full ap euro midterm

A) (education.)

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was... A) education. B) control of the papacy. C) a pious life. D) the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford. E) adherence to church dogma.

The reign of Peter the Great was characterized by

incessant warfare.

baroque art was

intended to kindle the faith of the comon people

the french royal budget in the first half of the 16th century was strained by both the Hapsburg-Valois wars and

loss of feudal dues and rents

courts

magnificent household and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts

The primary motivation for european explorers was

material profit

Mary Wollstonecraft argued that

men and women would benefit from sequal equality

Martin Luther's father was a

miner

The actions of the Council of Trent included all of the following except

modifying the doctrine of transsubstantiation

French intendants were almost always recruited from the

new, judicial nobility

The importance and liberty of eastern European towns were undermined, in large part, by

nobles selling agricultural commodities directly to foreign capitalists.

John Locke was the great spokesman

of the Glorious Revolution of 1688

In France, Calvinism

often served as a claok for noble independence.

23. The Edict on Idle Institutions outlawed A. the Jesuits. B. contemplative monastic orders. C. foundling homes. D. universities. E. territorial churches,

Contemplative monastic orders

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants

the edict of nantes

provided conditions for the peaceful coexistence of calcinism and catholicism in France.

the edict of restitition (1629) stated that

all catholic properties lost to protestants in the HRE since 1552 would be restored and only catholicism and lutheranism would be allowed in the empire

The paulette, introduced by Henry IV, was

an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee heredity in their offices

According to Luther, salvation

comes from God's free gift of grace

In his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther criticized the selling of indulgences for all of the folloring reasons except that it

decieved the ignorant

michel de montaigne invented the

essay

In the years 1789-1791 th eNational Assembly took all of the following actions except

establishing price controls on grain

The legal definition of the conposition of the prerevloutionary Third Estate included

everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy

shakespeare's history plays, such as richard II

exalt the english nations

the saint bartholomews day massacre

exemplified the hatred between french catholics and protestants

What is the folly that the Duke off St. Simon feared would ruin the French nobility?

expending too much money on luxury and display

The Colloquy of Marburg was a

failed attempt to unify Protestant theology

The spark that caused the English Glorious REvolution was the

fear of a Catholic dynasty being established by James II

all of the following were factors in elizabeths I's decision to intervene in the dutch revolt except

the impact of imflation of the spanish economy

universal gravitation

the key feature of newton's system was the law of

The battle that prevented Napoleon's invasion of England was

Trafalgar

The Baroque palaces of central and eastern European princes were modeled on

Versailles.

27. Prior to 1750. premarital sex A. was nonexistent. B. occurred only among the upper classes. C. was commonplace. D. was punishable by a prison term. E. resulted in a high percentage of illegitimate children.

Was commonplace

According to the text, Protestant historians have tended to view the Reformation as

a revolutionary break with the past

The "quinto" was

a spanish tax on all precious metals mined in tis colonies

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

a striking feature of the salons was that

Anabaptists generally favored all of the following except

abolition of baptism

change the general way of thinking

according to its editor, the fundamental goal of the encyclopedia was to

The Bretheren of the Common Life represent

an example of pre-Reformation reform movements within the church

The administration of justice in eastern Europe generally was

controlled by local landlords.

One important factor in the rise of princes of Moscow to domination over other Slavic cities in the area was

cooperation with the Mongols.

postulated a sun centered view of the universe

copernicus's theory of the universe

Colbert's contributions to the economy of France included all of the following except

creating a national bank

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII

the separation of governmental powers

the his "spirit of laws", montesquiue argued for

technical journals on agriculture and industry

the illegal book trade n france featured all of the following types of literature except

35. In foundling homes, babies A. had a better chance of survival on average than in a family setting. B. died at the rate of 50 to 90 percent per year. C. were safer from infectious diseases than outside. D. were prepared for careers in the clergy. E. were deliberately starved in large numbers.

Died at rate of 50-90 per year

25. Most girls who sought work outside their families found jobs as A. workers in textile factories. B. teachers. C. domestic servants. D. secretaries. E. shop clerks.

Domestic servants

The primary instrument (method) of Dutch overseas imperialism was the

Dutch East India Company

Starvation and economic crisis in France in 1693-1694 were caused by all of the following except

typhoid epidemic

according to the evidence presented in "listening to the past," christopher colombus considered the native americans to be

unfit for conversion to christianity

Peter's involvement in the Great Northern War was a consequence of

his adherence to an aggressive alliance against Sweden.

Napoleon's Civil Code of 1804

institutionalized women's secondary status

The men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General were primarliy

lawyers and government officials

The Stamp Act of 1765

required residents of the British colonies in North America to pay a tax on a long list of legal documents, publications, dice, playing cards, and so on

In order to pay for the habsburg valois wars, the french monarchs

sold public offices

French Policies in areas conquered by French armies resulted in

strong, nationalistic resentment against the oppressive French

At the Battle of White Mountain (1620)

the Habsburgs crushed a rebellion of the Bohemian noble Estates in defense of Protestant rights.

restructuring the prussian social system

the accomplishments of frederick II included all of the following except

34. The practice of wet-nursing benefited A. the infants placed in the care of wet-nurses. B. the working-class mothers who had to go to work. C. the infants of the wet-nurses. D. upper-class mothers. E. the villages where the wet-nurses lived.

