general physcology test
Who created the theory of psychosocial development?
Erikson
Whose theory included neuroticism-emotional stability which is related to the reactivity of one's nervous system?
Eysenck
_______ are chemicals that have a pronounced effect on growth, maturation, behavior, and emotions and that are produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones
Which two psychologists were the primarily developers of behaviorism? *
John Watson and B.F. Skinner
According to ______, morality reflects people's sense of fairness and justice.
Kohlberg
The humanistic approach of understanding the development of the self with an emphasis on worth, dignity, and growth was represented by the following theorists:
Maslow and Rogers
This personality inventory has both clinical and non-clinical scales, has shown high validity, and is used widely in psychological diagnosis
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
The neural networks that fan out from the central nervous system to various parts of the body are called the _____.
Peripheral nervous system
Who crafted/developed the theory of cognitive development?
Piaget
A small endocrine gland found as a protrusion off the hypothalamus. *
Pituitary gland
______ can be described as the level of detail in a picture of the sharpness of an image.
acuity
Sensory _______ occurs when the sensory receptors become less sensitive when exposed to a constant stimulus for a certain amount of time.
adaption
A stressor is a stimulus event that places a demand on an organism for some kind of ________ response
adaptive
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are most common among _________
adolescent girls
A substance produced by the adrenal glands, released in response to stress.
adrenaline
____ means fear of open or public places.
agoraphobia
The id is:
all of the above
Criteria for phobias include*
all the above
Which of the following are physical stimuli? *
all the above
________ are the male sex hormone.
androgens
_________ is diagnosed when an individual weighs less than 85% of his or her expected weight.
anorexia nervosa
According to the text, ____ is among the most debilitating and confusing of human emotions
anxiety
______ rate: rate of learning
aquisition
A/an _______ is a universal thought or shared historical memory which is largely unconscious.
archetype
Which philosopher contemplated many issues in regard to human behavior that were externally influenced, such as human memory, motivation, perception, sleep, and dreams?
aristotle
_____ concerns the bonds that tie two people together.
attatchment
A concentrated mental effort that functions as a filter to ignore unimportant events and focus on important events.
attention
Parenting characterized by low warmth and high demands.
authoritarian
Parenting characterized by high warmth and high demands.
authoritative
The ______ regulates physiological functions such as respiration, heart rate, temperature, and digestion and includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
autonomic nervous system
______ models lead to treatment concentrating on "unlearning" unacceptable behavior and learning (or relearning) more acceptable forms of behavior.
behaviroral
Somatic system is part of the peripheral nervous system concerned with _____ and _____.
bodily sensations and muscular movement
Central nervous system (CNS): The human nervous system, which includes the ____ and the ______.
brain, spinal cord
The fixation on one characteristic of an object at the exclusion of other characteristics.
centration
what is the Pattern of development from head to toe.
cephalocaudal
Genomics is the discipline of studying genomes in attempt to establish relationships between genes and ___________.
characteristics
The _________ is essentially a fluid-filled tube that is coiled inside the inner ear.
cochlea
The theory of _________ predicts that whenever there is conflict between cognitions (behaviors, beliefs, values, and desires, people will try to reduce the conflict.
cognitive dissonace
Which disorder can manifest as antisocial personality disorder in adults if left untreated
conduct disorder
Those who display high levels of ________ tend to exhibit a high degree of organization, self-discipline, thoroughness, and a need to achieve.
conscientiousness
_________ research methods provide information on the initial link between variables of interest.
correlational
Neuropsychological research provides a great deal of evidence indicating that an overactive amygdala may be associated with a higher risk of _____.
depression
Bipolar II is characterized by
depression more than mania
Which philosopher primarily studied the mind-body problem
descartes
Stimulus _______ involves making different responses to highly similar stimuli.
discrimination
_______, in Freudian theory, is the rational, reality-oriented level of human personality, developing as the child becomes aware of what the environment makes possible and impossible.
ego
_______ can loosely be defined as unable to see the world from another's point of view.
egocentrism
_____ system of is composed of glands secreting hormones whose functioning affects things such as growth, maturation, behavior, and emotion.
endocrine
__________ research involves the manipulation of a variable of interest and assignment of participants to treatment conditions.
experimental
______ rate: rate of forgetting
extinction
Negative reinforcement and punishment are the same.
false
The _____ lobe of the brain is responsible for complex aspects of cognition like attention, movement, and planning.
frontal
__________ is the study of how the mind of an organism adapts to its current environment.
functionalism
Stimulus _______ involves making the same responses to different but related stimuli.
generalzation
This personality disorder is seen in individuals with excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
histrionic personality disorder
______ is a state of equilibrium that an organism works to maintain
homeostasis
With positive correlations, as X _________, Y _________. *
increases, increases
The sudden recognition of relationships among elements of a problem is referred to as _______.
insight
________ are known as innate, consistent responses to stimuli
instincts
Disorders marked by a significant departure from average intellectual and adaptive functioning are considered:
intellectual disabilities
The global score derived from standardized intelligence tests.
