Funds of Public Speaking Exam 2

Comparative advantages order

"a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions" E.g., to persuade my audience that Los Angeles should build a rapid transportation system instead of a new freeway First main point - research shows that this will save millions of dollars Second main point - research also shows that this will reduce traffic congestion

problem-solution order

"a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem" E.g., to persuade my audience that they should drink 8 glasses of water a day First main point - problem is that people don't drink 8 glasses of water a day Second main point - solution that people can get smart water bottles that track the amount of water, make lists on their phone when they drink water

problem-cause-solution order

"a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies the problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem" E.g., to persuade my audience that action needs to be taken to solve childhood obesity First main point - childhood obesity is a major problem Second main point - two causes of childhood obesity: dietary and physical inactivity Third main point - solving the problem includes addressing both causes

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

"a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action" Attention - you gain the attention of your audience; this is your introduction Need - you make the audience feel a need for change; first main point, which is your problem Satisfaction - you provide a solution to the problem; second main point, which is the plan Visualization - you provide imagery of visualizing the benefits; third main point, which is your practicality Action - mention what you want the audience to do; this is your conclusion E.g., to persuade my audience that they should use their cell phones in a way that'll protect their health Introduction - attention First main point - need; cell phones pose long-term health risks Second main point - satisfaction; make simple changes on how you use your cell phone Third main point - visualization; detail how these changes will protect your health Conclusion - action

Question of Fact

"a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion" E.g., What NBA team has won the most championships? How far is Los Angeles to New York? Can be answered absolutely answers are either right or wrong

question of value

"a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action" E.g., What is the best movie of all time? Is the death penalty worth it? Involves value judgements, which are judgements that are based on a person's beliefs about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair

example

"a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like" Brief example - "a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point" Also known as specific instances You can pile brief examples upon the other to create the desired impression Extended example - "a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point" Do this by telling a story vividly and dramatically to pull listeners into your speech Hypothetical example - "an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation" Usually brief stories that relate to a general principle When using a hypothetical example, follow it with statistics or testimony to show that the example is not far-fetched

commemorative speaking

"a speech that plays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea" Speeches of praise or celebration Include eulogies, Fourth of July, and dedications

Fallicies

"an error in reasoning" Hasty generalization - "a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence" E.g., Throughout American history, military leaders have always made excellent presidents. Look at the examples of George Washington, Andrew Jackson, and Dwight Eisenhower False cause - "a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second" E.g., When a team from the NFC wins the Super Bowl, economic growth during the next year is stronger than when a team from the AFC wins the Super Bowl. Therefore, if we want economic growth, we should root for a team from the NFC to win this year's Super Bowl. Invalid analogy - "an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike" E.g., Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees. Bandwagon - "a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable" E.g., Because everyone goes away to college, it must be the right thing to do. Red herring - "a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion" E.g., How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States. Ad hominem - "a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute" E.g., The head of the commerce commission has several interesting economic proposals, but let's note forget that she comes from a very wealthy family. Either-or - "a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist" E.g., The government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor. Slippery slope - "a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented" E.g., Now that the TSA is allowed to use fully body scanners and invasive pat-downs before letting us through security, it's only a matter of time before they strip-search every man, woman, and child who wants to fly on a plane. Appeal to tradition - "a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new" E.g., I don't see any reason to abolish the electoral college. It has been around since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, and we should keep it as long as the United States continues to exist. Appeal to novelty - "a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old" E.g., The newest iPhone is always the best phone.

Statistics

"numerical data"

testimony

"quotations or paraphrases used to support a point" Expert testimony - "testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields" Using these allows you to lend credibility to your speech Your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable about the topic Peer testimony - "testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic" Quoting vs. paraphrasing Direct quotation - "testimony that is presented word for word" Most effective to use when they: Are brief Convey meaning better than you can Are particularly eloquent, witty, or compelling Paraphrase - "to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words" Most effective to use when: The wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome A quotation is longer than two or three sentences

Credability

"the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic" Factors of credibility Competence - how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject Character - how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

Pursuasion

"the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions"

Reasoning

"the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence" Reasoning from specific instances - "reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion" E.g., My physical education course last term was easy. My roommate's physical education course was easy. My brother's physical education course was easy. Conclusion: Physical education courses are easy. Reasoning from principle - "reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion" E.g., All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Causal reasoning - "reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effect" E.g., There's a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall, and break your arm. You conclude: 'Because the patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.' Something happens and we ask what caused it to happen Analogical reasoning - "reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second case" E.g., If you're good at tennis, you will probably be good at Ping-Pong.

Methods of Persuasion

Building credibility Using evidence Reasoning Appealing to emotions

question of policy

Questions of policy - "a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken" Go beyond questions of fact and value Usually include the word "should" Speeches to gain passive agreement - "a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy" E.g., to persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standards at Disneyland Speeches to gain immediate action - "a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy" E.g., to persuade my audience that they should do study abroad programs

Using language affectively

Use language accurately Consider what you want to say and what you do mean Consult a dictionary or thesaurus if you're unsure Use language clearly Use familiar words that your audience can understand Choose concrete words rather than abstract words Concrete words - "words that refer to tangible objects" Abstract words - "words that refer to ideas or concepts" Eliminate clutter Keep your speech lean and lively Using language vividly - ability to move people with your speech Imagery - "the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas" Simile - "an explicit comparison, introduced with the word 'like' or 'as,' between things that are essentially different yet have something in common" E.g., Walking into my grandparents' home when I was a child was like being wrapped in a giant security blanket. Can also include cliches - "a trite or overused expression;" e.g., fresh as a daisy" Metaphor - "an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word 'like' or 'as,' between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common E.g., The earth has a fever, and the fever is rising. Using language vividly Rhythm - "the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words" However, your speech isn't a poem, so consider using the rhythm and flow of your speech to enhance your meaning Parallelism - "the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences" E.g., Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, man and woman—each soul must depend wholly on itself. Repetition - "reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences" E.g., If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how? Alliteration - "repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words" E.g., Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause. Antithesis - "the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure" E.g., Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.

3 major kinds of supporting materials

examples, statistics, testimony

4 Patterns for persuasive Speeches

problem-solution order, problem-cause-solution order, Comparative advantages order, Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Types of Persuasive Speeches

question of fact, question of value, question of policy