Upper class mothers

The new religious order for women that emerged in the 16th century was the

Ursuline Order

41. The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and A. meat and eggs. B. dairy products. C. vegetables. D. mead. E. wild game.

Vegetables

How did medieval Arab chroniclers tend to describe people from sub-Saharan Africa.

as a physically repulsive, mentally inferior people perfectly happy to be enslaved

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germay

became eithe rLutheran or Catholic depending on the preference of their prince

According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments

because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas

aristotle

before the scientific revolution, europeans' view of the universe was based in the ideas of

with regard to divorce in the 16th and 17th centuries

both the catholic church and protestant churches came to accept divorce for men and women in case of irreconcilable differences or adultery

Ivan IV carried out a reign of terror against the Muscovite

boyars.

The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789-1791 passed laws that

broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property

The 1477 marriage of Maximilian I of the house of Habsburg and Mary of Burgandy was important because it

brought Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands under Habsburg control

To solve their increasingly disastrous financial difficulties, Spanish monarchs often resorted to

cancelling the national debt

a military coup

catherine the great of russia came to power in 1762 through

Philip II shared with Luther and Calvin the belief that

church and civil authorities should destroy heresy

During the early years of the French Revolution

common Parisian women played key roles in a number of Revolution events

The population of St. Petersburg was

compelled by Peter to reside there.

The decline of Spain in the seventeenth century can be attributed to all of the following causes except

conflict between the church and the state

Revisionist historians of the French Revolution stress all of the following except the

conflict between the nobility and the bourgeoisie

In the aftermath of the siege of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs

conquered most of Hungary and Transylvania.

The Protestant reformation in Germany

contributed to its continued fragmentation

a mecchnistic, atheistic philosophy

d'holbach's system of nature presented

debate about women

debate among writers and thinkers of the Renaissance about women's qualities and proper role in society

popolo

disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power

Eighteenth-century liberalism called for all of the following except

economic equality

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guarantee all of the following except

economic equality

The distinctiveness of North American society included all of the following except

economic, religious, and ethnic homogeneity

the authorized version of the bible reflected the efforts of the anglicans and puritans to

encourage the laity to read the bible

The situation in Paris on the eve of the Revolution included all of the following except

fear of a royal and aristocratic attack on the city

patronage

financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or in specific styles

the "winner" of the thirty years' war seems to have been

france

The Reign of Terror ended when

members of the Convention, afraid of Robespierre would turn the Terror on them, had him arrested and executed

According to Olympe de Gouges,

men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law

The group of people who benefitted the most from the large price increases in the 16th century was the

middle class

Each nation, or ________, in the Ottoman Empire enjoyed autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

millet

The most enduring legacy of Frederick William I was

molding the most militaristic country of modern times.

As a result of the revolt by the Bohemian nobility in 1618,

much of the native Bohemian nobility was replaced with nobles loyal to the Habsburgs.

one reason for the decline in the supply of Slavic slaces to western europe in the 15th century was

ottoman capture of constantinople in 1453

peter paul rubens is best remembered as

painter whose work exemplifies the sensuality of baroque painting

The term "Great Fear" refers to the

paranoia in the countryside that fanned the flames of trebellion in the summer of 1792

alexander farnese's strategy against the rebellious loow countries cities was

patient siege

According to the text the string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-1794 was largely due to

patrriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft

The social groups that benefitted most from the Revolution and Napoleon were the middle class and the

peasants

The life-and-death political struggle between the Girondins and the Mountain resulted mainly from

personal hatred and jealousy

the defeat of the spanish armada in 1588

precented philip II from reuniting western Europe under Catholic rule

Typically, French classicism

presented subject matter associated with the Greco-Roman past

The primary factor determining the direction of Spanish exploration in the Americas was

prevailing winds and tides

After the Time of Troubles, the Romanov tsars

relaxed the obligations of the nobility.

During the Time of Troubles (1598-1613) Russia faced all of the following troubles except

religious schism.

The English Navigation Act of 1651

required that English goods be transported on English ships

The first tactic employed by the landlords to cope with labor shortages was to

restrict peasant freedom of movement.

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

the population losses caused by the plague and the hundred years was

resulted in the virtual dissapearance of serfdom in France

According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

revolutionary actions by French peasants and the common people of Paris

authentic, long term needs for people can be correctly interpreted by farseeing minority

rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

During the reigns of Ivan III and Ivan IV, Muscovite society

saw the rise of the service nobility.

