General Chemistry: Lipids

Atherosclerosis is due to which of the following?

Build up of plaque

The national heart, lung, and blood institute and American Heart Association have created a set of parameters to define the presence of metabolic syndrome. Select the set of laboratory assays that are utilized in the NHLBI and AHA criteria for metabolic syndrome diagnosis?

Fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL

The lecithin to spihingomyelin ratio (L/S) is used to assess:

Fetal Lung maturity

Which lipid abnormality is most closely linked to heart disease?

Hypercholestrolemia

A 46-year old known alcoholic with liver damage is brought in the ER unconscious. /one would expect his lipid values to be affected in what way?

Increased

Select the true statement regarding lipids and heart disease.

Increased level of LDL-C indicates an increased risk of CVD

All of the following are possible medical complications for an individual diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, EXCEPT: Fatty liver disease Renal disease Brain tumor Sleep apnea

Brain tumor

A 50-year old white male expressed concerns regarding diabetes. There is a history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease inhis family. He has gained a few ponds each year and his physician has noticed abdominal obesity. His physician orders labs to evaluate his risk of cardiovascular disease: Blood Pressure- 128/82 mmHg Weight- 230 lbs Height- 5'11'' Calculated BMI- 32.1 Waist circumference- 45 inches Fasting Blood Glucose- 120 md/dL Triglycerides- 170 mg/dL HDL-C- 42 mg/dL Which statement is true about the patient?

Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome; waist circumference, triglyceride level, and fasting blood glucose meet criteria

Which of the following statements about lipoproteins is False?

Elevated LDL causes a decreased risk of atherosclerosis

The function of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) is to transport:

Endogenous triglycerides

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE CONSIDERED TWO OF THE POSITIVE RISK FACTORS FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE AS DETERMINED BY THE NATIONAL CHOLESTROL EDUCATION PROGRAM?

LDL-C CONCENTRATION= 100 MG/Dl HDL-C CONCENTRATION= < 40 MG/Dl

Which of the following is the correct calculation using the friedewald calculation for LDL?

LDL= Total cholestrol - HDL - triglceride/5

With the development of fetal lung maturity, Which of the following phospholipid concentration in amniotic fluid increases?

Lecithin

Which one of the following adipocyte products is an important messenger in metabolism, signing the hypothalamus that there are changes in fat stores?

Leptin

Which type of lipoprotein transports the MAJORITY of cholesterol to cells for steroid hormone synthesis or cell membrane incorporation?

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Which statement best describes small dense LDL particles that can occur in atherogenic dyslipidemia?

Small dense LDL molecules are more atherogenic because they can more easily move into the endothelium and vessel wall

Lipemia in a fasting serum sample is most likely caused by an increase in serum levels of:

TRIG

Calculate LDL cholesterol concentration if total cholesterol is 280, trig is 100, and HDL is 40.0

220

A routine laboratory workup is ordered for an outpatient. The patient's lipid results are as follows: Total Cholestrol= 295 mg/dL HDL= 30 mg/dL Triglyceride= 200 mg/dL What is the LDL cholesterole level for this patient?

225 mg/dL

Which of the following statements is true regarding cardiovascular disease and adipose tissue?

A state of abnormal lipids and lipid levels found in metabolic syndrome contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease

Which of the following apolipoproteins contributes the greatest mass to the structure of HDL?

APO A

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is formed as the result of an accumulation of which of the following?

Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following parameters, according to the American Heart Association, is not included in the diagnosis of the presence of the metabolic syndrome in adults?

An elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Which of the following statements is true concerning apolipoproteins?

Apolipoproteins are essential for lipid metabolism.

A patient has optimal LDL and HDL cholesterol values but a hsCRP test shows a value of 12 mg/L (low cardiovascular risk < 1.0 mg/L). Which of the following situations is most likely?

The patient has an underlying acute inflammation process.

What conclusion can be made if a person has a cardiovascular risk marker that is abnormal?

