Genetics (PCB3063): Chp. 21

Transgenic plants have been modified to produce vaccines against many animal diseases in which part of the plant?

Leaves

In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?

Living organisms Materials produced by living organisms

Select problems exhibited by cloned mice.

Many genes are not expressed normally in cloned mice. Cloned mice die at a younger age than their naturally bred counterparts.

Select products that are generated in transgenic plants.

Medicines Biodegradable plastics Vaccines Antibodies

Select sources of insulin used to treat insulin-dependent diabetes prior to the advent of genetically engineered human insulin.

Pig pancreas Human cadavers Cow pancreas

Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants.

Resistance to herbicides Resistance to disease Resistance to insects

In which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?

Safety concerns when they are used to produce food products Environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings

Many countries have a ban on _______ cloning, while others permit limited research in this area.

human

The possibility of human cloning raises many ethical questions. Some people feel it could be a new way to offer ________ couples a chance at reproduction. Others are concerned that human cloning is ______ wrong.

infertile/sterile; ethically/morally

Transgenic plants that express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are resistant to ______.

insects

People with _________ -dependent diabetes cannot synthesize an adequate amount of ________ and must get it from an alternate source.

insulin; insulin

A gene ___ is a gene ___ in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome.

knockin; addition

In a type of gene replacement called gene ___, a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene at its chromosomal location.

knockout

A strain of mice engineered to carry a mutation that is analogous to a disease-causing mutation in a human gene is called a mouse ________.

model

The process of gene _______ aims to alter the sequence of a gene.

modification

To produce mouse models for human diseases a missense mutation can be introduced int a specific gene through CRISPR-Cas technology. This is an example of gene ______.

modification

To produce mouse models for human diseases a missense mutation can be introduced int a specific gene through CRISPR-Cas technology. This is an example of gene ________.

modification

To study how the loss of normal gene function affects the phenotype of a mouse, CRISPR-Cas technology can be used to introduce a deletion into a specific mouse gene. This process is called gene ______.

modification

Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of a ______.

mouse model

Incorporation of a growth hormone-regulating gene and promoter from other species produced a genetically modified ______ that can grow year round instead of only during specific seasons.

salmon

In one of the earliest applications of biotechnology, a bacterial strain was engineered to produce a human hormone with a short coding sequence called ______.

somatostatin

The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called ____ cells.

stem

Place the steps to create a knockin mouse in order.

1. A gene of interest is cloned and surrounded by DNA sequences from the mouse genome. 2. The cloned DNA is injected into a fertilized mouse oocyte. 3. Homologous recombination introduces the gene into a noncritical region of the genome. 4. The oocyte is transported into the uterus of a female mouse. 5. A mouse with the inserted gene develops.

Order the steps that were used to create Dolly, the sheep cloned from somatic cell DNA.

1. Mammary cells from an adult sheep were removed and grown in the lab; researchers extracted the nucleus from an egg cell from a different sheep. 2. Electrical pulses were used to fuse the diploid mammary cell with the enucleated egg cell. 3. The zygote began embryonic development. 4. The resulting embryo was implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother sheep.

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene already present in the genome would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle)?

3

What technique to introduce genes into plant cells involves a "gene gun"?

Biolistic gene transfer

What is the name of the process that occurs when bioremediation takes place via microorganisms modifying toxic pollutants by altering or transforming their structure?

Biotransformation

How can microorganisms be used in biological control of plant disease and insect pests?

By producing a toxin that inhibits pathogenic microorganisms or insects By competing with pathogenic strains for nutrients or space

The plants that are used to make what type of oil have been altered with regard to oil composition?

Canola

Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?

Cartilage

Prior to the cloning of ________, , it was believed that the chromosomes of somatic cells of mammals had incurred irreversible genetic changes that rendered them unsuitable for cloning.

Dolly

A significant breakthrough in research in the use of stem cells for therapy was achieved in 1998 when two separate teams showed that...

ES and EG cells can be propagated in the lab.

The benefits of inserting gene knockins into noncritical genome sites are that ______.

a more consistent level of expression of the gene of interest compared to insertion at a random location insertion will not interfere with a critical mouse locus

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is ________.

bioremediation

Understanding relevant microbial genes that encode proteins that can modify hazardous chemical wastes enhances the process of ______.

bioremediation

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called _______.

biotechnology

A bioremediation process called ________ occurs when enzymes produced by microorganisms modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure.

biotransformation

Biotechnology methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive _________.

cloning

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of ______.

consistent gene expression

For ES or EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers must be able to cause them to differentiate into the appropriate type of tissue. This process is thought to directly involve ______.

hormones and growth factors factors internal to the stem cells properties of neighboring cells

Gene knockout allows researchers to study...

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.