The consolidation of ___________ in eastern Europe was accompanied by the rise of estate agriculture.

serfdom

The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire filled the top ranks of his bureaucracy with

slaves, many of them taken from the Christian Balkans as boys and converted to Islam.

the earliest european-run sugar plantations worked by african slaves were located in

southern portugal and the canary and madeira islands

The Pragmatic Sanction issued by Charles VI in 1713

stated that Habsburg lands were never to be divided.

All of the following contributed to the Great Elector Frederick William's political victory over the Brandenburg Estates except

subsidies of the Great Elector by France.

the introduction of slavery into the Americas was conditioned most by the production of

sugar

Prince Henry II of Portugal is significant for his

support of exploration

communes

sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles

Th eTennis court oath was

sworn by renegade delegates from the Estates General, most of them from the Third Estate

The illegal book trade in France featured all of the following types of literature except

technical journals on agriculture and industry.

freeing the prussian serfs

the "enlightened" policices of frederick II of prussia included all of the following except

Louis XIII's decision to destroy Huguenot independence was based on

the Huguenots' refusal to allow Catholics freedom of worship in Huguenot cities

The accomplishments of Frederick William the Great Elector include all of the following except

the abolition of serfdom.

the wars of the 16th and 17th centuries differed from those of earlier centuries in that

the armies were much larger and more expensive

Recent research on the English church before Henry VIII's break with Rome indicates that

the church was in a very healthy condition

All of the following were factors in the Hungarians' fight against Habsburg absolutism except

the commercial and industrial strength of Hungary.

french policy during the french (international) phase of the thirty years war was motivated by

the desire to maintain the political gragmentation of the empire

In the early 16th century, critics of the Church attacked all of the following except

the divinity of Jesus Christ

Ulrich Zeingli attacked all of the following except

the doctrine of the Trinity

french scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the scientific revolution

the enlightenment reached its highest development in france for al of the following except

The Peace of Westphalia resulted in all of the following except

the expulsion of Sweden from Germany

According to the text, the reason that labor shortages led to freedom for peasants in western Europe and bondage for peasants in eastern Europe was

the monarchs in eastern Europe were weaker before the seventeenth century and could not restrain the nobles from oppressing the peasants.

Abbe Sieyes's answer to the question "What is the Third Estate?" was that it was

the most useful component of French society

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed

virtù

the quality of being able to shape the world according to one's will

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

the subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy

John Knox was infleuntial in the REformation in

Scotland

42. A severe deficiency in vitamin C results in the disease known as A. dysentery. B. beri beri. C. anemia. D. scurvy. E. gout.

Scurvy

After the death of ____________ in 1566, Ottoman monarchial absolutism gave way to palace intrigue.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Between 1635 and 1659 the French Army increased by approximately how many times?

Ten

Which country had the highest living standards in Europe in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Netherlands

B) (Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business.)

The Spanish conversos were A) American Indians who returned to Spain to demonstrate that they could and would embrace Christianity. B) Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business. C) Albigensian heretics who had fled to Spain to avoid the Inquisition in France. D) Muslim converts to Christianity following the fall of Granada. E) small clans of Celts who had hidden away in the Pyrenees and still practiced traditional Celtic rituals.

A) (dealt with noble threats to royal power in England.)

The Star Chamber A) dealt with noble threats to royal power in England. B) was dominated by the great nobles of England. C) was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition. D) dealt with the finances of the English government. E) was largely staffed by conversos.

B) (promoting peace and social order at the local level.)

The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by A) reforming the church. B) promoting peace and social order at the local level. C) restricting the wages of the working classes. D) lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry E) appointing a few great lords as his closest advisers.

According to Calvin, the elect were

those individuals chosen for salvation

prussia, russia, austria

which powers participated in the partitioning of poland in the late 18th century

Serfdom was established in eastern Europe between

1400 and 1650.

49. The term lunatic refers to A. the popular belief that mental illness was caused by moonlight. B. the brown rat, bearer of the bubonic plague. C. someone who drank too much. D. German Protestants who joined the Pietist movement. E. traditional village punishments for those who violated local customs.

A

54. The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the A. power of the state over the church. B. obscurantism of the Bourbon monarchs. C. decline of religious feeling in the eighteenth century. D. vitality of the Protestant revival. E. resurgent power of the papacy.

A

57. All of the following were aspects of the celebration of Carnival except A. begging forgiveness for one's sins. B. inversion of the social hierarchy. C. drinking and dancing. D. masquerading. E. mocking the established order.

A

In addition to supervising labor and birth, midwives generally A. treated female medical difficulties such as irregular menstrual cycles, venereal diseases, and breast-feeding problems. B. sold contraceptives. C. practiced witchcraft. D. assisted physicians. E. treated mental patients.

A

The grievance petitions from all three estates called for all of the following except

A constitutional monarchy?

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

D) (provided order, security, and safety of the populace.)

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it A) provided the necessary public services. B) was based on Christian morality. C) protected the liberty of its citizens. D) provided order, security, and safety of the populace. E) improved the economy.

