Genetics Exam 4 19-20
Which of the following might a genetic counselor do as part of her job? A) Explain the inheritance of a specific disorder in a family, evaluate risks for relatives, and advise on genetic testing B) Order prenatal tests, interpret the results, and then deliver the baby C) Require a patient to take a test for hereditary colon cancer D) Order a lipid profile, interpret the results, then prescribe a statin drug if cholesterol levels are unhealthy
A) Explain the inheritance of a specific disorder in a family, evaluate risks for relatives, and advise on genetic testing
Which of the following would provide the longest lasting treatment for Leber's congenital amaurosis II? A) Injecting adeno-associated virus carrying a wild type version of the RPE65 gene into affected cells of the retina B) Injecting adeno-associated virus carrying ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) into T and B cells C) Substrate reduction therapy and pharmacological chaperone therapy D) Replacing an enzyme that restores the function of T and B cells
A) Injecting adeno-associated virus carrying a wild type version of the RPE65 gene into affected cells of the retina
What is a major benefit of CRISRPR-Cas9 over older gene therapy tools? A) It delivers a gene to a specific part of the genome. B) It can also be used to deliver proteins. C) It is the only tool that can delivery genes safely in humans. D) It can be used in vivo.
A) It delivers a gene to a specific part of the genome.
Genetic modification A) alters, deletes, or adds DNA to a cell. B) adds sugars and phosphates in a nucleus. C) alters genetic codes so that one species' code is like another's. D) substitutes entire nuclei to genetically engineer a cell.
A) alters, deletes, or adds DNA to a cell.
Recombinant DNA technology is used to A) create many copies of a specific piece of DNA. B) make more copies of DNA polymerase. C) make RNA in the cell nucleus. D) copy protein into RNA.
A) create many copies of a specific piece of DNA.
Many children born with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC) die within seventy-two hours of birth. Jesse Gelsinger was not diagnosed with OTC until he was two because ________ and therefore his symptoms were milder. A) he was a mosaic B) his defective gene was autosomal recessive C) of X-inactivation in males D) of parental imprinting
A) he was a mosaic
The field of genetic counseling began when the term was coined A) in 1947, to help physicians explain inherited diseases to their patients. B) in 1865, when Gregor Mendel published his work on inheritance patterns in pea plants. C) in 1953, when Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA. D) in 1986, when the human genome project was first suggested.
A) in 1947, to help physicians explain inherited diseases to their patients.
Nondirective genetic counseling A) offers options but not opinions. B) does not accept health insurance. C) considers diseases caused by genes that are located throughout the genome. D) does not deal with disorders carried on the sex chromosomes.
A) offers options but not opinions.
One of the science-related concerns associated with the use of genetically modified (GM) foods is that A) overreliance on GM crops may lead to genetic uniformity. B) buffer zones of GM crops halt the pollination of non-GM crops. C) GM foods are not natural. D) genetic modification degrades the nutritional value of food crops.
A) overreliance on GM crops may lead to genetic uniformity.
Pharmacological chaperone therapy A) restores proper folding to a misfolded protein. B) restores the sugar-phosphate background to the DNA of a specific gene. C) restores the double helix to opened-up DNA. D) replaces a missing enzyme.
A) restores proper folding to a misfolded protein
Recombinant DNA-based products are slow to reach the marketplace because of A) the cost and duration of research. B) the lack of technological advances in gene cloning. C) the lack of safety involved in such methods. D) the adverse effects of gene cloning.
A) the cost and duration of research.
Patent law as it pertains to biotechnology has had to change in recent years in response to A) the greatly accelerated speed of DNA sequencing. B) the increasing number of human genes. C) the number of people asking for genetic tests. D) the changeable nature of the genetic code.
A) the greatly accelerated speed of DNA sequencing.
One of the earliest uses of biotechnology was A) using yeast to ferment fruit into wine. B) extracting and using biochemicals from microorganisms. C) creating transgenic organisms. D) creating bacteria that synthesized human insulin.
A) using yeast to ferment fruit into wine.
The first patent on a living organism was granted in A) 1900, when Mendel's laws were rediscovered. B) 1873, for Louis Pasteur's use of yeast. C) 1790, when the U.S. passed patent law. D) 1978, when modern biotechnology began with recombinant insulin.
B) 1873, for Louis Pasteur's use of yeast.
