Functional Anatomy Exam 2 Material

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Give an example of a polyarticular muscle.

Biceps brachii

What muscle is the longest of all the elbow flexors?

Brachioradialis

Greatest elbow extensor torque is produced at about _________ degrees of elbow flexion. A. 50-40 B. 60-70 C. 80-90 D. 100-110

C. 80-90

Most wrist flexors and forearm pronators attach to the ______ side of the distal humerus. Most wrist extensors and forearm supinators attach to the _______ side of the distal humerus. A. medial, lateral B. lateral, medial

A medial, lateral

What is referred to as a complete separation of the GH articular surfaces, without spontaneous alignment? A. dislocation B. subluxation

A. dislocation

What motion of the shoulder do you have the weakest torque? A. external rotation B. flexion C. abduction D. internal rotation

A. external rotation

Wrist extension naturally occurs with ______ deviation. A. radial B. ulnar

A. radial

80% of the compression force that crosses the wrist is directed to the ______ , and 20% of the force crosses the other side of the wrist known as the ________. A. radiocarpal joint, ulnocarpal space B. ulnocarpal space, radiocarpal joint

A. radiocarpal joint, ulnocarpal space

Stability of the shoulder joint is accompanied actively by what muscles? A. rotator cuff muscles B. deltoid C. biceps D. triceps

A. rotator cuff muscles

What joint acts as a strut to hold the scapula at about the same distance from the trunk? A. sternoclavicular (SC) B. acromioclavicular (AC) C. scapulothoracic (ST) D. glenohumeral (GH)

A. sternoclavicular

Wrist flexion naturally occurs with ______ deviation. A. radial B. ulnar

B. ulnar

Elevation and depression of the scapula occurs in what plane? Protraction and retraction of the scapula occurs in what plane?

Elevation/depression: frontal Protraction/retraction: horizontal

What are the three primary wrist extensor muscles which act on the wrist only?

Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis) Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lister's tubercle separates the tendons of what two muscles?

Extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor pollicis longus

What two muscles have the greatest ability to produce radial deviation due to them having the greatest cross sectional area and moment arms?

Extensor carpi radialis longus and abductor pollicis longus

True or False. The elbow is classified as a pure hinge joint.

False, it is a modified hinge joint due to the slight side to side motion it can have

True or False. The wrist extensors produce about 70% greater isometric torque than the wrist flexors.

False, the wrist flexors produce greater isometric torque than wrist extensors due to the increased total cross sectional area of the wrist flexors

True or False. There are ligaments that connect the lunate to the capitate.

False, there are no ligaments connecting them

True or False. The anterior and middle deltoid and supraspinatus are all activated at the end of the abduction motion.

False, they are initiated at the onset of abduction

True or False. You do not have to be able to externally rotate the humerus in order to have full abduction.

False, you do have to be able to externally rotate

True or False. You have more torque when the wrist is flexed than when the wrist is in neutral position.

False, you have more torque when the wrist is in neutral than when flexed

What are the three primary wrist flexor muscles which act on the wrist only?

Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

What wrist flexor muscle can produce the greatest wrist flexion torque of the three primary wrist flexors based upon moment arm length and cross sectional area?

Flexor carpi ulnaris

What are the five secondary wrist flexor muscles which act on the wrist and hand?

Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, extensor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus

Does the head of the radius and the capitulum in the humeroradial joint roll and slide around each other, or does the concave fovea of the head of the radius spin on the convex capitulum?

Fovea of the head of the radius spins on the capitulum

Which carpal bone is moon shaped and is the second most commonly fractured carpal bone?

Lunate

Which epicondyle is more prominent? Medial or lateral

Medial

What nerve is often involved in carpal tunnel injuries?

Median nerve

What are the two proximal and two distal components of the radiocarpal joint?

Proximal: concave radius and articular disc Distal: convex surfaces of the proximal scaphoid and lunate

What three joints make up the wrist/carpus?

Radiocarpal joints and midcarpal joints and all of the intercarpal joints

Do the hand and wrist connect firmly to the radius or ulna?

