GEA 2000 Exam 2 Review

What are the different racial hierarchies?

1. Blanco (white of Spanish descent) 2. Indigenous (Native Americans) 3. Afro-Latin Americans (African AND Latin roots) 4. Mestizo (mix of European and Indigenous) 5. Mulatto (mix of African & European) 6. Zambo (mix of African & Indian)

What is a marsupial and a monotreme?

A marsupial is an animal that gives birth to a premature offspring that then develops and feeds from nipples in a pouch on the mother's body. Like kangaroos. Monotremes are mammals that lay their eggs rather than gestate their young within the body but then nurture the young with milk from the mother. Like anteaters.

Ayers Rock is found in what region of Australia? What is Ayers Rock an example of?

Ayers Rock is found in the Western Plateau, Northern Territory of Australia; it is an example of an isolated erosion-resistant dome of rock.

What are Brazilian slums called?

Barrios or Favelas.

Why are the first people of the United States referred to as Indians?

Because Christopher Columbus thought he had reached the Indies, so he called the people Indians.

What animal was introduced to Australia and now many of them are feral?

Camels

What is important about Cascadia?

Cascadia is a bioregion. Seattle, Portland, and Vancouver; It has all the resources to be self-sustained. Top 20 economies of the world; and trying to succeed themselves from the U.S. and Canada and become their own country (which would make them 20 largest in the world).

What are the stages of slash and burn agriculture?

Cut, Burn, Plant, Harvest, Fallow.

What is one of the most important environmental issues in this region?

Deforestation.

What is ecotourism? Pros and cons?

Ecotourism is using the ecosystem for profit (e.g. ziplining through the rainforest in places like Costa Rica); Pros: it can help the economy; Cons: If you're not careful, you can damage the land/ecosystem.

What is important about the fence concept?

Europeans introduced this concept; it is a concept of land ownership and boundaries. It interrupted the natives' hunting and gathering.

What is the Green Revolution?

Goal of it was to increase agricultural productivity (high yield crops, machinery, irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers) Pros: More food to feed the growing population Cons: Pollution from pesticides and fertilizers

Where are the Pampas and what are they?

Grasslands in Argentina where you will find livestock and wheat.

What is the importance of the North America Act of 1867?

It gave Canada independence, and in 1982 dropped "Dominion" in the former title "Dominion of Canada."

What does a matapalo do to the original tree?

It grows vines around the original tree and suffocates it, eventually killing the tree and becoming its own structure.

What is the importance of the Hoover Dam?

It was created in 1936 to give us water and electricity.

Who first landed in and explored Australia?

James Cook, 1770, in Botany Bay.

What type of music is considered uniquely American and where did it come from?

Jazz; it comes from a blend between African and European sounds.

What factors influence climate?

Latitude, presence of mountains, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation.

What is biodiversity due to?

Latitudinal variation (N → S) and altitudinal variations within short distances.

What are the pre-Hispanic cultures?

Mayans: slash & burn Incas: mountain environment Aztecs: masters of water control

What are the three groups of islands in the Pacific and where is each located?

Melanesia → Western Pacific Micronesia → At or North of the Equator Polynesia → Eastern Pacific

What is the different between multiculturalism and assimilation?

Multiculturalism is what Canada has; it's like stir fry--people live in the same national space, and maintain different cultures while remaining equal. Assimilation is what the U.S. has; it's like a melting pot--people from different cultural backgrounds occupy the same space and form a similar culture.

What was the difference between the economics in the south and the north? What is the economic center today?

North—Industry; South—Agriculture. The economic center is the West.

What are examples of old world things and new world things?

Old World Things: wheat, grapes, sugar (Asia), horses, pigs, cattle, Small Pox New World Things: corn, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers

Explain what the cargo cult religion is and how it came about.

Religion that was started in the islands of Melanesia when in WWII, Americans were dropping goods on where they thought there were soldiers, but there really weren't; instead, they were dropping goods on the people of Melanesia, who thought the goods were falling from heaven.

What is the purpose of gene banks?

Research centers where they try to preserve crops' genetic diversity, since a lot of the crops were being altered.

What is the difference between a reserve and a reservation?

