General Psychology- Exam 2 (chapter 7)

What is the shallowest level of processing? a) semantic processing b) phonemic processing c) structural processing d) emotional processing

c) structural processing

Which of the following statements about sensory memory is FALSE? a) sensory memory is also referred to as iconic memories b) sensory memory is rather accurate c) the information that comes into sensory memory is retained for a very long time d) George Sperling was a researcher whose work demonstrated the basic capacities of iconic memory

c) the information that comes into sensory memory is retained for a very long time

When does the misinformation effect occur? a) when a memory from a real event was encoded but not retrieved for a long period of time b) when trauma victim's repressed memories resurface c) when information learned after an original event is wrong but gets incorporated into memory as true d) when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information

c) when information learned after an original event is wrong but gets incorporated into memory as true

Absent-mindedness is not usually a problem until people reach their a) 40s b) 50s c) 60s d) 70s

d) 70s

The principle that states that "the more times synapses fire together, the stronger the network becomes, increasing the likelihood that they will fire again" is more commonly known as a) Kandel's postulate b) Maslow's hierarchy c) H.M.'s theory d) Hebb's law

d) Hebb's law

The FDA has approved the two drugs Aricept and Reminyl for the treatment of what medical condition? a) huntington's disease b) crohn's disease c) CREB's disease d) alzheimer's disease

d) alzheimer's disease

When we experience an emotional event, the output goes to which brain structure? a) visual association area b) cerebellum c) hippocampus d) amygdala

d) amygdala

The process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory is called a) retrieval b) storage c) encoding d) consolidation

d) consolidation

Age-related decline in memory has been found a) primarily in the United States b) primarily in Asian countries c) primarily in southern Europe d) cross-culturally

d) cross-culturally

Generally speaking, ______ memories are easier to recall than ______ memories. a) factual; emotional b) personal; academic c) short-term; long-term d) emotional; factual

d) emotional; factual

______ memory is the trace memory of a visual sensation. a) echoic b) retroactive c) phonologic d) iconic

d) iconic

How long does information stay in short-term memory? a) 2 to 30 seconds b) 30 to 60 seconds c) 1 to 5 minutes d) 5 to 30 minutes

a) 2 to 30 seconds

In thinking about memory like a computer, encoding would be like ________. a) a keyboard b) the hard drive c) software d) the internet

a) a keyboard

In the case of H.M., doctors removed the hippocampus on both sides of his brain, resulting in a) an inability to form new memories b) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder c) blindness d) synesthesia

a) an inability to form new memories

Recent research shows that people who suffered childhood sexual abuse have less specific ______ memories compared to people who have not suffered such abuse. a) autobiographical b) semantic c) trauma-related d) short-term

a) autobiographical

What is the first step in forming memories? a) encoding b) consolidating c) retrieving d) storing

a) encoding

Implicit memory is based on a) prior experiences b) genetic coding c) instincts d) sensory input

a) prior experiences

Memory is a) the ability to store and use information b) when new experiences or information cause people to forget c) a product of weakening synaptic connections in the brain d) the tendency to have better recall for items in a list, depending on their position in the list

a) the ability to store and use information

Based on Sperling's results, which of the following statements about iconic memory is FALSE? a) the reason why only four or five letters were recalled during the whole report must have been that our visual sensory (iconic) memory can only hold that much information b) subjects could hold most of the information in an array of 12 letters presented in three rows of four letters each c) using whole report, Sperling could demonstrate that iconic memory fades quite quickly d) while subjects initially saw all the letters, their icon had faded away by the time they could name four or five letters

a) the reason why only four or five letters were recalled during the whole report must have been that our visual sensory (iconic) memory can only hold that much information

During a psychology lecture, you check your social media updates regularly on your mobile device. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) because you are multitasking, your attention is divided b) because you are less focused, you are more likely to encode information for memory c) if you put your phone away, you are more likely to engage in deep processing d) you may remember some of the material from the lecture, even while you were looking at your phone, due to the intermediate processing

b) because you are less focused, you are more likely to encode information for memory

Jamal likes to study while listening to music. His ability to focus on both his homework and the music at the same time is an example of ________. a) sustained attention b) divided attention c) selective attention d) encoding

b) divided attention

The process by which information gets into memory storage is called ________. a) attention b) encoding c) processing d) storing

b) encoding

What is the process by which information gets into memory storage called? a) intaking b) encoding c) processing d) etching

b) encoding

What happened to Henry Molaison (H.M.) to cause his loss of memory? a) he contracted meningitis b) he was hit by a bicyclist c) he was born with epilepsy d) he was hit by a car

b) he was hit by a bicyclist

Cora is taking one of the Sperling tests. She was asked to look at a flash of 12 letters, but until she was asked to report her results, she did not know which row she would be asked to remember. Which of the following report conditions did she take? a) whole report b) partial report c) delayed report d) iconic report