Which of the following is a vector used to deliver genes in human gene therapy? A) Parvovirus B) Adeno-associated virus C) Rabies virus D) E. coli
B) Adeno-associated virus
Which genome editing tool is most versatile and easy to use? A) Zinc finger nuclease technology B) CRISRP-Cas9 system C) Homologous recombination D) TALEN technology
B) CRISRP-Cas9 system
________ is a gene silencing technique that is based on the fact that RNA molecules can fold into short, double-stranded regions where the base sequence is complementary. A) RNA replication B) RNA interference C) RNA amplification D) RNA repair
B) RNA interference
Which of the following would provide the longest lasting treatment for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency? A) Using siRNA to knockdown ADA genes B) Receiving white blood cells genetically modified to carry functional ADA genes C) Injecting cloned human adenosine deaminase (ADA) purified from a cow D) Using cDNA to produce ADA in E. coli
B) Receiving white blood cells genetically modified to carry functional ADA genes
Germline gene therapy would correct a genetic defect in A) an unaffected individual and his or her offspring. B) an individual derived from the gamete that received gene therapy and all of his or her descendants. C) the unaffected sibling of an affected individual. D) the parents of an affected individual.
B) an individual derived from the gamete that received gene therapy and all of his or her descendants
A drug produced using recombinant DNA technology that is used illegally by athletes is A) tissue plasminogen activator. B) erythropoietin. C) insulin. D) streptokinase.
B) erythropoietin.
Performing gene therapy on somatic cells removed from the body and then returning these cells to the body is called ________ gene therapy. A) in situ B) ex vivo C) in vitro D) in vivo
B) ex vivo
Restriction enzymes are useful in creating recombinant DNA molecules because they A) are used to encapsulate and transport foreign DNA into cells of the target organism. B) generate "sticky ends" by cutting at the same sequence in any DNA source. C) are found only in human cells, where they naturally mend broken DNA strands. D) stimulate DNA amplification so that the desired cells or their products can be scaled up.
B) generate "sticky ends" by cutting at the same sequence in any DNA source.
Most of the effort involved in recombinant DNA technology involves A) identifying a cloning vector that can hold a gene. B) identifying and separating cells that contain the gene of interest. C) finding uses for recombined DNA. D) finding a restriction enzyme to cut DNA from a donor cell.
B) identifying and separating cells that contain the gene of interest.
A nasal spray for cystic fibrosis patients, which contains adenovirus particles carrying a normal human CFTR gene, is an example of A) in vitro gene therapy. B) in vivo gene therapy. C) ex vivo gene therapy. D) in situ gene therapy.
B) in vivo gene therapy.
Bacteriophages can be used as vectors in recombinant DNA experiments because they A) are small and made of double-stranded DNA. B) insert their genetic material into bacteria. C) are resistant to protective restriction systems. D) are circular and easily imported into bacteria or yeast.
B) insert their genetic material into bacteria.
The first drug produced using recombinant DNA technology was A) streptokinase. B) insulin. C) tissue plasminogen activator. D) erythropoietin.
B) insulin.
A DNA sequence can be patented if A) two or more people isolate the same sequence successfully. B) it is useful as a tool for research or as a novel or improved product. C) it forms a single gene. D) it has economic implications.
B) it is useful as a tool for research or as a novel or improved product.
Rita has been diagnosed with HER2 breast cancer, and is prescribed Herceptin. The approach of basing a drug prescription on the results of a single-gene test is called A) pharmacophenetics. B) pharmacogenetics. C) enzyme replacement therapy. D) pharmacogenomics.
B) pharmacogenetics.
Using transgenic animal models has its limitations because A) bacterial pathogens that affect humans do not affect animals. B) researchers cannot control where a transgene inserts itself into a genome. C) prokaryotic cells are generally better at producing human proteins. D) the level of gene expression is significantly higher in animals.
B) researchers cannot control where a transgene inserts itself into a genome.
Morpholinos are A) a type of recombinant bacteria. B) short synthetic molecules similar to DNA that are complementary to splice-site mutations. C) types of DNA microarrays used to study gene expression. D) short DNA sequences found only in populations that trace their roots to Italy.
B) short synthetic molecules similar to DNA that are complementary to splice-site mutations.
A limitation of transgenesis is that A) the transgene could disappear before it inserts in the genome. B) the transgene can insert many copies of itself in the genome. C) it only works on very short genes. D) it only works on vertebrates.
B) the transgene can insert many copies of itself in the genome.
An organism that carries DNA from other species is termed A) translocated. B) transgenic. C) transformed. D) transverted.
B) transgenic.