The person has an INCREASED PROBABILITY OF DEVELOPING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

A physician discusses weight with an overweight 60-year-old female at her yearly physical appointment. The female exercises regularly and eats healthy most of the time. The physician suggests she decrease carbohydrate intake and decrease portion size at meals. Height -5'7'' Weight- 192 BMI- 30.1 Waist circumference- 37inches Blood pressure- 108/70 FBG- 92 Total cholesterol 172 LDL- 112 HDL- 46 Trig- 70 hs-CRP- <1.0

This patient does not meet the criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Which of the following lipid results would be expected to be MOST falsely elevated on a serum specimen from a non-patient?

Trig

Which of the following lipid results would be expected to be FALSELY elevated on a serum specimen from a non-fasting patient?

Triglyceride

Chylomicron are promarily compsed of:

Triglycerides

An obese adult with premature arteriosclerosis is seen i the clinic. When her serum is tested no chylomicrons are present, LDL levels are normal, and VLDL levels are increased. There is an increase in triglycerides and slight increase in cholsetrol. Lipoprotein electrophoresis reveals a heavy pre-beta band. She has no skin rash and uric acid is increased. This patient most likely has what type of hyperlipoproteinemia?

Type IV

From the groups of analytes below, which set would most likely be increased in a type 1 diabetic patient in crisis?

ketone bodies and blood glucose

A 32 year old teacher, is seeing HER INTERNIST FOR HER YEARL;Y PHYSICAL. bECAUSE HER GREAT GRANDMOTHER SUFFERED FROM CARDIAC DISEASE, SHE IS CONCERNED ABOUT HER OWNB RISK FOR CARDIAC DISEASE. SHE IS NOT A SMOKER NOR HYPERTENSIVE, AND IS NOT OVERWEIGHT. SHE IS PHYSICALLY ACTIVE AND MAINTAINS A GOOD DIET AND NUTRITION. HER PHYSICIAN ORDERS A LIPID PANEL AND hs-CRP TO EVALUATE HER CARDIAC DISEASE. CHOLESTROL- 189 TRIG- 140 LDL- 98 HDL- 60 hs-CRP- 0.9

low risk

Which of the following is most likely to interact with arterial walls, leading to deposition of cholesterol, and initiating or worsening atherosclerosis?

small dense LDL

Which analyte measurement is used to detect early nephropathy in a diabetic patient? Choose the single best answer A. Lactic acid B. Microalbumin C. Ketones D. HbA1C

Albumin

Which of the following is true concerning atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is the deposition of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids on the innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries.

Which lipid does not serve as a source of fuel, but can be converted to steroid hormones?

Cholesterol

Which of the following lipid tests is LEAST affected by the fasting status of the patient?

Cholesterol

A lipid panel cfonsists of the following tests?

Cholestrol, Lipoprotein, HDL, Triglycerides

A lipid panel is composed of which of the following tests?

Cholestrol, lipoprotein, HDL, triglycerides

Which of the following lipoproteins will form a creamy layer at the top of stored, non-fasting plasma specimen?

Chylmicrons

Which type of lipoprotein is the least dense?

Chylomicrons

Which of the following statements is true regarding cardiovascular disease adipose tissue?

Inflammatory cytokines, synthesized and released by adipose tissue, contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.

What are small dense LDL molecules more atherogenic?

SMALL DENSE ldl MOLECULES HAVE GREATER MOBILITY IN THE ENDOTHELIUM AND ATERIAL WALL

Fetal lung maturity can be determined from amniotic fluid because the surfactant is PRIMARILY composed of:

Phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids

Cholestrol is used by the body for which of the following functions?

Precursor of hormone synthesis

What is apolipoproteins?

Proteins that are on the surface of lipoprotein molecules that bind enzymes or transport specific proteins and direct lipoproteins to their sites of metabolism

Which of the following tests require a 72 hour stool (fecal) collection?

Quatitative fecal fat

The L/S ratio determination of amniotic fluid is useful in assessing the probability of:

Respirat0ry distress syndrome

Below are the laboratory results on a 20 year old overweight male. His waist circumference is 41 inches and blood pressure is 105/70. FBG- 130mg/dL Trig- 190 mg/dL HDL- 50 mg/dL

Yes, he meets the NHLBI and AHA criteria for metabolic syndrome