopated musical styles that had large impact on New Orleans music

What structure does "St. Louis Blues" follow?

the 12-bar blues structure and incorporates blue notes, and the AAB blues phrase structure. The song is atypical of the blues canon because it features a bridge after the second verse that does not follow the 12-bar blues form.

What did W.C. Handy codify?

the 12-bar blues, drawing phrase structure, inflections, and chord progressions from numerous folk sources.

Creole Show

the 1890 all-black show which was cited for being "smart and up-to-date" and for featuring "a chorus of the sixteen most beautiful colored girls" rather than a group of the same old minstrel caricatures.

What two things helped push the electric guitar to the forefront?

the amplifier and the sustain

Improvisation

the art of spontaneous musical composition

transitional gospel music combined what?

the characteristics of the folk spiritual with new and distinctive features.

Texture

the combination of different musical elements/parts; often described in terms of density/sparseness depending on how many voices/instruments are playing and how active they are.

Will Marion Cook

the composer and producer of the show Clorindy. a highly influential composer and producer in the early days of the African American music industry.

What influenced "Kansas City Sound"?

the cosmopolitan, sophisticated surroundings of New York.

"zoot suit"

the exaggerated and parodic fashion worn by Mexican and African American youth. swing culture offered a youthful alternative to the restrictive conventions of middle-class life and culminated in this

How are Tindley's songs different from folk spirtuals?

their use of call-response and blue thirds and sevenths. The performance practice, rather than the composition and notation, yields the distinctive character of his songs. This style is also found in the pioneering compositions of Lucy Campbell and subsequent composer-arrangers.

Why were some against the idea of band integration?

they believed it would lead to unemployment for white musicians and create social issues.

What types of performers did rural gospel have?

those who recorded only religious songs and those who were happy to sing both gospel songs and the blues.

What did "race records" allow African Americans to do?

to reach a national audience for the first time

Timbre

tone color or quality of musical sound. Typical adjectives used to describe this include: bright, dark, clear, distorted, harsh, etc.

The New Orleans-style jazz band typically includes...

trumpet, clarinet, trombone, piano or guitar, bass or tuba, and drums. was not standardized at the time and various configurations were common.

"ragged"

turn a song into a ragtime song by changing the rhythmic feel of the song

Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey

two of the most popular blues singers of the blues queens era

What was a typical rural gospel song like?

typically sung by solo vocalists with acoustic guitar or harmonica accompaniment, and was characterized by minimal chord changes and variable rhythmic structures.

What was Cab Calloway's style?

unique vocal style, featuring frequent "scat" vocal passages, became his signature sound

What was the controversial issue around the 1930s?

whether black musicians should be allowed to play in white bands.

"Ma and Pa Rainey."

song-and-dance team that Ma Rainey was part of

Pulse

the underlying, usually unchanging units by which music is measured (see also Beat)

Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton

"Inventor" of jazz, a colorful figure in the history of jazz who was a composer, pianist, bandleader, hustler, and pimp. He was known for his dramatic performances and made many records under his name and as the leader of the Red Hot Peppers in the 1920s. Although little historical evidence supported his claim to have invented jazz, this mans recollections of the musical diversity of the New Orleans community became central to the narrative of jazz in the following decades.

Ella Fitzgerald

"The First Lady of Song."

Which era brought about a loosening of strict societal norms and the entertainment industry saw exponential growth?

"The Jazz Age"

The foxtrot

"a smooth, progressive dance characterized by long, continuous flowing movements across the dance floor" - wikipedia

the revue

"a topical variety show in which groups of performers work in several different sketches and roles."

African-American mutual aid and benevolent societies had their own expressive approach to funeral processions and parades called this

"the second line."

Chorus

(See Verse-Chorus Form)

Verse

(see Verse-Chorus Form)

Measure

(see bar)

Slave songs of the United States

- Collection of African American slave songs - The songs are told to be difficult to obtain due to the variation of the songs and the unique voices and intonations of African American signers that cannot be reproduced on paper

Jimi Hendrix

- Composed 12-bar blues - "Red House"

Harmony

1. a vertical grouping of pitches that are all played or sung at the same time (see also chord)

Beat

1. the underlying, steady pulse of a piece of music (measured in beats per minute (bpm); 2. a repeating rhythmic pattern (see groove)

When was jazz first recorded?