A) (the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government.)

According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that A) the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government. B) North America would one day be the site of the greatest power in world history. C) Native Americans could be saved through conservations to Christianity. D) flaws in the divine nature were responsible for human corruption. E) human beings evolved from lower animals.

E) (women were not permitted to take up painting until after they were married.)

All of the following inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance EXCEPT A) women were not allowed to study the male nude. B) women could not work in public where the fresco technique was done. C) women were not permitted to join groups of male artists for informal practice. D) women were not permitted to attend artistic academies. E) women were not permitted to take up painting until after they were married.

In the mid 16th century, the commercial capital of the european world was

Amsterdam

A) (urban palace.)

As consumer habits changed, an aristocrat's greatest expense was usually his A) urban palace. B) military hardware and training. C) daughter's dowry. D) food. E) jewelry and clothing.

The group that met in 1787 to discuss tax reform was the

Assembly of Notables

48. Among the different types of medical practitioner's in Europe in the 18th century A. pharmacists made more cures than other groups. B. none treated medical conditions very effectively. C. midwives made more cures than other groups. D. exorcists made more cures than other groups. E. physicians and surgeons made far more cures than other groups.

B

59. John Wesley's "Methodism" spread rapidly among A. German Pietists. B. the lower and middle classes in England. C. the English upper classes. D. American colonists. E. the Anglican clergy.

B

46. Changes in the food consumption habits of Europeans in the eighteenth century included all of the following except A. greater variety and availability of vegetables. B. the appearance of semitropical fruits such as oranges. C. declining consumption of alcoholic beverages. D. increased consumption of sugar. E. the replacement of coarse whole-wheat bread with white bread.

C

47. Many surgeons gained anatomical knowledge and practical experience A. as a result of the legalization of dissection. B. as barbers. C. on the many battlefields of Europe. D. from the rediscovery of Greek and Roman medical writings. E. by apprenticing themselves to physicians.

C

51. Lady Mary Wortley Montague is most famous for A. her efforts at establishing universal elementary education. B. her advocacy on behalf of orphans. C. spreading the practice of smallpox inoculation in England. D. her amazing career as a midwife. E. the establishment and support of foundling homes all over England.

C

58. All of the following were aspects of the Protestant revival in Germany except A. stress on the priesthood of all believers. B. Bible reading and study. C. rationalism. D. the practical power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. E. religious enthusiasm.

C

60. In the excerpt from Emile, reproduced in "Listening to the Past", Rousseau argued that A. girls were incapable of learning complex mathematics. B. girls should be educated for careers so as to be financially independent. C. girls' education should be oriented toward their future roles as mothers and housewives. D. it was unnecessary for girls to learn to read. E. education for boys and girls should be the same.

C

The historical antecedent of the English cabinet system of government was the

Cabal

E) (suggested that gentleman cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art to mathematics.)

Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct A) focused on ridding oneself of vermin. B) suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentleman. C) asserted that real men need not learn French. D) insisted that the real gentleman show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden. E) suggested that gentleman cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art to mathematics.

B) (eliminating nobles' militias and troops.)

Charles VII of France expanded his authority through all of the following EXCEPT A) expelling nobles' militias and troops. B) eliminating nobles' militias and troops. C) increasing the influence of lawyers and bankers on the royal council. D) instituting new taxes. E) establishing regular companies of cavalry and archers.

32. The almanacs popular among European peasants were A. pamphlets that made weather predictions for the coming year. B. calendars. C. pamphlets advertising local businesses and services. D. agronomical texts. E. compendiums of astrology, jokes, weird facts, and calendars of religious, astronomical, and agricultural events.

Compendiums of.....

Led by Stenka Razin, the ____________ revolted in 1670-1671.

Cossacks

39. All of the following are accurate about midwives in the eighteenth century except that they A. faced growing criticism and discrimination from the medical profession. B. received practical training. C. were of modest social origins, and were typically mothers themselves. D. delivered the overwhelming majority of babies. E. could earn professional credentials.

Could earn professional credentials

36. St. Vincent de Paul is most famous for his A. efforts to outlaw the Society ofJesus. B. perfection of the smallpox vaccination. C. establishment of foundling homes. D. creation of hospitals for lepers. E. establishment of churches in new working-class neighborhoods in cities.

Created the foundling homes

45. In the eighteenth century, faith healers A. believed disease was caused by imbalance in the humors. B. specialized in psychological illnesses. C. had disappeared. D. used exorcism to treat illness. E. usually prescribed herbal remedies.

D

50. The greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science was the A. rise of the animistic school of medicine. B. invention of anesthesia for surgery. C. control of venereal disease. D. conquest of smallpox. E. elimination of the bubonic plague.

D

53. The term territorial churches refers to A. churches outside the control of the state. B. churches on the American and Australian frontiers. C. Catholic churches still controlled by the pope. D. churches controlled by the state. E. large parish churches of any denomination.