b) partial report

Which of the following is NOT one of the three-long term memory systems? a) procedural-implicit b) rational c) declarative-explicit d) emotional

b) rational

______ memory is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. a) echoic b) iconic c) sensory d) short-term

c) sensory

Which of the following CORRECTLY pairs the sensory system with its dedicated sensory cortex for processing sensory stimuli? a) the visual cortex and the parietal lobes, the auditory cortex and the temporal lobes, and the somatosensory cortex and the occipital lobes b) the visual cortex and the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex and the temporal lobes, and the somatosensory cortex and the parietal lobes c) the visual cortex and the temporal lobes, the auditory cortex and the parietal lobes, and the somatosensory cortex and the occipital lobes d) the visual cortex and the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex and the parietal lobes, and the somatosensory cortex and the temporal lobes

b) the visual cortex and the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex and the temporal lobes, and the somatosensory cortex and the parietal lobes

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to autobiographical memories? a) there is a negative bias with respect to remembering things about one's self b) there is a positive bias with respect to remembering things about one's self c) autobiographical memories are not as easily recalled as nonautobiographical memories d) none of the answer choices are correct

b) there is a positive bias with respect to remembering things about one's self

_____________ is encoding that occurs with little effort; _______________ is encoding that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort. a) non-consciousness; consciousness b) repression encoding; thoughtful encoding c) automatic processing; effortful processing d) processing; storing

c) automatic processing; effortful processing

______ is the process of transforming what you want to remember into a smaller set of meaningful units. a) episodic memory b) phonemic memory c) chunking d) proactive interference

c) chunking

Mitch just completed his psychology homework, where he took an assignment that replicated the SpeTopic: rling research. When he attempted the whole report, he got four letters correct. His results are ________. a) above average; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around two or three correct letters when they attempted whole report b) below average; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around seven or eight correct letters when they attempted whole report c) consistent; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around four or five correct letters when they attempted whole report d) unknown; Sperling did not state how subjects did on the whole report, just on the partial and delayed reports

c) consistent; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around four or five correct letters when they attempted whole report

Most memories begin and end in the cortex, but in between they are processed in the a) amygdala b) cerebellum c) hippocampus d) hypothalamus

c) hippocampus

The idea behind the _____ model of memory and recall is that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it. a) multitasking b) depth-of-processing c) levels-of-processing d) emotional-versus-factual

c) levels-of-processing

Hebb's law states that a) true memories of flowers only last a few hours b) touch your nose and your limbic system grows c) neurons that fire together, wire together d) you need one lobe to recognize shame in me, but you need two lobes to recognize shame in you

c) neurons that fire together, wire together

Demond is on a date with Selena in a crowded restaurant. In order to pay attention to what Selena is saying, Demond must "tune out" all of the other noises in the restaurant and just focus on Selena's voice. This is an example of ________. a) encoding b) sustained attention c) selective attention d) divided attention

c) selective attention

What is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory? a) memory b) recognition c) sensation d) processing

c) sensation

You are in an unfamiliar city. You stop by the front desk at your hotel and ask the clerk for a map with directions to the café where you are meeting a friend for lunch. The clerk tells you that they do not have any more free maps, but they do have a map behind their desk where they can show you the route. You watch them trace the route on the map and try to memorize the route and landmarks. Which of the following statements is false? a) human beings store information, like the information that you saw on the map, rather accurately in their sensory memories b) individuals do not retain sensory (or iconic) memories for very long. In fact, visual (or iconic) sensory memory only lasts a small fraction of a second. It is unlikely that you will be able to remember the route just using your iconic memory c) sperling showed that even though subjects initially saw all the letters, their icon had faded away by the time they could name four or five letters. So, while is unlikely that you will remember the route, it doesn't mean that you didn't see the entire map d) most of Sperling's subjects resorted to guessing when their iconic memories failed them; however, they were almost always right when they guessed because they had seen the stimulus previously. If you can't remember the map exactly, you should just guess which way to turn on the way to lunch

d) most of Sperling's subjects resorted to guessing when their iconic memories failed them; however, they were almost always right when they guessed because they had seen the stimulus previously. If you can't remember the map exactly, you should just guess which way to turn on the way to lunch

Which of the following is NOT a form of forgetting? a) blocking b) interference c) absent-mindedness d) multitasking

d) multitasking

What term describes the recovery of information stored in memory, and is also used to describe the fourth stage of long-term memory? a) storage b) encoding c) association d) retrieval

d) retrieval

The tendency to preferentially recall words at the end of a list is known as a) the phonological loop b) the primary effect c) implicit memory d) the recency effect

d) the recency effect