Which is an example of a germline gene therapy? A) A bone marrow transplant B) A disabled cold virus that delivers genes to airway epithelium to treat cystic fibrosis C) A transgenic plant or animal D) Removing skin cells, genetically altering them, and replacing them
C) A transgenic plant or animal
Which approach could be used to investigate distinctions between a muscle cell and a bone cell? A) Transcription-mediated amplification B) Microarray comparative genomic hybridization C) Gene expression profiling D) DNA variation screening
C) Gene expression profiling
________, a recombinant clotbusting drug, is used to limit damage to heart muscle by restoring blood flow. A) Insulin B) Glucocerebrosidase C) Tissue plasminogen activator D) Interleukin-2
C) Tissue plasminogen activator
Using gene therapy to correct ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC) would prevent buildup of ________ in the blood. A) cholesterol B) RNA C) ammonia D) adenosine deaminase
C) ammonia
Newborn screening using mass spectrometry identifies certain single-gene disorders by detecting A) abnormal proteins in urine. B) the wild type gene sequence. C) an unusual metabolite or metabolic imbalance. D) the causative mutation.
C) an unusual metabolite or metabolic imbalance.
A genetic counselor might discuss assisted reproductive technologies with a couple who wish to A) avoid cancer in their children. B) have a child who will excel at a particular sport or have a particular talent. C) avoid passing on a disease-causing allele to a child. D) adopt a child.
C) avoid passing on a disease-causing allele to a child.
The process in which bacteria with the ability to detoxify certain pollutants are released in a particular area is known as A) gene expression profiling. B) enzyme restriction. C) bioremediation. D) gene silencing.
C) bioremediation.
Structures used in recombinant DNA technology to carry the DNA from the cells of one species to the cells of another species are A) donor DNA. B) sticky ends. C) cloning vectors. D) restriction enzymes.
C) cloning vectors.
Newborn screening reveals that newborn Jessica has inherited phenylketonuria (PKU). Her parents are distraught at the diagnosis, but a nutritionist explains that Jessica can be treated, right away. The treatment for PKU is A) heritable gene therapy. B) exchange of her blood supply. C) dietary. D) nonheritable gene therapy.
C) dietary.
In 1975, scientists convened in Asilomar, California and A) determined that restriction enzymes could cut DNA. B) reviewed the use of drugs produced by recombinant DNA technology. C) drew up guidelines to regulate recombinant DNA technology. D) created the first transgenic animals.
C) drew up guidelines to regulate recombinant DNA technology.
Tyrone has Gaucher disease. He receives recombinant glucocerebrosidase every other week in an infusion to prevent the symptoms. This treatment is an example of A) gene transfer. B) substrate reduction therapy. C) enzyme replacement therapy. D) pharmacological chaperone therapy. E) gene therapy.
C) enzyme replacement therapy.
Introducing a gene in a liposome to carry DNA across the plasma membrane is a(n) ________ gene therapy. A) ex hubris B) ex vivo C) in vivo D) in situ E) et al
C) in vivo
The requirements for patenting of an invention involving DNA in the U.S. are that it should be A) new, useful, and predicted by experts in the field. B) helpful and affordable. C) new, useful, and not obvious to an expert in the field. D) obvious, and no one should have previously been able to accomplish it.
C) new, useful, and not obvious to an expert in the field.
A molecule that consists of a piece of DNA from one organism combined with the DNA from a member of another species is called A) bioengineered DNA. B) homogenic DNA. C) recombinant DNA. D) restricted DNA.
C) recombinant DNA.
Proteins isolated from bacteria and used in recombinant DNA technology to cut DNA at specific sequences are A) bacteriophage enzymes. B) plasmids. C) restriction enzymes. D) methylating enzymes.
C) restriction enzymes.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency results in A) neurotransmitter imbalances. B) hereditary emphysema. C) severe combined immune deficiency. D) chronic myelogenous leukemia.
C) severe combined immune deficiency.
A gene expression microarray has A) short pieces of RNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square. B) an entire genome of DNA, cut into hundreds of pieces, attached to a small plastic or glass square. C) short pieces of DNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square. D) amino acids attached to a small plastic or glass square.
C) short pieces of DNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square.
A patient received bone marrow modified by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying a human gene that encodes an enzyme her body could not make. This is an example of A) protein therapy. B) retroviral gene therapy. C) somatic gene therapy. D) germline gene therapy.
C) somatic gene therapy.
Genetic counseling to help patients with Huntington disease in their families decide if they wish to be tested A) explains that testing for adult-onset dominant disorders is not available. B) advises all such individuals not to have children. C) takes several months. D) takes one or two visits.
C) takes several months.
A serious limitation of using a retrovirus as a vector for gene therapy is that A) a genetically modified retrovirus causes AIDS. B) it causes ADA accumulation. C) the retrovirus may insert into a proto-oncogene, causing cancer. D) reverse transcriptase will not work in human cells.