D

The Habsburg Charles V controlled all of the following areas in Europe except

Denmark

52. Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for A. introducing innoculation against smallpox to western Asia. B. inventing improved sewage systems. C. discovering the first effective method of innoculation against smallpox. D. propounding the microbial theory of disease. E. discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.

E

55. The popular strength of religion in Catholic countries reflected A. the decline of papal and clerical abuses. B. widespread fear of the outside world. C. the desires of secular authorities. D. the role of the parish clergy in the state bureaucracy. E. its importance in community life.

E

56. Madame du Coudray's major accomplishment was A. researching the most common causes of stillbirth. B. establishing dozens of foundling homes. C. convincing Louis XIV to sponsor the draining of marshlands. D. teaching tens of thousands of peasants to read. E. training tens of thousands of midwives.

E

The state that gained the most from the War of Spanish Succesion was

England

Between 1778 and 1780, the former British colonies in North America were joined in their war against Britain by

France, Spain, and the Netherlands

C) (the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement.)

Francesco Petrarch believed that A) a new era would dawn as writers stripped Christianity of the classical Roman influences that had polluted the church's teachings. B) the writers of ancient Greece had reached a perfection in literature and philosophy that the writers of ancient Rome had corrupted. C) the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement. D) the barbarian invaders had brought a new vigorous energy to Western culture that needed to be integrated into the classical tradition. E) education should center on the study of the Bible combined with meditation and reflection.

31. Underlying the "illegitimacy explosion" of 1750—1850 the authors see A. the growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities. B. the decline oftraditional moral standards due to the Enlightenment. C. decreasing availability of birth control in the countryside. D. the sexual exploitation of poor girls by wealthy men. E. Protestantism's stress on women's equality.

Growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities

The ___________ state was composed of three separate and distinct territories.

Habsburg

According to the text, what values consonant with business success did Calvinism promote?

Hard work, thrift, and postponement of gratification

The English author Daniel Defoe is used to illustrate the A. harsh, often brutal discipline inflicted on children. B. financial opportunities available in the eighteenth century. C. standards of health care available to the rich in eighteenth-century London. D. experience of European colonists in the Americas. E. emotional power ofthe Protestant revival.

Harsh, often brutal discipline inflicted on children

How did Peter the Great approach the problem of finding labor to build his new capital of St. Petersburg?

He conscripted tens of thousands of Russian peasants to work each summer.

33. The neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by A. high infant mortality rates. B. church doctrine. C. Enlightenment philosophy. D. economic pressure on new migrants to the cities. E. the children's low economic value.

High infant mortality rates

B) (Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created part of the world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals.)

How did Pico dela Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind? A) As creatures in the age of God, humans were superior to the rest of creation, including the angels and other heavenly beings. B) Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created part of the world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals. C) Lacking a specific role in God's creation, humans were actually below animals but had the potential for greatness denied to animals. D) Humans were established by God as just below the angels and given to rule over everything on earth. E) Humans were fundamentally the same as animals, distant from God and all things spiritual.

A) (The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots.)

How did the Concordat of Bologna resolve the dispute between the French crown and the papacy over lay investiture? A) The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots. B) The papacy gained the right to maintain its own court system, and the French crown received all revenues from that court system. C) The papacy received the right to nominate bishops, while the French crown could veto the proposed candidates. D) The papacy received the right to veto candidates for offices nominated by the king, while the king received the first year's income from all religious offices E) The papacy gained the right to appoint bishops, while the king retained the right to tax church lands.

C) (They avoided major wars that would require money from Parliament.)

How did the Tudor kings, with the exception of Henry VIII, weaken aristocratic influence? A) They refused to appoint members of the high aristocracy to the royal council. B) They adopted major clerical reforms that undermined the political power of the church and hierarchy. C) They avoided major wars that would require money from Parliament. D) They required all nobles to assign their noble militias to royal control. E) They centralized all tax collection into the royal bureaucracy.

D) (Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties.)

How did the printing press provide a framework to challenge provincial sentiments? A) The printing press served to reestablish the idea of a unified Christendom. B) Provincial towns sought to limit and control the spread of printing, undermining their legitimacy as promoters of the general good. C) In order to establish legitimacy, printers published primarily in Latin, serving to reinforce a sense of a unified Western culture. D) Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties. E) Central governments ordered printing presses established in all local communities in order to establish a national network of printing.

30. Drinking habits may have changed in the 18th century as A. Protestant reformers created temperance societies. B. city water supplies became safer to drink, thus lowering beer consumption. C. wine became more expensive due a widespread grape blight. D. beer became a more popular beverage. E. improved techniques of distilling made hard liquor cheaper and more potent

Improved techniques of distilling made hard liquor cheaper and more potent

A) (manifested corporate power.)

In early Renaissance Italy, art A) manifested corporate power. B) was commissioned by nobles only. C) was seen as subversive by the church. D) did not depict living people. E) was produced for art's sake.

C) (women's sphere of activity was private and domestic.)