1915

Which decade saw unprecedented economic growth and technological innovation that led to a higher standard of living?

1920s

When did traditional gospel music emerge?

1930s

"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"

1938 by Fitzgerald which became a national hit and sold one million copies, cementing her status as a star.

When was the Nat King Cole Show?

1956

"The Sting"

1970s film that sparked the revival of interest in ragtime

Who were "race records" marketed at?

African Americans

The first music called jazz was created by?

African Americans in New Orleans in the mid-1910s.

gospel quartet.

Another significant dimension of the gospel music tradition that closely parallels the evolution of gospel music.

Mamie Smith

Artist that was chosen as the featured artist by Bradford and had modest success with two vaudeville-style recordings.

Signifying

As an African-American practice is typified by the playful, connotative, indirect, and implicative use and manipulation of language as a mode of performative expression where "apparent significance of the message differs from its real significance"

Which saxophonist and arranger did Fitzgerald perform with in jazz clubs?

Benny Carter

Who began her career as a dancer in vaudeville shows before becoming a successful touring singer and recording artist in the 1920s?

Bessie Smith

Who is credited with helping to establish the classic blues style and influencing later singers such as Etta James, Janis Joplin, and Beyoncé?

Bessie Smith

"Roll 'em Pete,"

Big Joe Turner and Pete Johnson's first hit, recorded just a week after the Carnegie concerts

the Original Creole Orchestra

Bill Johnsons' band, missed an opportunity to be the first jazz band to record, but their sound can be inferred from recordings made by members of the band.

The Georgia Minstrels

Black minstrel group founded in 1865

the Consolidated Colored Minstrels

Black minstrel group that toured England by the late 1870s

Big Joe Turner

Blues singer, sang in the same style as Jimmy Rushing, collaborate with Pete Johnson and was brought to NY by John Hammond

Fitzgerald's life

Born in Virginia in 1917, Fitzgerald moved to New York with her mother after her parents divorced. She gained attention in 1934 after winning a talent competition at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, and began performing in local jazz clubs with the help of saxophonist and arranger Benny Carter.

The following influenced the early development of jazz in New Orleans from 1890 to 1917

Brass bands, mutual aid and benevolent societies, and social aid and pleasure clubs.

"Jump, Jive, and Wail."

Brian Setzer Orchestra's hit tune, The jump style experienced a resurgence in the late 1990s thanks to this

New Orleans had a rich and diverse music scene in the nineteenth century due to its unique location at the crossroads of Eurocentric, creolization, and American vernacular music. This resulted in a variety of musical styles and performances that were integral to daily life, including...

Carnival, picnics, parades, and funerals.

Who are two black musicians Benny Goodman added to his band?

Charlie Christian and Fletcher Henderson

Whites started to call the new music "jazz" in what place?

Chicago and possibly California in 1915

Chick Webb Orchestra

Chick Webb's band formed from the "Harlem Stoppers" The band earned its fame as the house band of the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem and was known for its powerful and spectacular playing that left other famous bands defeated.

"Harlem Stoppers,"

Chick Webb's band that later formed into the Chick Webb Orchestra

Who did Hammond work for?

Columbia records

Billy Strayhorn

Composed for Ellington, his contributions helped solidify Ellington's reputation as one of the best swing bandleaders in the country.

Perry Bradford

Composer that in 1919 convinced the Okeh label to release African American music aimed at African American consumers.

Who was Lester Young involved with?

Count Basie and Billie Holiday

"Blind Willie Dunn"

Eddie Lang's pseudonym used to hide Lang's identity due to fears about public reception to integrated music-making.

William Francis Allen

Editor for Slave songs of the United States

Who did Webb hire as his vocalist?

Ella Fitzgerald

"The First Lady of Swing"

Ella Fitzgerald, credited Chick Webb as her foremost influence

Jazz was found where in New Orleans

Everywhere, in neighborhoods all over and around. it was a normal part of community life.

Papa Charlie Jackson and Blind Lemon Jefferson

Example of new type of blues start with a rural, self-accompanied street singer with a "down home" sound

Cotton Club

Famous club in New York where Duke Ellington performed. had a mock plantation setting and catered to white patrons. in Harlem was a club that opened its doors to white patrons only, offering them a taste of African American music and culture without actually interacting with African Americans. The club's decor was designed to look like a southern plantation, and the floor shows often featured plantation or African jungle themes.

