Genetics Final

autosomal recessive trait; due to the inability to digest milk sugar, which can cause cataracts, an enlarged liver, jaundice, brain cell destruction, and possible death

galactosemia

The state of the cell cycle in which some nerve, muscle, and liver cells are generally found is ___.

gap zero

the lack of an enzyme will cause severe brain cell death, which can not be treated or cured, and organism's death before the elementary school years

Tay-sachs

The human disorder which generally results in death at a early age due to a build-up of low-density lipoprotein is:

familial hypercholesterolemia

defective receptors in arteries can lead to higher than normal chemical levels in the blood, which may cause vessel blockages

familial hypercholesterolemia

Due to X-chromosome inactivation, a female who is heterozygous for the Lesch-Nyhan gene:

may have a slight elevation in the concentration of uric acid that causes Lesch-Nyhan, but no signs or symptoms will develop

Tendons and ligaments will arise from tissue that originates as:

mesoderm

For transcription to occur, in the area upstream of a gene, ___ must attach to and activate the DNA strand.

transcription factors

outer layer of cells which surrounds the early developing embryo at the time when the inner cell mass begins to form

trophoblast

If an individual who is heterozygous for two traits is crossed with an individual who expresses both recessive trains, statistically, the number of children who will also exhibit the recessive phenotypes is:

1/4

If a single gene has 5 different alleles (A, B, C, D, and E), the number of different allelic combinations that can exist in an organism is ___. (Write your answer as a single Arabic number, not in words)

15

For this question and the next two questions, use this information: UAC, UCU, CGA, and GGC are the anticodons on four tRNA molecules that are brought in sequentially to a functional mRNA nucleotide sequence. The complementary bases on the mRNA are:

AUG, AGA, GCU, CCG

If an individual with medium pigment and an individual with light pigment mate, they yield children in the following ratios: 1 dark pigmented 3 medium pigmented 3 light pigmented 1 pale pigmented and if three dominant alleles is dark pigment, two dominant alleles is medium pigment, one dominant allele is light pigment, and no dominant alleles is pale, the genotypes of the two parents are:

AaBb and Aabb

All are TRUE statements about human fertilization with the exception that: A.a genetically unique cell is formed B.a haploid cell results C.the resultant cell undergoes mitosis D.a zygote is produced E.sperm and egg DNA are in the same cell

B.a haploid cell results

late on-set of muscular weakness is caused by a low level or an abnormal protein

Becker muscular dystrophy

lack of a protein causes muscle degeneration, paralysis, and eventual death in late teens or early twenties

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A human female's primary oocyte will contain 23 replicated chromosomes.

False

If the nucleotide sequence on DNA is TTT, the nucleotide sequence on the anticodon on tRNA would be AAA.

False

The nucleolus, which is found within the cytoplasm of the nucleus, contains genes which produce proteins used in the construction of ribosomes.

False

To be functional, a molecule of hemoglobin needs to be processed to the fourth level which, for hemoglobin, only involves the interaction of more than one amino acid chain

False

The endoplasmic reticulum is normally closely associated with the:

Golgi apparatus (body, complex)

lengthening of extremities can cause loose joints; eye and heart defects may appear

Marfan Syndrome

type of translocation which can cause trisomy-21 when 46 chromosomes are present

J. Robertsonian

If the promoter region is located toward the left of the following nucleotide sequence, from this single strand of a DNA molecule, which contains only the bases, after transcription, if each double cytosine (CC) is an intron, the amino acid chain which would be formed as the translated product would be:

MET, VAL, GLU, ALA, SER

Referencing the four anticodons listed in the question above, the sequence of amino acids which will be brought into a polypeptide chain are

MET, ARG, ALA, PRO

If an individual who has the genotype of HhAB+- for his blood type, where H/h is the gene for the Bombay phenotype, marries a woman with blood type O-, but whose genotype is known to be hhAA--, the phenotypes of their childrens' blood types can be:

O+, O-, A+, A-, AB+, and AB-

creates an incredible appetite due to exceptionally high ghrelin levels

Prader-Willi

Referencing the four anticodons listed in the question above, the bases on the DNA template strand would have been:

TAC, TCT, CGA, GGC

Due to its molecular configuration, a DNA molecule will be found as chromatin during replication but as a chromosome during mitosis.