C) the retrovirus may insert into a proto-oncogene, causing cancer.
A test offered on the Web by a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company genotypes a gene for ability to taste bitter substances. This test is not regulated by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) because A) the test is not expensive. B) it is not accurate. C) the test provides information, not a diagnosis. D) the test is offered in a state of the U.S. not covered by these regulations. E) the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act outlawed CLIA.
C) the test provides information, not a diagnosis.
Transgenic farm animals have not gained importance as sources of pharmaceuticals because A) they carry multiple viral strains. B) they produce diluted forms of pharmaceuticals. C) they are too difficult to maintain. D) they are more susceptible to cancer and other diseases.
C) they are too difficult to maintain.
The process that uses short, synthetic, double-stranded RNAs to intentionally bind mRNAs thereby diminishing gene expression is called ________. A) recombination B) molecular pharming C) bioremediation D) antisense technology E) CRISPR technology.
D) antisense technology
Transgenic organisms carry the transgene in A) gametes only. B) the cell in which it was originally introduced. C) somatic cells only. D) every cell.
D) every cell.
Sheree is referred to a genetic counselor because a cystic fibrosis (CF) test done as a routine part of her prenatal care indicated that she is a carrier of the most common mutant allele. Sheree is stunned, because no one in her family has the disease. She is 26 years old. The genetic counselor would most likely A) explain autosomal dominant inheritance and suggest that Sheree's husband be tested for CF. B) explain autosomal recessive inheritance and suggest that Sheree's parents be tested for CF. C) advise Sheree to have amniocentesis to check the fetus for the CF genotype. D) explain autosomal recessive inheritance and suggest that Sheree's husband be tested for CF.
D) explain autosomal recessive inheritance and suggest that Sheree's husband be tested for CF.
To create a multicellular eukaryotic transgenic organism, a researcher A) introduces foreign DNA into somatic cells in culture and transplants them. B) injects a gene of interest into several somatic cells. C) injects a gene of interest into a somatic cell. D) introduces foreign DNA into a fertilized ovum.
D) introduces foreign DNA into a fertilized ovum.
Courts allow patenting complementary DNA (cDNA) because A) it is present only in adult humans. B) it cannot be synthesized in a laboratory. C) it represents only the introns of a gene. D) its exact sequence is not in the genome of an organism.
D) its exact sequence is not in the genome of an organism.
Tiny fat bubbles used to deliver genes are A) cholesterols. B) plasmids. C) phospholipids. D) liposomes.
D) liposomes.
Maxwell needs to take an anti-depressant drug. He enrolls in a clinical trial to detect genetic variants and gene expression profiles associated with response to various drugs. This approach to selecting a therapeutic drug is called A) recombinant DNA technology. B) pharmacology. C) pharmacogenetics. D) pharmacogenomics.
D) pharmacogenomics.
A naturally occurring, small, circle of DNA used as a vector to transmit DNA is a A) lipofectin. B) ring chromosome. C) prion. D) plasmid.
D) plasmid.
The type of RNA that carries out RNA interference is A) mRNA. B) rRNA. C) tRNA. D) siRNA.
D) siRNA.
Nonheritable gene therapy is performed on ________ cells. A) bacterial B) germline C) gametic D) somatic
D) somatic
One of the most important types of information that a patient can bring to an initial appointment with a genetic counselor is A) results of a comprehensive lipid profile. B) her immunization records from childhood. C) a list of the occupations of every family member. D) the family health history, extending to second degree relatives.
D) the family health history, extending to second degree relatives
zyme replacement therapy treats A) the genetic code. B) the genome. C) the genotype. D) the phenotype.
D) the phenotype.
One of the first applications of pharmacogenetics in prescribing drugs is for A) a narcotic to treat chronic pain. B) an early pregnancy test kit. C) Accutane, an acne drug. D) warfarin, a blood thinner.
D) warfarin, a blood thinner.
Both gene silencing and genome editing techniques are limited by "off-target effects" —doing something other than what we want them to do. True False
True
In 2010, a federal judge in the U.S. ruled seven patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes had been improperly granted. True False
True
In substrate reduction therapy, a drug taken by mouth decreases the amounts of the molecule on which a deficient enzyme acts. True False
True
Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 has been successfully treated using gene therapy. True False
True
RNA interference was discovered in 1998. True False
True
Repurposing a drug is much more economical than developing a new one. True False
True
The Genetic Testing Registry of the U.S. National Institutes of Health acts as a clearinghouse to provide information on genetic tests. True False
True
Unlike cholesterol checks and chest x-rays, the results of genetic tests may have repercussions to family members who share genotypes that can affect health. True False
True