Radius

Is elbow flexion torque stronger when pronated or supinated?

Supinated

True or False. GH flexion and extension consists mainly of a spinning motion rather than a roll and slide.

True

Which rotator cuff muscle is the thickest?

subscapularis

List the following elbow extensors in order of recruitment (low levels of elbow extension to high levels of elbow extension): lateral head of triceps, medial head of triceps, long head of triceps, and anconeus

1st: anconeus 2nd: medial head 3rd: lateral head 4th: long head

The pisiform is a sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of what muscle? A. Flexor carpi ulnaris B. Extensor carpi ulnaris C. Abductor digiti minmi

A. Flexor carpi ulnaris

Which part of the interosseous membrane firmly binds the radius to the ulna, serves as an attachment site for extrinsic hand muscles, and transmits force proximally through the upper limb? A. central band B. oblique cord C. distal oblique fibers

A. central band

Which part of the interosseous membrane is 2 times as thick as other regions? A. central band B. oblique cord C. distal oblique fibers

A. central band

The distal radius is _______ both anterior/posterior and medial/lateral. A. concave B. convex

A. concave

Protraction and retraction at the SC joint is _______. A. concave on convex B. convex on concave

A. concave on convex (roll with same slide)

On the metacarpals and phalanges, the proximal bases are _______ and the distal heads are _______. A. concave, convex B. convex, concave

A. concave, convex

Abduction and adduction of the shoulder is considered to be ________. A. convex on concave B. concave on convex

A. convex on concave (roll with opposite slide)

The arthrokinematics of thumb abduction and adduction focuses on the relationship between the trapezium and 1st metacarpal, which is _________. A. convex on concave B. concave on convex

A. convex on concave (roll with opposite slide)

The arthrokinematics of wrist flexion and extension focuses on the relationship between the capitate and lunate, which is _________. A. convex on concave B. concave on convex

A. convex on concave (roll with opposite slide)

The arthrokinematics of wrist ulnar and radial deviation focuses on the relationship between the proximal row of carpals and the distal end of the radius, which is ________. A. convex on concave B. concave on convex

A. convex on concave (roll with opposite slide)

The transverse diameter of the trapezium is _______, and the longitudinal diameter of the trapezium is ________. A. convex, concave B. concave, convex

A. convex, concave

What is formed by the coracoacromial ligament and its bony attachments, and forms the functional roof of the shoulder joint? A. coracoacromial arch B. subacromial space

A. coracoacromial arch

What muscles originate on the scapula and/or clavicle and insert on the humerus or forearm? A. distal stabilizers B. proximal stabilizers

A. distal stabilizers

Muscles that cross the elbow and attach to the radius, flex or extend the elbow/forearm, and ________ the potential to pronate or supinate the forearm. A. do have B. do not have

A. do have

What extrinsic wrist ligament helps stabilize the lunate and guide the natural arthrokinematics especially in the proximal row of carpals? A. dorsal radiocarpal B. radial collateral C. palmar radiocarpal D. ulnar collateral

A. dorsal radiocarpal

When there is simultaneous contraction of the extensor digitorum, FDS and FDP simultaneously cause hyperextension of the MCP joints and flexion of the PIP and DIP joints, this is referred to as the _______ position. A. extrinsic-plus B. intrinsic-plus

A. extrinsic-plus

What is anchored to the palmar surface of the palmar plates and forms pulleys for the extrinsic flexor muscles (FDP)? A. Fibrous digital sheaths B. Volar or palmar plates

A. fibrous digital sheaths

Which joint consists of an articulation between the trochlea and trochlear notch? A. humero-ulnar B. humeroradial C. proximal radioulnar

A. humero-ulnar

What motion at the GH joint consists of the humeral head rolling anteriorly and sliding posteriorly on the glenoid fossa? A. internal rotation B. external rotation C. flexion D. extension

A. internal rotation

What type of wrist ligaments have their proximal and distal attachments within the wrist? A. intrinsic B. extrinsic

