general physcology test

Who created the theory of psychosocial development?

Erikson

Whose theory included neuroticism-emotional stability which is related to the reactivity of one's nervous system?

Eysenck

_______ are chemicals that have a pronounced effect on growth, maturation, behavior, and emotions and that are produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream.

Hormones

Which two psychologists were the primarily developers of behaviorism? *

John Watson and B.F. Skinner

According to ______, morality reflects people's sense of fairness and justice.

Kohlberg

The humanistic approach of understanding the development of the self with an emphasis on worth, dignity, and growth was represented by the following theorists:

Maslow and Rogers

This personality inventory has both clinical and non-clinical scales, has shown high validity, and is used widely in psychological diagnosis

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

The neural networks that fan out from the central nervous system to various parts of the body are called the _____.

Peripheral nervous system

Who crafted/developed the theory of cognitive development?

Piaget

A small endocrine gland found as a protrusion off the hypothalamus. *

Pituitary gland

______ can be described as the level of detail in a picture of the sharpness of an image.

acuity

Sensory _______ occurs when the sensory receptors become less sensitive when exposed to a constant stimulus for a certain amount of time.

adaption

A stressor is a stimulus event that places a demand on an organism for some kind of ________ response

adaptive

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are most common among _________

adolescent girls

A substance produced by the adrenal glands, released in response to stress.

adrenaline

____ means fear of open or public places.

agoraphobia

The id is:

all of the above

Criteria for phobias include*

all the above

Which of the following are physical stimuli? *

all the above

________ are the male sex hormone.

androgens

_________ is diagnosed when an individual weighs less than 85% of his or her expected weight.

anorexia nervosa

According to the text, ____ is among the most debilitating and confusing of human emotions

anxiety

______ rate: rate of learning

aquisition

A/an _______ is a universal thought or shared historical memory which is largely unconscious.

archetype

Which philosopher contemplated many issues in regard to human behavior that were externally influenced, such as human memory, motivation, perception, sleep, and dreams?

aristotle

_____ concerns the bonds that tie two people together.

attatchment

A concentrated mental effort that functions as a filter to ignore unimportant events and focus on important events.

attention

Parenting characterized by low warmth and high demands.

authoritarian

Parenting characterized by high warmth and high demands.

authoritative

The ______ regulates physiological functions such as respiration, heart rate, temperature, and digestion and includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

autonomic nervous system

______ models lead to treatment concentrating on "unlearning" unacceptable behavior and learning (or relearning) more acceptable forms of behavior.

behaviroral

Somatic system is part of the peripheral nervous system concerned with _____ and _____.

bodily sensations and muscular movement

Central nervous system (CNS): The human nervous system, which includes the ____ and the ______.

brain, spinal cord

The fixation on one characteristic of an object at the exclusion of other characteristics.

centration

what is the Pattern of development from head to toe.

cephalocaudal

Genomics is the discipline of studying genomes in attempt to establish relationships between genes and ___________.

characteristics

The _________ is essentially a fluid-filled tube that is coiled inside the inner ear.

cochlea

The theory of _________ predicts that whenever there is conflict between cognitions (behaviors, beliefs, values, and desires, people will try to reduce the conflict.

cognitive dissonace

Which disorder can manifest as antisocial personality disorder in adults if left untreated

conduct disorder

Those who display high levels of ________ tend to exhibit a high degree of organization, self-discipline, thoroughness, and a need to achieve.

conscientiousness

_________ research methods provide information on the initial link between variables of interest.

correlational

Neuropsychological research provides a great deal of evidence indicating that an overactive amygdala may be associated with a higher risk of _____.

depression

Bipolar II is characterized by

depression more than mania

Which philosopher primarily studied the mind-body problem

descartes

Stimulus _______ involves making different responses to highly similar stimuli.

discrimination

_______, in Freudian theory, is the rational, reality-oriented level of human personality, developing as the child becomes aware of what the environment makes possible and impossible.

ego

_______ can loosely be defined as unable to see the world from another's point of view.

egocentrism

_____ system of is composed of glands secreting hormones whose functioning affects things such as growth, maturation, behavior, and emotion.

endocrine

__________ research involves the manipulation of a variable of interest and assignment of participants to treatment conditions.

experimental

______ rate: rate of forgetting

extinction

Negative reinforcement and punishment are the same.

false

The _____ lobe of the brain is responsible for complex aspects of cognition like attention, movement, and planning.

frontal

__________ is the study of how the mind of an organism adapts to its current environment.

functionalism

Stimulus _______ involves making the same responses to different but related stimuli.

generalzation

This personality disorder is seen in individuals with excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

histrionic personality disorder

______ is a state of equilibrium that an organism works to maintain

homeostasis

With positive correlations, as X _________, Y _________. *

increases, increases

The sudden recognition of relationships among elements of a problem is referred to as _______.

insight

________ are known as innate, consistent responses to stimuli

instincts

Disorders marked by a significant departure from average intellectual and adaptive functioning are considered:

intellectual disabilities

The global score derived from standardized intelligence tests.