Wynton Marsalis

Famous jazz trumpeter, made jazz recording of "What is This Thing Called Love?"

"Shoe Shine Boy"

Famous track from Count Basie featuring Lester Young on clarinet, recorded by John Hammond

What was an important driving factor for the sound of many swing bands in the 1940s?

Featured soloists, both innovative improvisation and danceable tunes were valued by swing fans.

Red Hot Peppers

Ferdinand Morton's band

"Memphis Blues"

First published blues composition of W.C. Handy, became a national bestseller, making him one of the most well-known popular music composers of the time.

Where did W.C. Handy draw inspiration from?

Folk music, one famous story recounts him first hearing blues in a Memphis train station

John and Alan Lomax

Folklorists that attempted to capture the sounds of traditional American folk music-making, including work songs, in the 1930s, but no recordings of original work songs exist. They found remnants of the practice in southern prisons, where work songs were still useful in pacing labor.

the Christy Minstrels

Formalized the concepts behind the minstrel show. Spent ten years performing on Broadway, refining the presentation of the minstrel show.

"Sing, Sing, Sing"

Goodman's performance at Carnegie Hall

How was gospel music, specifically Dorsey's, first viewed?

Gospel music was new and most people didn't understand. Some of the preachers used to call gospel music 'sin' music. They related it to what they called worldly things—like jazz and blues and show business. Gospel music was different from approved hymns and spirituals. It had a beat.

Lester Young early life

He grew up in New Orleans and was part of a family band that toured with carnivals. He played various instruments but settled on the alto and tenor saxophones.

What did Walker do for musicians?

He had a profound impact on many musicians, including B.B. King and Jimmy Witherspoon, and his playing has influenced every electric guitarist since.

What guitar did Walker play and how?

He was also a consummate showman who played a large Gibson hollowbody guitar and would cut loose with tricks such as playing behind his back or between his legs.

What did T-Bone Walker do for the guitar?

He was one of the first musicians to prove that the guitar could be a legitimate solo instrument and was praised for his ability to play single-string, horn-phrased solos.

What did Charles Albert Tindley do?

He wrote songs to complement his sermons and incorporated instrumental accompaniment and the verse-chorus structure into his compositions.

"Variety Stomp"

Henderson's distinctive sound and approach to arranging is best exemplified on this recording

What made Tharpe a landmark performer?

Her irreverent hybridity in adapting the music and performance style of African American Pentecostal churches for secular entertainment

Scott Joplin

His piano rags are the most well-known examples of the ragtime genre

Rushing's carreer

His status and influence grew to a level few big band singers had achieved before. He was a large man of extraordinary poise with a wide range of moods, and his artistry helped move the blues back into national prominence in the fifties and sixties. He never waned and throughout the years, he waxed.

"Minnie the Moocher," "St. James Infirmary," and "Reefer Man."

Hit records of Calloway's

Which form of transitional gospel evolved in the context of the Pentecostal denomination, which embraced an uninhibited and highly demonstrative worship style under the anointing of the Holy Spirit?

Holiness-Pentecostal style

Musical construction

How performances and compositions are put together (i.e. improvisation, repetition and variation, call and response)

National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses

In 1932, Dorsey entered into an alliance with other gospel pioneers—Sallie Martin, Theodore Frye, Magnolia Lewis Butts— in Chicago to form this. Formed with the express purpose of promoting the performance and understanding of gospel music, this organization has grown from its initial nucleus of some 200 to an international membership of more than 3,000.

What did Duke Ellington do for swing?

In 1939, he added tenor saxophonist Ben Webster, bassist Jimmy Blanton, and composer/arranger Billy Strayhorn, who helped bring a new level of excitement and sophistication to the band's sound.

Jerry Wexler

In 1949 coined the term "Rhythm and Blues" while working for Billboard magazine, to describe the unified sound of blues styles on the race record charts. a vice president of Atlantic Records, played a significant role in bringing black music to the masses and in the evolution of rhythm and blues to soul music. He also developed the role of the record producer and left his mark on a lot of great music.

"rhythm and blues" or R&B

In 1949, term that was introduced to replace the name "Race Records" as the umbrella term for any black music popular with black audiences.