True

Due to its unique inheritance pattern, mitochondrial DNA has been used in some migration and human origin studies

True

Ethical problems that could arise with genetic screening are who should be screened, who pays for the screening, who has access to the information discovered from the screening, and what can/should be done if the results give a negative outcome

True

Maternal blood testing for fetal diagnosis is less invasive, less expensive, and may yield results earlier in the pregnancy than chorionic villi sampling.

True

Statistically, dizygotic twins will be as closely related genetically one to another as non-twin siblings who share the same biological parents

True

The secondary oocyte, with its attached polar body, is the structure which is ovulated from the female's ovary

True

The two backbones of a DNA molecule are composed of an alternation of sugar and phosphate, with the two backbones running in the opposite direction, so that at one end of the molecule a sugar will be exposed while a phosphate will be exposed on the other side of the molecule

True

Two individuals are both heterozygous for Tay-Sachs. One of these individuals has the genotype for blue eyes and is homozygous recessive for albinism, while the other person is known to be heterozygous for both nonblue eye iris color and albinism. Using the alleles of T/t for Tay-Sachs, the alleles of B/b for iris color, and the alleles A/a for albinism, the genotypes of these two individuals would be ___ and ___. (List the first genotype, then a comma and a space, and then the second genotype.)

Ttbbaa, TtBbAa

allows the formation of the epididymis and prostate gland

Wolffian system

When X-linked traits are considered:

a man's genotype may be determined from his phenotype

The lack of fibroblast growth factor receptors in certain bones can cause the genetic condition of ___ to develop.

achondroplasia

chromosome whose centromere is very near one end of the DNA molecule

acrocentric

Based upon the information in the previous question for the phenotypes of the two parents, the iris eye color which would be most prevalent in this couple's potential children would be ___. (Merely state the color of the eyes in a single word; do not include the words color or eyes in the answer.)

albino or red (only use one answer)

If the genotypes of the parents are both AaBb, all of the following statements are true about the children EXCEPT that

all of the children with the same phenotype will have the same genotype

The male cell, which is undergoing meiosis, will have replicated chromosomes until ___.

anaphase II

time in the life of a cell when chromatids separate in a potential gametic (sperm or "egg") cell

anaphase II

the happy puppet phenotype, an obsession to climb, and mental developmental problems

angelman syndrome

A gene that is X-linked recessive will:

be passed from an affected male to his daughters who will potentially be carriers

The trait which is not sex-linked or sex-influenced is:

beard development

form of testing that removes cells directly from the placenta

chorionic villi sampling

The protein which, with the support of the centromere, helps to hold together two two molecules of DNA in a replicated chromosome is ___.

cohesin

protein which holds replicated chromosomes together, which dissolves at the beginning of either anaphase or anaphase II

cohesin

the sequence of nucleotides which is transcribed and translated

exon

agreement between traits exhibited by a set of twins

concordance

The action of actin and myosin can form a ___, which will generally divide the cytoplasm after nuclear division.

contractile ring

a deletion causes mental developmental errors, facial deformities which become progressively worse with age, and a change in vocal tones and speech

cri-du-chat

an area of study in genetics which is concerned with determining the structure and location of genes

cytogenetics

a time in the cell cycle when the activities of mitosis are not occurring

cytokinesis

A lack of receptors for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) can cause a male, who has normal testes and a well developed internal male reproductive system, to be classified as an individual who is affected with pseudohermaphroditism

false

An individual with the karyotype of 48, XXXY will have two Barr bodies and will probably have the signs and symptoms of poly-X syndrome.

false

If a man who has PKU and hemophilia, but who is not bald, marries a woman who has PKU, is bald in the heterozygous state, and carries hemophilia, the percentage of this couple's potential children who will be bald are all of the sons and one-half of the daughters.

false

During DNA replication:

each chromatid contains one old and one new strand of the DNA molecule.

If a young child has wrinkled skin, little hair, and complaints of arthritis and gum disease, it might be concluded that the child is suffering from Werner's syndrome

false

The presence of the Y chromosome with its associated SRY gene causes the sex neutral embryo to develop testes and structures known as the Mullerian system, which contains the epididymis, vas deferens, and three sets of glands, and testosterone produces DHT whose activity forms the normal male's phenotype.

false

more than one gene's expression can yield the same phenotype

genetic heterogeneity

The most accurate order for involvement of agents during replication is:

helicase, primase, RNA primer, DNA polymerase, ligase

___ are cellular proteins which are activated and begin nuclear division only when other cellular proteins reach a certain cellular concentration.