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that A) men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits. B) the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages. C) women's sphere of activity was private and domestic. D) women should have equal opportunity in marital and extramarital sexual relations. E) women lacked immortal souls.

A) (African slaves intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them.)

In the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves? A) African slaves intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them. B) African slaves were socially segregated as a lesser class lacking any rights. C) African slaves isolated themselves into tight-knit communities that sought to achieve independence from their masters. D) African slaves were kept in guarded, military-style barracks that limited their ability to move within society. E) African slaves were few in number and were treated as oddities brought out to be put on display.

A) (was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula.)

Italian balance-of-power diplomacy A) was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula. B) successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy. C) was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy. D) was critical to the economic success of Italy. E) led to Venetian domination of the Italian

A) (study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature.)

Italian humanists stressed the A) study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature. B) study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God. C) absolute authority of classical texts. D) role of the church in the reform of society. E) study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming.

Prussia's landowning classes were known as the

Junkers.

40. According to the text, the diet of wealthy Europeans in the 18th century was A. much more healthy than that of common folk. B. just as bad or worse than that of common folk. C. far better than that of the rich today. D. pasta et fromage. E. high in vitamins A and C.

Just as bad or worse as common folk

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

Keep Germany politically fragmented

The center of struggle between the French crown and the Huguenots in 1627 was

La Rochelle

29. According to the text, one reason for the abusive treatment of young children working in early English factories was probably A. the lack of laws against corporal punishment of children. B. the fact that this was normal treatment for children of the time. C. the absence of children's mothers from the factory shop floor. D. the great stress that their foremen experienced. E. the Anglican clergy's endorsement of such treatment. A. the lack of laws against corporal punishment of children.

Lack of laws working against corporal punishment for children

How was the emergence of large Cossack bands in the Ukraine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries related to political and economic developments to the north in Russia?

Many Cossacks were peasants fleeing enserfment in Russia.

24. In seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Europe, most couples A. married in their teens. B. lived together before marriage. C. included an older husband and young wife. D. had three or fewer children. E. married in their late twenties.

Married in late twenties

During the Reign of Terror, the dominant person on the Committee of Public Safety was

Maximilien Robespierre

The _________ sacked Kiev in 1242.

Mongols

Alexander Nevsky, prince of __________, was adept at serving the Mongols.

Moscow

Before the Portugese gained control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade had been controlled by the

Muslims

During the Hundred Days

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

The memoirs of Gluckel of Hameln attest to all of the following except her

Narrow and provincial view of the world

Charles XII of Sweden scored a major victory over Peter the Great at the Battle of

Narva.

26. The pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the A. puritanism of rural society. B. prevalence of the extended family structure. C. fear of overpopulation. D. necessary precondition of economic independence. E. availability of premarital sex.

Necessary precondition of economic independence

Christian humanists

Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions

Following the late seventeenth century schism in the Russian Orthodox church, dissenters from the official church became known as

Old Believers.

C) (a glorification of individual genius.)

One of the central components of the Italian Renaissance was A) Christian humility. B) a concern for the improvement of society in general. C) a glorification of individual genius. D) the attempt to use art to educate the urban masses. E) rejection of spiritual authority.

15th century Europeans were forced to look westward because of the terrirorial expansion by the

Ottoman Turks

During the September Massacres,

Parisian crowds slaughtered prison inmates

The European kingdom in which took the lead in overseas exploration was

Portugal

43. The American crop that became an important dietary supplement by the end of the century was A. rice. B. lima beans. C. winter wheat. D. potatoes. E. rye.

Potatoes

French foreign policy under Richelieu (who was minister to King Louis XIV) focused primarily on the

Prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France

21. The first European state to mandate compulsory elementary education was A. Prussia. B. the Netherlands. C. England. D. Sweden. E. France.

Prussia

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria.

According to the text, which power had the most efficient military in Europe, man for man, in the early 1700s?

Prussia.

28. Violations of social norms of traditional lower-class communities were punished by A. banishment. B. exile. C. public corporal punishment. D. public humiliation. E. fines and imprisonment.

Public humiliation

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate is best described as a

Puritan, military dictatorship

C) (to glorify themselves and their families.)

Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art A) because it was good for business. B) in order to please God. C) to glorify themselves and their families. D) to control unemployment. E) to enlighten the masses.

38. According to the text, one danger that threatened young girls living away from home in domestic service was A. increased risk of contracting infectious diseases. B. reduced chances of marriage on returning home. C. risk of sexual attack by males in the household she served. D. higher risk of death or injury in street or kitchen accidents. E. malnutrition due to subsisting on a city diet.

Risk of sexual attack by males in the household

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of

Rocroi

C) (readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art.)

The leaders of the Catholic Church A) ignored the Renaissance. B) attempted to crush the secularism of the Renaissance. C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art. D) used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform. E) came to believe that the Renaissance had caused the Reformation.

C) (created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state.)