Congo Square

In New Orleans, serving as the main outlet for African dance and music traditions.

Black Music as Construction/Hybrid

In other words, the "communicative gestures" of black music can be reproduced, modified or reiterated by non-black performers in a way that still refers to and invokes an association with African American identity.

"78" rpm disc

In the 1920s, the commercially viable recording type, made of hard rubber and capable of holding about three minutes of sound on each side. Prior to 1925, they were made using an acoustic process, but the introduction of the microphone in late 1924 revolutionized the sound quality.

What happened in the 1940s with the gospel quartet?

Instrumental accompaniment became a part of the quartet performance style with the guitar.

What was the foundation of the Basie Band?

Jo Jones's elegant, propulsive groove, in conjunction with Walter Page's bass

The Creole Jazz Band

Joe Oliver's band, was known for its distinctively New Orleanian sound.

Spike's Seven Pods of Peppers Orchestra

Kid Ory's band, in 1922 recorded two sides for the Sunshine Records label

Who are examples of R&B style performers?

Lonnie Johnson and T-Bone Walker

"Hot Fives" and "Hot Sevens"

Louis Armstrong's bands, in the late 1920s established his distinctive sound and allowed him to showcase his vocal talent. The records produced by these groups were some of the finest and most popular 78s of their time.

Tympany Five, which would later become Tympany Six

Louis Jordan's R&B band

Libby Holman

Made tin pan alley broadway style rendition of "What is This Thing Called Love?"

What three musicians performed at the Carnegie concert, latering forming the Boogie Woogie Trio?

Meade "Lux" Lewis, Albert Ammons, and Pete Johnson

"Roaring Twenties"

Name for the 1920s

"ratty" music

Music played by non-reading musicians playing improvised music drew larger audiences for dances and parades. brought many trained and untrained musicians into the improvising bands. These changes ultimately united black and Creole of color musicians, thus strengthening early jazz.

The Fletcher Henderson Orchestra

One of the first big bands of the 1920s that played as a dance band in the best ballrooms for affluent audiences and prided themselves on being dynamic and versatile. they merged the more "sophisticated" sounds of New York with the earthier, blues-driven style of New Orleans.

Band that made the term jazz become permanently attached to the music

Original Dixieland Jazz Band

Hammond signed these two muscians to Columbia records

Pete Seeger and Bob Dylan

Stride piano style

Piano style created by Willie "the lion" Smith, James P. Johnson, and Fats Waller

Jimmy Blanton

Played for Ellington, driving beat helped the group swing like never before.

Ben Webster

Played for Ellington, powerful sound and solos electrified audiences

Creoles of color

Played large part in New Orleans' musical scene

"The Blues is Brewin'"

Popular Holiday song performed with Louis Armstrong

What was swing music considered?

Popular dance music, not high art

"I'm Gonna Leave You on the Outskirts of Town."

R&B song that broke Tympany Five, which would later become Tympany Six, into the R&B charts

Ma Rainey summary

Rainey started her career as a singer in 1904 and was a huge star in the Southern traveling tent show circuit. However, she was not recognized by the national audience until she recorded in 1923.

"Crazy Blues,"

Recording by Perry Bradford and Mamie Smith which combined jazz, vaudeville, and black music-hall traditions. The record featured black musicians and singers, which Okeh emphasized as an "authentic" African American product. It sold over a million copies within a year and opened the door for the "Race Records" industry of African Americans recording music for African American audiences.

"Kid Ory's Creole Trombone" and "Society Blues,"

Recording from Ory's Spike's Seven Pods of Peppers Orchestra, are considered the first jazz records made by African Americans, even though only 5,000 copies were originally made.

What brought boogie woogie to national attention in the late 1930s?

The "From Spirituals to Swing" concerts in late 1930s

What are some prominent gospel quartets who pioneered in the development and proliferation of this form?

The Golden Gate Quartet, the Soul Stirrers, the Dixie Hummingbirds, the Five Blind Boys of Alabama, the Swan Silvertones, the Fairfield Four, and the Highway QCs

What contributed to the birth of jazz as different styles and influences intertwined?