intelligence quotient
Emotions have two broad dimensions: _________ and whether they are positive or negative.
intensity
_______ theory of forgetting suggests most forgetting is the result of an interaction between new and previously learned information, leading either to a failure to learn new material, or a forgetting of past material.
interference
____________is the examination of one's own mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts or feelings about conscious experiences.
introspection
The two types of sensory experiences that make up somesthesis are ________ sensitivity and _________ sensitivity.
kinesthetic and cutaneous
_______ is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience.
learning
Fat cells produce this hormone, that signals to the hypothalamus to reduce appetite.
leptin
Listening to music can lead to the activation of _______ structures.
limbic
Defined as guides, or ways of looking at things, ____ tell us what to look for when we're trying to understand, explain, and define what we mean by mental disorders.
models
Nerves are made up of bundles of ____.
neurons
Naturally produced chemicals, called ___________, are released by nerve cells and that initiate or facilitate transmission of messages among nerve cells.
neurotrtransmitters
Specialized receptors that can sense pain are known as _______.
nociceptors
The ________ fallacy is the faulty assumption that naming something explains it.
nominal
what is the sceintific method
observation asking a question hypothesis making a prediction between variables conduct and study and collect data analysis of data conclusion report findings
Bandura explains that most of our learning is ________ learning.
observational
Visual information is processed in the __________.
occipital lobe
"Quality of life" is a phrase used most often with what stage of life
older adulthood.
_______ is characterized by a high degree of inventiveness, adventurousness, and curiosity.*
openness
The optic nerves meet at the ________
optic chaism
What is the correct order of Freud's stages of psychosexual development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Parenting characterized by high warmth and low demands
permissive
What are the four main archetypes of Jung's trait-type approach?
persona, shadow, anima, and self
The systematic investigation of human behavior and thought can be defined as:
physcology
A ______ stimulus is any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ.
physical
The _______ arousal component of emotion is the predictable bodily arousal and changes that we see in emotion.
physiological
___________ needs satisfy the basic internal functions of an organism.
physiological
Which philosopher primarily discussed the need to ignore sensory information to by looking inward to understand the true nature of the soul?
plato
When old information prevents the formation or recall of newer information.
proactive interference
________ tests of personality are tests in which stimuli are ambiguous and testee's responses are interpreted as reflecting unconscious aspects of personality.
projective
Pattern of development from core out to appendages.
proximodistal
Which stage of sleep is where most dreaming occurs?
rapid eye movement
Specialized cells or groups of cells that respond to sensory stimulation. *
receptors
Parenting characterized by low warmth and low demand
rejecting
________ is the consistency of your measure to produce similar results on different occasions.
reliability
The ______ is the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision.
retina
________ interference is the theory of forgetting in which more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older.
retroactive
The two basic types of photoreceptors in the eye are:
rodes, cones
this disorder includes symptoms of schizophrenia in addition to symptoms of a mood disorder such as depression or mania.
schizoaffective disorder
This personality disorder is marked by a pattern of odd and eccentric behavior with intense discomfort with close relationships and social interactions, often self-isolate.
schizotypal personality disorder
________ can best be defined as the detection of some physical stimulus in the environment by one of your sensory organs.
sensation
Who believed in the idea of a "talking cure," in which individuals who suffer from psychological distress could be released from distress by talking with a trained doctor?
sigmund freuid
A developmental disorder marked by impairments in cognitive skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, or mathematical skills.
specific learning disabilities (disorder)
Place the steps of the process from stimulation to perception in the correct order:
stimulation, reception, transduction, transmission, perception
________ is a quantifiable pattern of physical energy, which is able to interact with an organism and produce a change in the condition of the organism.
stimulus
According to Freud, the moral or ethical center of the self is the:
superego
Physiologically, arousal is activity in the ____________ nervous system.
sympathetic
The space between the ends of one cell's axon and another cell's dendrites is a ____.
synapse
Infants' and children's biological predisposition to respond to the world in predictable ways.
temperament
Any substances ingested, consumed, or experienced by the mother that can cross the placental barrier and damage the developing organism during pregnancy.
teratogens
What part of the brain is most responsible for processing fear reactions?
the amygdala
Compulsions are
the performance of repetitive behaviors are unreasonable and beyond what is considered normal for the situation
Olfactory receptors are located at the _______
top of nasal cavity
________ is the process through which a physical stimulus is converted into a meaningful and useful neural signal capable of being interpreted by the brain.
transduction
A stimulus that elicits an automatic, unlearned response from an organism
unconditioned stimulus
_________ is defined as the ability of your measurement to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.
validity
_______ Law suggests that the difference threshold between two stimuli is relative to the size of the original stimulus.
weber's law
Who is considered to be the founder of modern psychology?
wilhelm Wundt
Another term for short-term memory is ______
working memory
In order to be considered PTSD, symptoms must be severe enough to interfere with living and must last at least how many months?
3 months
Who is widely recognized as the founder of current personality and trait measurement?
Cattell