A. intrinsic

In the double V system of ligaments, during ulnar deviation, there is slack in the ________ of the palmar intercarpal ligament and the palmar ______ ligament, and there is tension in the _______ of the palmar intercarpal ligament and the palmar __________ ligament. A. medial leg, radiocarpal; lateral leg, ulnocarpal B. lateral leg, ulnocarpal; medial leg, radiocarpal

A. medial leg, radiocarpal; lateral leg, ulnocarpal

At the beginning of abduction the upper trapezius and serratus anterior are ______ activated, and the lower trapezius is ______ activated. A. more, less B. less, more

A. more, less

The _______ capsular ligament helps increase compression forces which help stabilize the distal radioulnar joint during supination, and the ________ capsular ligament helps increase compression forces which help stabilize the distal radioulnar joint during pronation. A. palmar, dorsal B. dorsal, palmar

A. palmar, dorsal

High force with less regard for exactness is known as _______. High level of exactness with less force is known as ________. A. power, precision B. precision, power

A. power, precision

Contraction of the pronator teres causes a compressive force and ______ migration of the radius, especially when the elbow is near full extension. A. proximal B. distal

A. proximal

During pronation and supination, the tight constraint of the fibro-osseus ring prohibits the standard roll-and-slide arthrokinematics at the ______ radioulnar joint. A. proximal B. distal

A. proximal

Most motion comes between the bones within the ______ row of the carpus. A. proximal B. distal

A. proximal

Tears in the interosseous membrane can cause ______ migration of the radius, and can lead to degenerative changes in the humeroradial joint. A. proximal B. distal C. medial D. lateral

A. proximal

Which arch of the hand forms the carpal tunnel through the distal row of carpal bones? A. proximal transverse arch B. distal transverse arch C. longitudinal arch

A. proximal transverse arch

What ligament attaches distally from below the radial notch of the ulna to the medial surface of the neck of the radius, and stabilizes the proximal radioulnar joint? A. quadrate ligament B. annular ligament C. radial collateral ligament

A. quadrate ligament

Due to the radius being angled toward the radius, creating an ulnar tilt, this allows for greater _______ deviation than _______ deviation. A. ulnar, radial B. radial, ulnar

A. ulnar, radial

Do the dorsal interossei produce abduction of adduction?

Abduction

Do the palmar interossei produce abduction or adduction?

Adduction

Which arch of the hand passes through the MCP joints, and allows the 1st, 4th, and 5th metacarpals to fold or cup around the stable 2nd and 3rd metacarpals? A. proximal transverse arch B. distal transverse arch C. longitudinal arch

B. distal transverse arch

Muscles that cross the elbow and attach to the ulna, flex or extend the elbow/forearm, but _______ the ability to pronate or supinate the forearm. A. do have B. do not have

B. do not have

The largest moment arm for elbow extension occurs at close to full ________. A. flexion B. extension

B. extension (0 degrees)

What motion at the GH joint consists of the humeral head rolling posteriorly and sliding anteriorly on the glenoid fossa? A. internal rotation B. external rotation C. flexion D. extension

B. external rotation

What type of wrist ligaments have their proximal attachments on the radius or ulna and attach distally on the wrist? A. intrinsic B. extrinsic

B. extrinsic

Prolonged immobilization can lead to what type of contractures? A. extension B. flexion C. supination D. pronation

B. flexion

Due to the radius being angles farther in the palmar direction, creating a palmar tilt, this allows for greater _______ than _______. A. extension, flexion B. flexion, extension

B. flexion, extension

All digits are used to ______. Primarily the thumb and index finger are used to _______. A. pinch, grip B. grip, pinch

B. grip, pinch

Which joint consists of an articulation between the fovea of the radial head and capitulum? A. humero-ulnar B. humeroradial C. proximal radioulnar

B. humeroradial

Which joint of the elbow does not provide much sagittal plane stability? A. humero-ulnar B. humeroradial C. proximal radioulnar