The New Orleans dedication to musical diversity

1920s jazz summary

The New York jazz orchestras of the 1920s integrated the raw, hot timbres of New Orleans and the blues-inflected soloing of Chicago with the drive and rhythmic precision of ragtime-era dance music, becoming the most widely-heard representation of jazz in the late 1920s.

Although not particularly talented players, this band was instrumental in spreading jazz throughout the country and the world.

The Original Dixieland Jazz Band

This bands recordings were full of energy and representative of the New Orleans sound in 1917, appealing to an audience seeking new and controversial music to dance to.

The Original Dixieland Jazz Band

THE KNOWINGNESS OF PARODY: HIP-HOP'S CRITICAL DIALOGUE

The article discusses Lupe Fiasco's rap lyrics that critique the representation of Black women in hip-hop culture. Fiasco questions the impact of these representations on young minds, particularly with regards to the sexual objectification of women in gangster rap videos. However, the author of the article argues that Fiasco's attempt to engage critically with gender politics in hip-hop reinforces dichotomies of "good" versus "bad" women and places blame on women rather than holding men accountable for perpetuating misogyny. The author suggests that the issue of women's objectification should be linked to broader patriarchal systems and men's agency in perpetuating these representations.

CONTESTING BLACKFACE IN POP CULTURE

The article discusses the persistence of blackface minstrelsy in contemporary popular culture and its problematic nature. It analyzes the music video for Lupé Fiasco's "Bitch Bad," which critiques gangsta rap and the use of video vixens, who often adhere to sexist and racist body aesthetics.

Which genre started as one of many black-associated genres in the early 1900s, but became a central form of American musical expression after sound recordings became the primary medium of the music industry in the early 1920s?

The blues

Big Joe Turner and Pete Johnson

The boogie woogie style was popularized by musicians such as these two

Thomas Dartmouth Rice

The first blackface performer who developed a song-and-dance routine in which he impersonated an old, crippled black slave, dubbed "Jim Crow."

What are the three forms of transitional gospel music?

The gospel hymn, the rural gospel style, and the Holiness-Pentecostal style. These new music styles challenged the traditional church establishment and reflected the migrants' desire to maintain familiar ways of being in their new urban contexts.

What marked a turning point in music history in 1936?

The invention and commercial availability of the electric guitar by Gibson

What happened after the introduction of phonographs in 1901?

The recording industry became big business.

The Spiritual

The most popular style of African American music from the first years of emancipation through the last decade of the nineteenth century. drew themes and texts from Christian teachings but was distinct in its forms, melodies, and use of blue notes. also featured the use of call and response in performance.

What was a key setting for the emergence of gospel music?

The one-room folk church of the rural South

The five-member male quartet

The transition from spirituals to gospel began in the 1930s when the quartet was expanded to five voices, which allowed the utilization of more than one lead singer while maintaining a full four-part harmonic background.

What was Lonnie Johnson known for?

The use of the guitar as a lead instrument and was the creator of the note-by-note pick style that became standard in many genres. He was also a skilled blues singer and recorded duets with white jazz guitarist Eddie Lang in the late 1920s.

"Bitch Bad"

The video by Lupé Fiasco, released in 2012, critiques 21st-century mainstream hip-hop and how stereotypes about race and gender are propagated. However, some commentators have noted that Fiasco's critique of gender politics is not entirely unproblematic. Show examples for MODERN DAY MINSTRELY The video features shots of the Tower Theatre, retro architecture, and old Hollywood films with actors in blackface. The breakdown of the video performers under the pressure of stereotypes is interpreted as a metaphorical form of blackface.

Musical interpretation

The way pitches and rhythms are produced (i.e. use of blues notes, inflection, and swing feel)

What were the opinions of supporters of band integration?

They believed that it could break down racial barriers and contribute to the advancement of American music.

What happened throughout the 1940s to the sounds of different sub-categories of "race records"?

They moved towards a unified R&B sound, drawing influences from boogie woogie, jump blues, Chicago and West Coast blues.

Joe "King" Oliver

This man and his Creole Jazz Band recorded the first substantial collection of jazz records by black musicians in 1923, creating what many consider the definitive sound of early jazz. His group was composed mostly of New Orleans players who had made their way to Chicago.

"Precious Lord, Take My Hand,"

Thomas Dorsey's most famous composition

"Stormy Monday,"

Walker's most famous tune, is considered one of the all-time blues standards.

