general biology 1 chapter 4-5

chloroplasts

in plants and algae - contain chlorophyll used for photosynthesis

Vacuoles

in plants, some fungi, and protists -central vacuole in plants -contractile vacuole in some protists -used for storage

Golgi apparatus

packaging and distributing of materials

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels or carriers, polar

integral membrane proteins

proteins that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Function: synthesizes and processes proteins Structure: membrane sacs with ribosomes

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions

Hyper=higher (solute) hypo=lower (solute) iso= equal ( water and solute) -animals like iso, and plants like hyper

uniporters, symporters, antiporters

Uniporters - move one substance at a time Symporters - move two substances in the same direction Antiporters - move two substances in opposite directions

endomembrane system

a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm divides cell into compartments with different cellular functions 1) endoplasmic reticulum smooth or rough 2) Golgi appartus 3) lysosomes

simple/direct diffusion

across the membrane; only applies to small, hydrophobic molecules and, to a lesser extent, small nonpolar molecules.

Lysosomes

aid eukaryotic cells in organinzing their metabolism

cell theory

early studies were conducted by Schwann and Schleiden 1) all organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) cells are the smallest living things 3) cell arise from pre-existing cells (biogensis)

endocytosis

the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle -phagocytosis-eating cell -pinocytosis- drinking cell -receptor-mediated endocytosis- specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor.

Eukaryotic cells

they have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton, endomembrane system, and linear chromosomes-protein histones

cell movement

- flagella: a long tail whips back and forth, very fast - pseudopodia: really slow, plants cannot use this since they have cell walls - cilia: hairlike structures which completely surround the cell - not very fast but very manuevarable

active transport

-active, polar, carrier proteins, against the gradient, requires energy ATP, release of concentration gradient, and moves from low to high concentration

Mitochondria

-enzymes for producing ATP -contain their own DNA

membrane protein functions

-transport -enzymes -cell surface receptors -cell surface identity markers -cell-to-cell adhesion proteins -attachments to the cytoskeleton

what are the five differences between plants and animals cells?

1) chlorestrol (plants-, animals +) 2) chloroplast (plants +, animals -) 3) central vacuole (plants +, animals -) 4) cell wall (plants +, animals -) cellulose 5) centioles (plants -, animals +)

prokaryotic cell structure

1) genetic material in nucleoid 2) 1 chromosome, circular 3) cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall ribosomes(70s), and no membrane bound organelles

What structures do cells have in common?

1) genetic material- in nucleoid or nucleus 2) cytoplasm- a semifluid matrix 3) plasma membrane- a phospholipid bilayer

Cellular membranes have 4 components

1. phospholipid bilayer 2. transmembrane proteins 3. interior protein network 4. cell surface markers

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.- 1 glyercol

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

prokaryotic cells

They lack a membrane- bound nucleus 2 kingdoms archea, and bacteria

Exocytosis

movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell -used in plants to export cell wall material -used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes.

Osmosis

movement of water from an area of high to low concentration of water. -passive, H2O polar, aquaporins, with the gradient

peripheral membrane proteins

one portion anchored in the membrane