maturation promoting factors

term used to describe a genotype when two alleles of a gene have an equal expression which is blended between the two homozygous phenotypes

incomplete dominance

When an allele for a trait acts as if it is dominant in one sex but recessive in the other, this trait is said to be sex-:

influenced

arrangement of homologous chromosomes into a standard format for analysis

karyotype

trait that results from the interaction of genes with the environment

multifactorial

cafe au lait spots or soft, sometimes physically deforming tumors can develop

neurofibromatosis

Statistically, the cross between AaBBcc and AaBbCC will produce an offspring with the genotype AaBbCC:

none of the time

type of translocation which occurs when the SRY gene is moved to the X-chromosome during meiosis I

nonreciprocal

The correct order of the following, starting at the simplest and progressing to the most complex, is:

nucleotide, DNA double helix, histones, nucleosome, chromosome

small pieces of DNA which are constructed in the 5' toward 3' direction

okazaki fragments

If a woman is a carrier for X-linked red-green color vision deficit and has Marfan in the heterozygous state, while her husband has normal color vision and is without Marfan, their chance of having a child who is a red-green color vision erred son without Marfan is:

one in eight children or one-fourth of their sons

A person who could develop mental deficiencies, may have neurological tremors, develops a lighter skin pigmentation, and who can be helped by a very restrictive diet, probably for the person's entire life, would be suspected of having the inherited disorder of:

phenylketonuria

the female cell which is formed that does not have any actual function in the process of human reproduction

polar body

For a strand of pre-mRNA to become functional, a ___ must be added to the 3' end of the molecule.

poly-A tail

build-up of red blood cell chemicals causes red urine, mental confusion, maybe psychoses, and seizures

porphyria

The process of mitosis forms male cells, which are called ___, that can then begin the process of meiosis.

primary spermatocytes

A genetic condition which causes premature aging and subsequent death generally during the early teen years.

progeria

During ___, a time in mitosis, spindle fibers are produced for future cellular activities.

prophase

when crossing-over can occur between homologous chromosomes

prophase I

A triploid is the

result of dispermy

During ___, a time in meiosis, chromosomes composed of sister chromatids are at the cell's poles.

telophase I

When replicated chromosomes are at the poles of a cell

telophase I

Most human behaviors are the result of:

the interaction of many genes

In male gamete formation:

the secondary spermatocyte contains 23 replicated chromosomes

A cross between an individual with blood type B+ and an individual with the blood type AB- could produce children with all of the possible blood types, for the ABO and Rh factors, with the exception of O+ and O-.

true

Barring a de novo, in order to have a girl born with Becker muscular dystrophy, the father must express, or eventually express, the trait, and her mother must either carry or express the trait.

true

During embryonic development in humans, the mesoderm's notochord produces a protein to induce the development of the organism's neural tube, which develops into the hollow space that eventually contains the brain and spinal cord.

true

For an individual to receive an organ, there must be compatibility, not necessarily matching, for the ABO and Rh factors, M / N and HLA proteins, and H-Y antigen between the donor and the recipient.

true

If a fertile male with 47 chromosomes, including an extra sex chromosome, mates with a normal 46 chromosome female, their potential children could have a one in three chance of producing a male who is sterile.

true

If a male is H-Y antigen positive, his son will also be H-Y+, and both men, under normal conditions, will probably not be able to donate an organ or stem cells to a normal female.

true

If a mutation occurs in an early developing human embryo, this error will potentially be more detrimental to the life of the organism than a mutation which occurs in the eighth month of fetal development.

true

If two individuals of a couple both have slightly elevated cholesterol, due to the heterozygous genotype of Ff, statistically, out of all of the children that this couple could produce, one-half of their children will have the same cholesterol levels as their parents and one-quarter of their children will have exceptionally elevated cholesterol levels.

true

The genetic aberration of uniparental disomy can result when a child is missing chromosome #15 from the mother, which normally lacks active S and N genes, while the father contributes two #15 chromosomes, each with the active copies of the S and N genes, allowing these compounding errors to cause the medical condition of Angelman syndrome.

true

The protein defect that is evident in humans with familial hypercholesterolemia normally codes for receptors for low density lipoprotein, which help to remove cholesterol from the blood stream, preventing a build-up of arterial plaque.

true

A polar body can best be described as a cell:

with discarded genetic information

The characteristic of codons which allows more than one codon to specify the same amino acid

wobble/redundancy