B. humeroradial

When there is simultaneous contraction of the interosseous and lumbrical muscles of the fingers simultaneously flex the MCP and extend the PIP and DIP joints, this is referred to as the ________ position. A. extrinsic-plus B. intrinsic-plus

B. intrinsic-plus

In the double V system of ligaments, during radial deviation, there is slack in the ________ of the palmar intercarpal ligament and the palmar ______ ligament, and there is tension in the _______ of the palmar intercarpal ligament and the palmar __________ ligament. A. medial leg, radiocarpal; lateral leg, ulnocarpal B. lateral leg, ulnocarpal; medial leg, radiocarpal

B. lateral leg, ulnocarpal; medial leg, radiocarpal

Which bundle of the LCL complex prevents excessive supination and dislocation of the radial head can cause damage to it? A. radial collateral ligament B. lateral ulnar collateral ligament

B. lateral ulnar collateral ligament

The dorsal surface of the thumb faces _______. A. anteriorly B. laterally C. medially D. posteriorly

B. laterally

Which head of the triceps brachii has the greatest volume? A. Lateral head B. Long head C. Medial head

B. long head

The proximal row of carpals is _______, and the distal row of carpals are _______. A. tightly bound, loosely bound B. loosely bound, tightly bound

B. loosely bound, tightly bound

The superior part of the labrum is ______ attached to the rim. A. tightly B. loosely

B. loosely; this is why labrum injuries are common

What muscle is referred to as the "workhorse of extensors" because it stays active for most elbow extension movements? A. anconeus B. medial head of triceps C. lateral head of triceps D. long head of triceps

B. medial head of triceps

What joint is located between the proximal and distal row of carpals? A. radiocarpal B. midcarpal C. intercarpal

B. midcarpal

A polyarticular muscle is one that crosses/affects _______ joint(s). A. one B. multiple C. no

B. multiple

Based on the location that elbow extensors have their greatest moment arm, _______ is probably more important/influential than _______ in determining peak elbow extension torque. A. moment arm, muscle length B. muscle length, moment arm

B. muscle length, moment arm

Which part of the interosseous membrane may help limit distal migration of the radius on the ulna? A. central band B. oblique cord C. distal oblique fibers

B. oblique cord

Scapular dyskinesia was found to have a greater prevalence in _______ athletes than ______ athletes. A. nonoverhead, overhead B. overhead, nonoverhead

B. overhead

The radius angles about 10 degrees in the ______ direction. A. dorsal B. palmar

B. palmar

A strenuous pull on a hand that is typically _______ can cause a slip of the radial head through the annular ligament. A. supinated B. pronated

B. pronated

The interosseous membrane is least taut in full ________ and most taut in full _______. A. supination, pronation B. pronation, supination

B. pronation, supination

What muscle is a good torque producer and stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint, and is the most active and consistently used pronator? A. pronator teres B. pronator quadratus C. both

B. pronator quadratus

What muscles originate on the spine, ribs, and skull and insert on the scapula and/or clavicle? A. distal stabilizers B. proximal stabilizers

B. proximal stabilizers

What extrinsic wrist ligament is the thickened part of the medial capsule? A. dorsal radiocarpal B. radial collateral C. palmar radiocarpal D. ulnar collateral

B. radial collateral

Most elbow flexors and all primary supinator and pronator muscles have their distal attachments on the ______. A. ulna B. radius C. carpals

B. radius

What is the space between the coracoacromial arch and the underlying head of the humerus? A. subacromial bursa B. subacromial space C. none of the above

B. subacromial space

What is referred to as a incomplete separation of the GH articular surfaces, often followed by spontaneous alignment? A. dislocation B. subluxation

B. subluxation

50% of the fibers of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon are direct extensions of the ________, and the other 50% arise from the supraglenoid tubercle. A. inferior labrum B. superior labrum

B. superior labrum; this is why labrum injuries are common

The radius angles about 25 degrees ________ the ulna. A. away from B. towards

B. towards

What ligamentous-like structures are located palmar to each MCP, PIP, and DIP joint and limit extension? A. Fibrous digital sheaths B. Volar or palmar plates

B. volar or palmar plates

What are the three primary elbow flexors?

Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

What 3 bones and what 4 joints make up the elbow and forearm complex?

Bones: humerus, radius, ulna Joints: humero-ulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

The extensor retinaculum prevents what?

Bowstringing of underlying tendons

What muscle has the largest cross sectional area of any muscle crossing the elbow and is expected to generate the most force of any muscle crossing the elbow?

Brachialis

What muscle has a moment arm greater than all the other elbow flexors and causes a bowstringing effect during max-effort isometric action?

Brachioradialis

What is the average carrying angle in adults? (normal cubitus valgus) A. 5 degrees B. 10 degrees C. 13 degrees D. 16 degrees

C. 13 degrees

Max grip strength occurs at about _____ degrees of wrist extension. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 50

C. 30

Peak wrist flexion torque occurs at about ________ degrees of flexion. A. 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50

C. 40

Greatest elbow flexor torque is produced at about _________ degrees of elbow flexion. A. 50-60 B. 65-75 C. 85-95 D. 100-110

C. 85-95 degrees

Which joint of the elbow has a concave on convex relationship (roll with same slide)? A. humero-ulnar B. humeroradial C. A and B D. none of the above

C. A and B

Shoulder _______ is clinically used to evaluate overall shoulder function. A. flexion B. extension C. abduction D. adduction

C. abduction

The anterior and posterior edges of the TFCC are continuous with _______. A. the palmar capsular ligament B. the dorsal capsular ligament C. both

C. both

What is the "keystone" for the distal transverse arch and longitudinal arch? A. 2nd MCP B. 3rd MCP C. A and B

C. both, the 2nd and 3rd MCPs

Which part of the interosseous membrane is present in only 40% of interosseous membranes? A. central band B. oblique cord C. distal oblique fibers

C. distal oblique fibers

Which part of the interosseous membrane runs distal-laterally from the distal ulna to the distal radio-ulnar joint, is located deep to the pronator quadratus, and stabilizes the distal radioulnar joint? A. central band B. oblique cord C. distal oblique fibers

C. distal oblique fibers

Which arch of the hand follows the shape of the 2nd-3rd rays? A. proximal transverse arch B. distal transverse arch C. longitudinal arch

C. longitudinal arch

What extrinsic wrist ligament is taut in full wrist extension and limits wrist extension? A. dorsal radiocarpal B. radial collateral C. palmar radiocarpal D. ulnar collateral

C. palmar radiocarpal

What position lines the natural plane of the scapula? A. abduction B. adduction C. scaption D. flexion

C. scaption

What joint is not really a true joint and movements at this joint are related to movement at the SC and AC joints? A. sternoclavicular (SC) B. acromioclavicular (AC) C. scapulothoracic (ST) D. glenohumeral (GH)

C. scapulothoracic

The MCL and LCL provide ________ stability. A. single plane B. biplanar C. triplanar D. none of the above

C. triplanar

The axis of rotation for all wrist movement passes through which carpal bone?

Capitate

de Quervain's, which causes tenosynovitis/inflammation, occurs in which compartment below the extensor retinaculum?

Compartment 1

List the muscles associated with each of the 6 compartments.

Compartment 1: Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis Compartment 2: Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Compartment 3: Extensor pollicis longus Compartment 4: Extensor digitorum and extensor indicis Compartment 5: Extensor digiti minimi Compartment 6: Extensor carpi ulnaris

Within the articulation between the capitate and lunate, which one is convex and which one is concave?

Convex: capitate Concave: lunate

Within the articulation between the proximal row of carpals and the distal end of the radius, which one is convex and which one is concave?