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella Castile A) permitted the monarchs to undermine the provincial elite by unifying the two states into a single, unified kingdom. B) unified all of the Iberian peninsula. C) created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state. D) undermined the claims of the Holy Roman Emperor to be the defender of he Church

According to the text, how did the English House of Commons change between the early 16th century and the early 17th century

The members of the House of Commons in the early 17th century were generally wealthy gentry who were also capitalist businessmen. They were simply wealthier than the members in the early 16th century.

C) (The papal banking system.)

The merchants of Florence established dominance over what aspect of the papacy's activities? A) The papal system of trade to the Crusader states B) The papal system of tax collection on church lands C) The papal banking system D) The provisioning of papal troops throughout Italy E) The papal selling of indulgences

C) (great commercial revival in Italy.)

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the A) decline of religious feeling. B) political disunity of Italy. C) great commercial revival in Italy. D) creation of powerful, centralized monarchies. E) French patronage of Italian artists.

E) (some cities were under authority of the papacy, which ruled them as personal lands of the pope.)

The northern Italian communes took all of the following forms EXCEPT A) some cities were sworn associations of free men who sought political and economic independence from local nobles. B) some cities were ruled by military leaders who had established order following popular uprisings. C) some cities were established as republican governments by the common people through armed revolts. D) some cities were ruled by signori who kept communal institutions in place but left them no actual power. E) some cities were under authority of the papacy, which ruled them as personal lands of the pope

The cause of the War of Spanish Succession was

The prospect of Louis XIV controlling both the french and Spanish thrones

D) (the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense.)

The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was A) the product of the invaders' overwhelming superiority. B) the result of the economic collapse of Italy. C) inevitable. D) the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense. E) the result of a papal invitation to the French king to intervene.

What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on Brandenburg-Prussia?

These areas were alternately ravaged by Swedish and Habsburg armies.

B) (Status as a Jew was defined as inherent the blood, so Jews could never be true Christians.)

What new type of anti-Semitism emerged in fifteenth-century Spain? A) Status as a Jew was defined as a cultural rather than biological or Christian, so that it could only be removed by being raised in a non-Jewish culture. B) Status as a Jew was defined as inherent the blood, so Jews could never be true Christians. C) Status as a Jew was defined as the result of religious choice, so status, could change Christians. D) Status as a Jew was defined as political, so status could change if a Jew separated himself from the political authority of Jewish community leaders. E) Status as a Jew was defined as intellectual, so status could change if a Jew dedicated himself to learning and adopting the Christian scholastic tradition.

B) (The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm.)

What was the importance of "fate" to Machiavelli's analysis in The Prince? A) Fate marked the sheer random movement of nature and people that was beyond the ability of any ruler to control. B) The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm. C) The idea of fate was but a metaphor for the favor that God randomly bestows on some rulers and denies to others. D) The skilled ruler can overcome the operations of fate if he is willing to abandon all moral limitations and scruples. E) Fate was the poor justification that deposed rulers used to explain their failure to properly hold and use power.

B) (Savonarola came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority.)

Which of the following BEST characterizes Girolamo Savonarola? A) Savonarola came to power in Florence as a general suppressing a popular revolt but lost authority when the merchants rejected his efforts to restrict their wealth. B) Savonarola came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority. C) Savonarola was appointed ruler in Florence by the pope but lost authority when he challenged papal interference in Florence's baking industry. D) Savonarola was appointed chief administrator in Florence by ruling oligarchs but lost power when he failed to defeat the French invasion. E) Savonarola came to power as signori but lost authority when criticism of his extravagant, luxurious lifestyle led the oligarchs and the papacy to oust him.

D) (The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth)

Which of the following BEST characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and orders in the Renaissance? A) The nobility retained its status by blocking the newly wealthy from political positions and from marriage into the nobility. B) The newly wealthy used their resources to establish new forms of social prestige that the nobility could not copy and which discredited the nobility as social leaders. C) The newly wealthy rejected the claims of the nobility to moral superiority of landed wealth. D) The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth. E) The nobility embraced the innovations of the newly wealthy and abandoned the ineffective limitations of traditional conceptions of honor.

D) (Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors)

Which of the following BEST identifies the term "race" in the Renaissance? A) Groupings of people based on skin color B) Groupings of people based on noble lineage C) Groupings of people based on geographic origins D) Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors E) Groupings of people based on linguistic families

A) (The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will)

Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtú? A) The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will B) The expression of perfection in the life lived in balance and simplicity C) Moral goodness as set out in the Christian Scriptures D) The serenity achieved through contemplation and acceptance of life's hardships E) Moral goodness as expressed in nature and natural law

A) (Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.)

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century? A) Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state. B) The papacy prevented any movement toward unification , fearing a treat to its political authority. C) France and the Holy Roman Empire had too many land claims in the region to permit any unification. D) Spain claimed all of southern Italy and threatened war on any power seeking to unify the peninsula. E) The Italians were too culturally and linguistically diverse to realistically contemplate unification.