"four beat" bass lines

Walter Page's thumping-moving bass lines that were instrumental to the KC sound.

"I Can't Be Satisfied" in 1948

Waters hit song that released his distinct sound to the world

Decca records

Where Willie "the lion" Smith made small group recordings

What did singers in big bands lead to?

While many big bands folded, singers kept their prominence and became the new driving forces in popular music, and this shift reflected a change in the public's interest from instrumental, group-oriented music to vocal, star-driven styles.

Harlem Stride piano school

Willie Smith left behind a legacy as one of the greatest stylists of this school

"the lion"

Willie Smith's nickname, given to him in World War I where he served as a gunner

T-Bone Walker

a highly influential blues guitarist in the 1930s and 1940s, known for his sophisticated playing style that bridged the gap between jazz and blues. one of the first musicians to explore the electric guitar, and his West Coast Blues style influenced future innovators like Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, and Jimi Hendrix.

Harlem Stride piano style

a major influence on future developments in jazz. came from New York style piano playing from NY bars, clubs, etc.

What was Nat King Cole as a musician?

a masterful musician and singer.

Jazz can be defined by?

a musical tradition rooted in performing conventions developed in the early 20th century by African Americans, a set of attitudes and assumptions about music-making, and a style characterized by syncopation, melodic and harmonic elements derived from the blues, cyclical formal structures like the blues, and a supple rhythmic approach known as swing. It is more an approach to playing music than a specific style of music, and jazz musicians often borrow popular songs and create jazz versions of them through improvisation and changing the rhythmic feel.

Louis Jordan

a musician born in 1908, started his career as a part of the Rabbit Foot Minstrel troupe and later joined Chick Webb's orchestra.

Note

a particular pitch defined by a letter name (i.e. A, Bb, etc.)

Meter

a pattern of repeating pulse groupings, most typically 4/4 or 3/4

Ragtime

a popular genre of music in America from the late 1800s to the end of World War I, primarily played for social occasions and dancing. first created and performed by African Americans and features constant syncopation. These pieces were highly structured and lacked improvisation, leading some to criticize it as not being "truly" black music.

What made up the sound of Kansas City jazz in the 1930s?

a preference for fluid, relaxed rhythmic feel, a heavy blues influence, head arrangements, and the use of riffs.

Count Basie in KC

a prominent figure in the Kansas City jazz scene of the 1930s.

Harmonic progression (also known as a chord progression)

a repeating series of chords that create the foundation of a piece of music

Groove

a repeating, often "danceable" musical pattern performed by a rhythm section

Backbeat

a rhythmic pattern with accents on beats 2 & 4 in common time (usually played on a snare drum), a common accent pattern in rock and related genres

Melody

a sequence of pitches that occur one after another in time, in a linear fashion, that is perceived as a single, musical entity. This is the tune of a piece of music, often the most memorable element of a song.

Strains

a series of 16-bar melodies featured in marches which was the basic form of ragtime

Scale

a series of pitches ordered from lowest to highest

Riff

a short, repeating rhythmic musical statement

"St. Louis Blues"

a song written by W.C. Handy, considered the formalizer of the blues, sometime before 1914. The song was a popular composition, and it helped spark the first national interest in the blues as a style of composition.

32-Bar Song Form

a strophic song form originated from Tin Pan Alley popular music consisting of four eight-measure phrases organized in an A A B A pattern

Lonnie Johnson

a talented and refined blues performer from New Orleans who became a major influence on blues and jazz history. He frequently collaborated with blues queens and played with legendary musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.

What did the amplifier and the sustain of the electric guitar do?

allowed for it to become a solo instrument with more sonic possibilities.

What did the electric guitar do for the guitar?

allowed the instrument to move to the forefront of popular jazz and blues.

"The Jazz Age,"

alternate name for the era around the 1920s

What did Waters use to give his guitar playing a powerful and compelling edge, introducing a new sound to traditional music?

amplification

Count Basie

an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer who was active from the 1920s until his death in 1984. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential bandleaders in the history of jazz.

The Holiness-Pentecostal style was based on the what structure?

call-response structure

Pitch Motion

change from one pitch to the next by step, by leap, or a repeat

Jump blues

characterized by its driving rhythm, brassy, riff-based approach, and soulful sound. The style was modeled after boogie woogie and typified by Count Basie. Saxophonist Louis Jordan was the most successful and influential figure in the development of this genre.