Many countries have a ban on ______ cloning, while others permit limited research in this area.

human

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow supply cells that populate blood and lymphoid tissues and are ______.

multipotent

Stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types but far fewer than an embryonic stem cell are said to be _________.

multipotent

Microorganisms can exert biological control against plant pathogens or insects by competing with pathogens for ______ or space or producing a ______ that inhibits pathogens or insects.

nutrients/food toxin/posion/chemical

Microorganisms can exert biological control against plant pathogens or insects by competing with pathogens for _________ or space or producing a _______ that inhibits pathogens or insects.

nutrients/food toxin/posion/chemical

Microinjection can be used to introduce DNA into ______.

plant and animal cells

Embryonic stem cells are found in ______.

the blastocyst

Primordial germ cells in the testis that can only differentiate into a single cell type, the sperm, are an example of ______ stem cells.

unipotent

Stem cells that only differentiate into a single cell type are said to be ______.

unipotent

T/F: Gene knockins are integrated into chromosomes at random sites.

False

T/F: Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations.

False

The _______ is a brand of transgenic zebrafish that glows with bright green, red, or yellow fluorescent color.

GloFish

What field of medicine can be improved by xenotransplantation research?

Organ transplantation

Select the common characteristics of stem cells.

They can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types. They have the capacity to divide.

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene ______.

addition

The jellyfish gene for GFP was inserted into the zebrafish genome by gene ______.

addition

Transgenic plants that express the pokeweed ______ protein are resistant to a variety of ______ pathogens.

antiviral; viral

The figure depicts the process of ______.

cloning a sheep by fusing a mammary cell of one sheep with an enucleated egg from another sheep

Scientists are mainly interested in stem cells to help them understand basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of ______, and for their potential to treat human ______.

development; diseases

For ES or EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers have to know how to cause the cells to ______ into the appropriate type of tissue.

differentiate

Electroporation allows DNA into cells using ______.

electrical current

The early mammalian embryo contains _______ ________ cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

embryonic; stem

Sometimes a gene knockout produces no obvious phenotypic effect. This may be due to the small contribution of the gene to the organism's phenotype, to gene redundancy, or because the effect may only be seen under certain _______ conditions.

environmental

Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as ______.

gene modification

The larger fish at the back of the photo has grown faster and larger due to the incorporation of a _______-factor regulating gene from another salmon species.

growth

Tests revealed that Dolly was "genetically _______" " than her actual age indicated. This was likely due, in part, to her shorter _______.

older; telomeres/chromosomes

The production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock is called molecular ________.

pharming

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called ______.

pluripotent

Embryonic stem cells are _______ , which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.

pluripotent

Gene _______ means that when one type of gene is inactivated, another gene with a similar function may be able to compensate for the inactive gene.

redundancy

If one type of gene is inactivated and another gene with similar function compensates for the inactive gene, this is known as gene ______.

redundancy

With the exception of those in the blood, other types of adult ______ _______ are difficult to locate and to remove in sufficient numbers for transplantation.

stem cells

Somatostatin is a hormone ______.

that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon produced by engineering bacterial cells

Molecular pharming can refer to ______.

the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms or their products _____.

to decrease pollutants in the environment

Somatic plant cells are ___, which means they are capable of developing into an entire organism.

totipotent

Stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism are said to be _______.

totipotent

The type of stem cell that can give rise to all cell types in the adult organism is called ______.

totipotent

A portion of the plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens called _______ ________ becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of plants, and encodes plant growth hormones which cause a crown gall tumor to grow.

transferred; plasmid

Upon infection of plant cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes ______.

tumor growth

Which protein, produced in the milk of domestic animals, is used to treat some inherited forms of hemophilia?

Factor IX

T/F: All biotransformation results in biodegradation.

False

Select reasons that a gene knockout may produce no obvious phenotypic effect.

Gene redundancy The effects of the knockout may be observed only under certain environmental conditions The gene in question makes such a small contribution to the organism's phenotype that its loss is difficult to detect

What is introduced into animals or plants to create a genetically modified organism?

Genetic material

Select the substances that are treated through bioremediation.

Petroleum hydrocarbons Organic solvents Herbicides Sewage Pesticides

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?

Stem cells

To create a gene knockin mouse, a gene of interest is cloned and placed adjacent to sequences from the mouse genome. The purpose of this mouse DNA is to ______.

allow homologous recombination to place the gene in a noncritical region of the genome

Transgenic plants can express _______ RNA that silences a gene involved in fruit softening, thereby improving fruit storage.

antisense

The process of a toxic pollutant being degraded by enzymes produced by microorganisms into a less complex, non-toxic metabolite is called ________.

biodegration

The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called...

biological control

Stem cells could be implanted into the ______ to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

brain

For ES or EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers have to know how to cause the cells to ________ into the appropriate type of tissue.

differentiate

The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce _____ products or where they are released into the ______.

food; environment

A transgenic plant can be made by the introduction of cloned _____ into somatic tissue, such as a leaf. The leaf is then treated with plant ______ hormones, which can regenerate an entire transgenic plant.

genes; growth

The introduction of genetic material into plants and animals results in ______ modified ______.

genetically; organisms

The Monsanto Company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of ________, which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills _______ but not the crop of interest.

glyphosate/roundup; weeds

Biological control is the ______.

use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases

The transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one animal species to another is called ________.

xenotransplantation

Which protein used to treat emphysema is produced in the milk of domestic animals?

α1-Antitrypsin