intelligence quotient

Emotions have two broad dimensions: _________ and whether they are positive or negative.

intensity

_______ theory of forgetting suggests most forgetting is the result of an interaction between new and previously learned information, leading either to a failure to learn new material, or a forgetting of past material.

interference

____________is the examination of one's own mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts or feelings about conscious experiences.

introspection

The two types of sensory experiences that make up somesthesis are ________ sensitivity and _________ sensitivity.

kinesthetic and cutaneous

_______ is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience.

learning

Fat cells produce this hormone, that signals to the hypothalamus to reduce appetite.

leptin

Listening to music can lead to the activation of _______ structures.

limbic

Defined as guides, or ways of looking at things, ____ tell us what to look for when we're trying to understand, explain, and define what we mean by mental disorders.

models

Nerves are made up of bundles of ____.

neurons

Naturally produced chemicals, called ___________, are released by nerve cells and that initiate or facilitate transmission of messages among nerve cells.

neurotrtransmitters

Specialized receptors that can sense pain are known as _______.

nociceptors

The ________ fallacy is the faulty assumption that naming something explains it.

nominal

what is the sceintific method

observation asking a question hypothesis making a prediction between variables conduct and study and collect data analysis of data conclusion report findings

Bandura explains that most of our learning is ________ learning.

observational

Visual information is processed in the __________.

occipital lobe

"Quality of life" is a phrase used most often with what stage of life

older adulthood.

_______ is characterized by a high degree of inventiveness, adventurousness, and curiosity.*

openness

The optic nerves meet at the ________

optic chaism

What is the correct order of Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Parenting characterized by high warmth and low demands

permissive

What are the four main archetypes of Jung's trait-type approach?

persona, shadow, anima, and self

The systematic investigation of human behavior and thought can be defined as:

physcology

A ______ stimulus is any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ.

physical

The _______ arousal component of emotion is the predictable bodily arousal and changes that we see in emotion.

physiological

___________ needs satisfy the basic internal functions of an organism.

physiological

Which philosopher primarily discussed the need to ignore sensory information to by looking inward to understand the true nature of the soul?

plato

When old information prevents the formation or recall of newer information.

proactive interference

________ tests of personality are tests in which stimuli are ambiguous and testee's responses are interpreted as reflecting unconscious aspects of personality.

projective

Pattern of development from core out to appendages.

proximodistal

Which stage of sleep is where most dreaming occurs?

rapid eye movement

Specialized cells or groups of cells that respond to sensory stimulation. *

receptors

Parenting characterized by low warmth and low demand

rejecting

________ is the consistency of your measure to produce similar results on different occasions.

reliability

The ______ is the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision.

retina

________ interference is the theory of forgetting in which more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older.

retroactive

The two basic types of photoreceptors in the eye are:

rodes, cones

this disorder includes symptoms of schizophrenia in addition to symptoms of a mood disorder such as depression or mania.

schizoaffective disorder

This personality disorder is marked by a pattern of odd and eccentric behavior with intense discomfort with close relationships and social interactions, often self-isolate.

schizotypal personality disorder

________ can best be defined as the detection of some physical stimulus in the environment by one of your sensory organs.

sensation

Who believed in the idea of a "talking cure," in which individuals who suffer from psychological distress could be released from distress by talking with a trained doctor?

sigmund freuid

A developmental disorder marked by impairments in cognitive skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, or mathematical skills.

specific learning disabilities (disorder)

Place the steps of the process from stimulation to perception in the correct order:

stimulation, reception, transduction, transmission, perception

________ is a quantifiable pattern of physical energy, which is able to interact with an organism and produce a change in the condition of the organism.

stimulus

According to Freud, the moral or ethical center of the self is the:

superego

Physiologically, arousal is activity in the ____________ nervous system.

sympathetic

The space between the ends of one cell's axon and another cell's dendrites is a ____.

synapse

Infants' and children's biological predisposition to respond to the world in predictable ways.

temperament

Any substances ingested, consumed, or experienced by the mother that can cross the placental barrier and damage the developing organism during pregnancy.

teratogens

What part of the brain is most responsible for processing fear reactions?

the amygdala

Compulsions are

the performance of repetitive behaviors are unreasonable and beyond what is considered normal for the situation

Olfactory receptors are located at the _______

top of nasal cavity

________ is the process through which a physical stimulus is converted into a meaningful and useful neural signal capable of being interpreted by the brain.

transduction

A stimulus that elicits an automatic, unlearned response from an organism

unconditioned stimulus

_________ is defined as the ability of your measurement to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

_______ Law suggests that the difference threshold between two stimuli is relative to the size of the original stimulus.

weber's law

Who is considered to be the founder of modern psychology?

wilhelm Wundt

Another term for short-term memory is ______

working memory

In order to be considered PTSD, symptoms must be severe enough to interfere with living and must last at least how many months?

3 months

Who is widely recognized as the founder of current personality and trait measurement?

Cattell