B) (Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material.)

Why did the printing press find substantial success? A) Governments rejected pleas to censor publishing, realizing, that expanding knowledge would lead to more prosperous subjects. B) Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material. C) The technology was highly complex so that only a few presses came into operation, producing large profits for those printers. D) Printing presses primarily published secular works useful for professionals and merchants. E) Because the press could not print images, printers could work much more quickly than manuscript copyists, who had to wait for each image to be drawn.

D) (It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family.)

Why was women's work less valued and less compensated than men's work? A) The traditional work associated with women was unskilled and, therefore, more widely performed. B) Women were largely secluded in their homes; therefore, their work was seen as strictly domestic and not worthy of compensation. C) Women did not seek to organize in guilds so that they could better influence wages and prices for their work. D) It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family. E) Women's work was viewed as work that affected the body, such as clothing and food preparation; therefore, it was associated with fleshly sinfulness.

22. The reading material of the popular classes included all ofthe following except A. practical material, such as almanacs. B. entertaining, humorous, escapist stories. C. works on Christian theology. D. calendars. E. chapbooks with religious contents.

Works on Christian theology

Renaissance

a French word meaning "rebirth," first used by art historian

Jakob Walter was

a German soldier drafted for Napoleon's invasion of Russia

The Index was

a catalog of forbidden reading

among the hypotheses offered by scholars to explain the great witch-hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries are all of the following except

a deliberate papal conspiracy to smear protestants with charges of witchcraft

The Charter issued by Louis XVIII in 1814 established

a limited constitutional monarchy

Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled "Ninety-Five Theses" to Archbishop Albert in response to

a new campaign to sell indulgences

humanism

a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature

The Dutch "Golden Age" was based on all of the following except

a strong, monarchial government

New Christians

a term applied to Jews and Muslims who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries earlier

the caravel was

a three masted sailing vessel developed in Portugal

According to the text, the populations of the areas of Europe Napoleon conquered came to view him as

a tyrant

galileo

according to _______'s theory of inertia, rest isnt the natural state of object

effectively challenged royal absolutism

after the death of louis XIV, the french parlements

Teresa of Avila, featured in "Individuals in Society," organized new convents in Spain

after voices and visions chastised her for frivolity.

The policies of Henry IV can be characterized by all of the following except

aggressive foreign policy

bernard de fontenelle

all of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the aristotelian view of the universe except

theories of charles montesquieu

all of the following played a role in the erosion of french absolutism except the

the active support of the papacy

all of the following were causes of the scientific revolution except

religion too could be analyzed using enlightenment theories, and eventually religious truth could be known

all of the following were important needs of the enlightenment thought except

The Committee on Public Safety was

an emergency executive committee appointed by the Convention

Opponents of the U.S. Constitution were called

anti-federalists

The Reign of Terror was directed primarily at

any and all enemies of the Revolution

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany

appealed to the political aspirations of German princes

the european attitude roward blacks derived from Christian thological speculation and

arab ideas about africans

elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method

galileo's great achievement was his

European overseas expansion was facilitated by all of the following innovations except the

galley

signori

government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan

Mercantilistic theory postulated that

government should intervene to secure the larges share of limited resources

The Twelve Articles were

grievances of the Swabian Peasants

A significant feature of English society in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was

growing wealth of the country gentry and middle-class businessmen

after joseph II's death in 1790 serfdom was more or less resistant

habsburg emperor joesph II abolished serfdom in the austrian empire in 1781, what was the outcome of this reform?

The critical reinterpretation of Colombus focuses primarily on

his role in the destruction of indigenous American societies

he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for

in general, what was voltaire's attitude toward government

All of the following were aspects of the influence of the American Revolution on the French Revolution

increasing the class conflict between the nobility and bourgeoisie

In the 1780s, over 50% of France's annual budget was expended on

interest payments on the deby

The accomplishments of the National Assembly included all of the following except the

introduction of uniiversal compulsory education

rene descartes

the two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were francis bacon and

The decline of the Dutch economy was caused by

the wars of the seventeenth century

The "Price Revolution" refers to

the widespread inflation in Europe in the later 16th century that may have resulted from the influx of bullion from Spanish posessions in the Americas

In the Ottoman Empire

there was virtually no such thing as private landed property.

One major difference in election procedures for the Legeslative Assembly (established by the Constitution of 1791) and the National Convention that followed it in 1792 was that

there were property requirements for voting for the legeslative assembly, but none for the national convention. All adult French males could legally vote for the convention

According to "The Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon", Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris to Versailles for all of the following reasons except

to lower the expenses of the court

In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal

In response to the problems of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the landlords of eastern Europe

used political power to gain control of the peasants.

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

juan de pareja, sometime slave of the spanish painter velazquez, whose life is outlined in "individuals in society"

was a painter in his own right

during the 16th and 17th centuries, prostitution

was common

The Declatation of Pillnitz

was issued by Austria and Prussia to intimidate French revolutionaries