Reservations are what we have in the United States for the native peoples; the natives were pushed off their land, and then through treaties with the United States, were settled onto land and granted a form of limited political soverignty. There's a lot of poverty on the reservations. In Canada, the native peoples settled on reserves. Typically the first peoples' land, although in some cases the Canadians took the land. In the 1970s they admitted their wrong and gave some land back → RESERVES. The interaction between the natives and immigrants was considered little better than that in the U.S., but got a little better over time.

What are levees used for? What is an example of levees failing?

Rivers like the Mississippi River are meandering rivers--If people are trying to settle near the rivers, they build levees to stop the rivers from widening. If the levees breach, there is massive flooding (e.g. Katrina).

What are the arches an example of?

Sedimentary rock.

Who is the Stolen Generation and how do the Sorry books tie into this?

The Aborigine children were taken from their parents and were given to white families to be raised; the thought was that they could be taught "white ways" and get rid of the "Aborigine ways" and get rid of Aborigines altogether. However, the Australian gov't said many years later, "We stole your land, we stole your kids, and we stole your lives" in apology (aka the Sorry Books).

What is the difference between the effects of the Aborigines and the Maori in terms of how they treated the land?

The Aborigines (Australia) had little change on the land; they were mostly hunters-gatherers; they did introduce some fire that burned the land. The Maori (New Zealand) introduced more change than the Aborigines. They were intensive hunters-gatherers, and practiced agriculture.

Who were the first people to come to Australia?

The Aborigines (indigenous peoples)

What specific landscape has a large amount of biodiversity?

The Amazon Rainforest; it has more than 100,000 different things in it.

Where is the bible belt? What religion is predominant in Utah? What religion is predominant in the Southwest?

The Bible Belt is located from Texas to Missouri, and it's usually Protestant, and a lot of the time Baptist; The predominant religion in Utah is Mormonism; The predominant religion in the Southwest is Catholic.

Describe the poverty and inequality in Australia.

The European descendants are the wealthier people in Australia, while the Aborigines tend to be poorer. Usually, the wealthy live on the coast and have a higher standard of living. The poorer people usually live in the interior of the country, with very low standards of living.

Where is the Great Artesian Basin? What is it and why is it significant?

The Great Artesian Basin is located in the Interior Lowlands. It is a highly pressurized area of water underground, and it gives people in the interior lowlands a source of water (the area is otherwise very dry) and makes life in the area possible.

What is the dance the Maori do at the beginning of a rugby match?

The Maori do the Haka dance; they believe it will intimidate their opponents and help them win.

What does the Monroe doctrine say?

The Monroe Doctrine basically says the United States is free from European rule, current and future. It also states any country interfering with the U.S. will be seen as aggressive, requiring U.S. intervention. They said they would not interfere with European colonies or affairs; Split the world into two political hemispheres.

What is the north island of New Zealand made up of? The south island?

The North Island is made up of rolling hills, volcanic activity, productive agriculture, and warmer weather. The South Island is made up of permanent snowfields, alpine scenery (and conifer trees), glaciers, and cooler weather.

The Outback is found in what physiographic region of Australia? What people live here?

The Outback is found in the Interior Lowlands (remote and drier inland areas of Australia); Many Aborigines still live there.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The interchange of crops, animals, people, and diseases between European colonies and indigenous peoples of the Americas.

What were the four colonizing powers in the United States? Out of these four, which two were the more prominent?

The main 4 were Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands (Dutch). The more prominent two were Great Britain and France.

What is the official language of Australia? New Zealand?

The official language of Australia is English; the official language of New Zealand is English, as well as Maori.

What are the two different kinds of Pacific Islands?

The two different kinds of Pacific Islands are high volcanic islands, and low coral islands (atolls).

What did the British coming to this region think of the land?

They thought that it was untamed and wild, and that there was no order or productivity, therefore the people that lived in the land were inferior.

What is the importance of altitudinal zonation?

Tierra Caliente, Tierra Templada, Tierra Fría, Tierra Helada; As elevation goes up, temperature goes down. From low to high: bananas, coffee, potatoes, livestock/llamas/alpacas.

In the U.S., where were people migrating to within the borders of the country?

To the Sun Belt (South, Southwest, and Florida) for the warm weather.

What makes most of California possible? Why?

Water makes CA possible. Half of America's produce comes from the Fertile Valley; they water these crops by way of the Colorado River. The problem now is that water is starting to run low.

What were the cities settled by the British and French usually located near?

Water, good for shipping and trading ports; Big ones were Boston, Charleston, Savannah, Baltimore, Vancouver, and Toronto.