Jo Jones

drummer in KC

What genre has a lot of improvisation (and is known for it)?

jazz

Word that was not originally associated with music and was meant to convey energy or excitement.

jazz. The earliest printed uses of the word were in California baseball writing in 1912, where it meant "lively, energetic."

W.C. Handy

known as the "Father of the Blues,". Born in Florence, Alabama in 1873, this man drew inspiration from the folk music of everyday African American southern life and created uniquely American music. He took to music at an early age. In the late 1800s he worked in many small bands and sang in minstrel shows before accepting a two-year stint as a music teacher at the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. By 1910, he turned most of his musical energies toward composition.

Thomas A. Dorsey

known as the Father of Gospel Music, was influenced by blues and jazz music

Stephen Foster

known as the first great American songwriter, composed many songs in popular styles of the day, including minstrel traditions. Some of his most famous tunes were written in the plantation and Ethiopian minstrel styles. While he has been criticized for participating in the creation of minstrel shows, He later moved away from writing minstrel tunes and became the first composer to create sympathetic images of African Americans in his songs.

The Clef Club

led by James Reese Europe, was formed in 1910 as a booking agency, trade union, and social club for black musicians in New York. The club provided entertainment for both black and white audiences and helped raise the profile and image of black musicians as serious, trained musicians, and dismissed the notion that African Americans only possessed intuitive talents for music.

Kid Ory

led some of the best bands in New Orleans during the 1910s, and helped spread the popularity of "creole" and "hot" music on the west coast.

Buddy Bolden

legendary figure in the history of jazz, (but claims that he invented jazz prior to 1906 are improbable and unfounded since there are no recordings or transcriptions of his playing. an innovative and influential musician, but his role in the creation myth of jazz has been built up to a degree that is likely overstated. The idea that he incorporated syncopation, improvisation, and blues feeling into his music is probably true, but it is not accurate to say that he was playing "jazz." The view of this man as the inventor of jazz perpetuates a limited definition of the genre and overlooks the diversity of music in New Orleans at the time.)

Chick Webb

legendary jazz drummer born in Baltimore in 1909. Despite suffering from spinal tuberculosis, he became a talented musician and formed the "Harlem Stoppers," which later evolved into the Chick Webb Orchestra.

What properties did boogie woogie music have?

lively and meant for dancing, with a repeating, swinging rhythmic pattern that encouraged movement.

Blue notes

lowered third and seventh scale degrees

Boogie woogie

originated in Texas but was popularized in African American bars and clubs in the Midwest and Southwest. The piano was the primary instrument of the this sound, with the "_______ bass" played by the left hand being the essential quality of the music. The style continues to influence modern music, such as Christina Aguilera's single "Candyman."

R&B sounds grew from where?

out of urban and rural blues traditions, with different approaches such as big band, piano rhythms, and electric guitar.

Shouts/Ringshouts/Reel shouts

part of southeastern African American religious traditions that emerged in the later part of the evangelical movement. These were a holdover from African tribal traditions that were folded into African American Christian religious practices and had rhythms, forms, and dance that had more in common with African music than almost any other African American musical expression.

Fletcher Henderson

pianist and bandleader who rose to prominence in the 1920s and 1930s. He was born in Georgia in 1897 and came from a middle-class family that looked down upon blues and ragtime music. He studied chemistry at Atlanta University before relocating to New York to pursue a music career.

Garland Wilson

pianist, Hammond funded

Bubber Miley and Tricky Sam Nanton

pioneered the "growl" style of brass playing

"Down Hearted Blues" (1923)

popular song from Bessie Smith, selling a quarter of a million copies.

"Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" (1923)

popular song from Ma Rainey

"jasm."

possible word of influence for the word "jazz"

Vernon and Irene Castle and Clef Club founder James Reese Europe

primary players of the dance craze era

The Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB)

recognized as the first jazz band to make a record, although they did not invent jazz. The band was formed in 1916 and relocated to Chicago and then New York. They became popular due to their new and exciting music, as well as their on-stage antics.