Convex: proximal row of carpals Concave: distal end of radius

The largest moment arm for elbow flexion occurs at about _______ degrees. A. 70 B. 80 C. 90 D. 100

D. 100

What are the two primary bundles of the LCL complex? A. radial collateral ligament B. lateral ulnar collateral ligament C. medial ulnar collateral ligament D. A and B E. A and C

D. A and B

What are the four secondary wrist extensor muscles which act on the wrist and hand?

Extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor pollicis longus

True or False. The axillary pouch is slackened when the shoulder is abducted.

False, it is slackened when the shoulder is adducted

True or False. The TFCC is not the primary stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint.

False, it is the primary stabilizer

True or False. The articular surface of the glenoid fossa completely covers the head of the humerus.

False, it only covers about 1/3 of the head of the humerus. Golf ball on a quarter analogy

True or False. The 2nd and 3rd CMC joints are much more mobile than the 1st, 4th, and 5th CMC joints.

False, the 1st, 4th, and 5th CMC joints are much more mobile

What plane does radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist occur in, and what axis coordinates with it?

Frontal plane and anterior-posterior axis

In order to achieve full elbow extension which of the following must allow it? In order to achieve full elbow flexion which of the following must allow it? A. Anterior dermis, forearm flexors, anterior capsule, anterior MCL B. Forearm extensors, posterior capsule, ulnar nerve, and posterior MCL

Full extension: A. Anterior dermis, forearm flexors, anterior capsule, anterior MCL Full flexion: B. Forearm extensors, posterior capsule, ulnar nerve, and posterior MCL

The natural upward rotation of the scapula helps increase the compressive force and provides stability or "locks" what joint in place?

Glenohumeral

What shoulder issue could the classic rounded shoulders posture predispose someone to?

Impingement syndrome

What part of the body does the radian nerve provide sensory innervation to?

Posterior arm, posterior lateral forearm, aspects of posterior/lateral hand

The ability of the fingers or thumb to grasp or seize for holding, securing, and picking up objects is known as ________.

Prehension

What muscle is a weak elbow flexor, but is not one of the primary elbow flexors?

Pronator teres

The interosseous membrane connects what two bones?

Radius and ulna

The carpal bone, metacarpal, and phalanges all in one row are referred to as a ______.

Ray

The zig-zag deformity of the thumb is caused by what condition?

Rheumatoid arthritis

What carpal bone creates the saddle joint articulation that allows for a wide range of thumb motions?

Trapezium

What attaches to the ulnar notch and fans out medially into a triangular shape and attaches to the ulnar styloid process?

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)

What are the two primary elbow extensors?

Triceps brachii and anconeus

What is the 3rd most commonly fractured carpal bone?

Triquetrum

True or False. Holding a weight in the hand causes a distracting force almost entirely through the radius and puts the demand on the oblique cord and annular ligament.

True

True or False. Multiple muscles combine their actions during upward rotation of the scapula, creating a force couple (steering wheel analogy).

True

True or False. Scapulohumeral rhythm refers to a healthy individual abducting their arm until it's overhead and having motions at the GH and ST joint timed and kinematically working in concert to provide a smooth coordinated movement.

True

True or False. The axis of rotation for the forearm goes obliquely from the radial head through the ulnar head and connects both radioulnar joints.

True

True or False. The coronoid process resists posterior translation of the ulna on the humerus.

True

True or False. The flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis cancel out each others radial and ulnar deviation torques during wrist flexion.

True

True or False. The internal rotators of the shoulder are stronger than the external rotators.

True

True or False. The long head of the biceps brachii helps restrict anterior and superior translations of the humeral head.

True

True or False. There is more frequent and severe degeneration at the humeroradial joint than at the humeroulnar joint.

True

True or False. Upward and downward rotation of the scapula, anterior/posterior tilting, and internal/external rotation of the scapula all occur at the AC joint.

True

True or False. When the head of the humerus rolls upward (abducts), the infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis pull the head of the humerus downward in order to keep the head of the humerus from impinging the supraspinatus.

True

True or False. Wrist flexion torque of the FDP and FDS may actually exceed the primary wrist flexors.

True

Excess internal rotation of the scapula is referred to as _______.