"St. Louis Blues" by Bessie Smith and Louis Armstrong

recorded on January 14th, 1925, considered the definitive version of the song. Despite the song being an established American standard, the collaboration between Smith and Armstrong helped the record become a smash hit.

Sister Rosetta Tharpe

singer and guitarist, One of the singers to represent this style of music on the "From Spirituals to Swing" concerts, a representative of the hybrid gospel music style that emerged in the 1930s.

Who did Thomas Dorsey join forces with?

singers like Sallie Martin and later Mahalia Jackson

Blues Scale

six note scale that includes typical blues sonorities [flat third and/or seventh scale degrees] (Major in C: C, D, Eb, E, G, A, Minor in C: C, Eb, F, F#, G, Bb)

What is Jones known for?

smoothing out the odd-beat accents favored by early jazz drummers into a lilting, four-beat pulse, and inventing the modern drum kit by raising the "low boy" cymbals to waist height and placing them next to the snare drum. This addition, known as the "high hat," allowed drummers to experiment with accents and colors and defined the sound of swing.

Verse-Chorus Form

song structure using alternation between sections known as verses (different lyrics each time) and choruses (repeated lyrics/refrain). In this form the chorus is the focal point of the song by virtue of its repetition and its typically more "catchy" nature. When verses and choruses are alternated over a repeating musical progression, such as the 12-bar blues, this form is referred to as simple verse-chorus form. When different melody/harmony/grooves/accompaniment are used for verse or chorus sections this is called contrasting verse-chorus form. A bridge section can also be added for contrast (see Bridge).

Clorindy

the first all-black, full-length musical on Broadway, which led to a string of all-black musical comedies, including the first interracial musical on Broadway called The Southerners. However, these shows still featured black stereotypes and were limited in their subject matter.

Gotham-Attucks

the first black-run publishing house that opened its doors in 1905 in response to the dominance of white publishers in the American music industry. It allowed black composers to participate and profit from the production of black music beyond that of the performer.

The Nat King Cole Show

the first-ever variety show hosted by an African American

Holiness-Pentecostal gospel was reminiscent of what?

the folk spiritual repertoire

Charles Albert Tindley

the grandfather of gospel music, was the minister of ____ Temple Methodist Church in Philadelphia, influenced by the holiness movement.

Form

the harmonic and rhythmic road map of a composition. Common musical forms used in rock music include 12-bar blues, 32-bar song form and verse-chorus form.

Melodic Contour

the overall shape of the rising and falling of the notes in a melody

Bar

the regular grouping of beats

What was the new type of blues star?

the rural, self-accompanied street singer with a "down home" sound

Microtone

the smallest possible interval between two notes (less than a half step)

Tempo

the speed or pace of music (measure in bpm)

Frederick Douglass

vocal critic of black minstrel shows, as they perpetuated negative stereotypes of African Americans. In his review of Gavitt's Original Ethiopian Serenaders, He criticized their use of blackface and exaggerated features, and called for the performers to represent the true character of colored people rather than perpetuating negative stereotypes.

Blind Boys of Alabama

vocal group formed at the Alabama Institute for the Negro Blind in 1939, who perform a traditional spiritual called "The Last Time"

rural gospel music

was a counterpart to the rural blues.

Nat "King" Cole,

was a famous American musician known for his smooth, crooning vocal style.

Blind Lemon Jefferson

was discovered by a record executive in 1924 and became one of the biggest names in rural blues, with his intensely personal style of singing and playing that was considered rough-hewn and brilliant.

What was Basie's orchestra known for?

was known for its relaxed rhythm and use of riffs in compositions and arrangements.

Henderson's big band

was one of the most popular and influential groups of the Jazz Age. His band's arrangements were clean and spare, but generated an infectious swing.

Holiday's personal life

was plagued with drug-related issues, arrests, and prison time, which became tabloid fodder. However, some argue that the struggles in her life contributed to the passionate emotion in her music.

Waters Sound/The Chicago sound

was typified by down-home, rural blues vocal styles, guitar and harmonica playing performed on electric instruments, accompanied by a jump blues-influenced rhythm section of rhythm guitar, bass and drums, became a pivotal point for the development and dissemination of modern blues and influenced the development of popular music.

Inflection

ways that notes are bent, slurred or otherwise altered for musical affect

Eddie Lang

white jazz guitarist that recorded with Lonnie Johnson