Winging

What two parts of the capsule does the rotator cuff fail to cover?

inferior and rotator cuff interval between the supraspinatus and subscapularis (anterior); this is why dislocations go anterior and inferior

What 5 muscles produce internal rotation of the shoulder? (think of SPLAT your stomach)

subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, and teres major

What three muscle produce external rotation of the shoulder? (think of TIP the waiter)

teres minor, infraspinatus, and posterior deltoid

Which is the largest carpal bone?

Capitate

What are the 4 components of the extensor mechanism in the hand?

1. central band 2. lateral band 3. dorsal hood 4. oblique retinacular ligament

The thumb is internally rotated ______ degrees compared to the other digits.

90 degrees

The acromiohumeral distance (ADH), which is the distance between the acromion and proximal humerus, is largest at ______ degrees of abduction. A. 20 B. 85 C. 150

A. 20

Hyaline cartilage covers about ______ degrees of the trochlea and about ______ degrees of the trochlear notch. A. 300, 180 B. 180, 300 C. 180, 180 D. 300, 300

A. 300, 180

Having a carrying angle of about 5 degrees is referred to as _______. A. Cubitus varus B. Cubitus valgus C. Normal Cubitus valgus

A. Cubitus varus

What ligament provides resistance against a varus stress? A. LCL B. MCL

A. LCL

Radial deviation is also referred to as _________. Ulnar deviation is also referred to as ________. A. abduction, adduction B. adduction, abduction

A. abduction, adduction

Which part of the MCL is the strongest and stiffest? A. anterior B. posterior C. transverse

A. anterior

What is the strongest and thickest part of the inferior GH capsular ligament? A. anterior band B. posterior band C. axillary pouch

A. anterior band

Most GH dislocations occur _______ and _______. A. anteriorly and inferiorly B. posteriorly and inferiorly C. posteriorly and superiorly D. anteriorly and superiorly

A. anteriorly and inferiorly

The palmar intercarpal ligament is a long intrinsic wrist ligament that is also referred to as _______.

An "inverted V"

What muscle is a weak elbow extensor and helps stabilize the joint during extension of the elbow and pronation and supination of the forearm?

Anconeus

What three tendons make up the snuffbox?

Anterior border: abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis Posterior border: extensor pollicis longus

What are the 5 interconnected tissues?

Articular disc, distal radioulnar joint capsule ligaments, palmar ulnocarpal ligaments (ulnotriquetral and ulnolunate), and fascial sheath that encloses the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris, and ulnar collateral ligament

The scapulohumeral rhythm has a 2:1 ratio that comes from ______ degrees of GH abduction and ______ degrees of ST upward rotation. A. 60, 120 B. 120, 60 C. 50, 100 D. 100, 50

B. 120, 60

The resting position of the scapula is between what two ribs? A. 1st and 5th B. 2nd and 7th C. 3rd and 5th D. 4th and 7th

B. 2nd and 7th

Many activities only need about ______ degrees of pronation or supination, and this creates a "_______ degree functional arc." A. 25, 50 B. 50, 100 C. 100, 200

B. 50, 100

Spinal cord injuries above what nerve root causes inability to flex the elbow and thus, severe functional limitation? A. C4 B. C5 C. C6 D. C7

B. C5

What is the "keystone" for the proximal transverse arch? A. Hamate B. Capitate C. Trapezoid D. Trapezium

B. Capitate

Falling on an outstretched extended arm (often supinated), with forced valgus can damage the _______. A. LCL B. MCL

B. MCL

What joint firmly attaches the scapula to the clavicle? A. sternoclavicular (SC) B. acromioclavicular (AC) C. scapulothoracic (ST) D. glenohumeral (GH)

B. acromioclavicular

What ligament holds the head of the radius against the radial notch? A. quadrate ligament B. annular ligament C. radial collateral ligament

B. annular ligament

The arthrokinematics of finger abduction and adduction at the MCP joints is considered to be _________. A. convex on concave B. concave on convex