Geo Final

Compared with the previous 10,000 years, the last 200 years has seen a jump of approximately ________ in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

35%

The construction of a dam across a river is likely to cause __________ upstream and __________ downstream.

Deposition; Erosion

Which of the following is not an erosional landform?

Tombolo

Net primary production is generally greatest in

Tropical rainforest

The biome that exists in warm tropical climates with low annual temperature range and year-round rainfall is

Tropical rainforest

Which of the following constitute ecosystem disturbance events?

a. Floods b. Volcanic eruptions c. Forest fires

Which of the following is true of waves

a. They can travel 1000s of km in the open ocean b. They are commonly generated from storms at sea c. Stronger winds generate larger waves

Climate changes on Earth can occur due to

a. changes in oceanic circulations b. changes in greenhouse gas concentrations c. changes in cloud cover producing a negative feedback d. changes in ice cover producing a positive feedback e. changes in plant communities and biomass

Changes in climate over the past 100 years have included,

a. complex spatial patterns of warming and in some cases cooling b. changes in precipitation patterns c. increases in mean sea level d. reduction of glacial ice

The greenhouse effect results from:

a. gases such as carbon dioxide that are transparent to SW radiation but absorb LW radiation

Braided streams, such as the Brahmaputra River, are found in areas

a. where the load is higher than the capacity b. that are subject to new sediment from glaciers or landslides c. subject to sediment deposition on the river bed

Climate model predictions for this century generally

agree on warming but vary considerably on amount

A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of

an oxbow lake

Climate models have shown that global temperature change over the past 100 years is almost certainly attributed to

anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gas concentrations

Which of the following is a biotic component of an ecosystem?

bacteria

The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried as

bed load

Which of the following is an erosional feature formed by an alpine glacier?

hanging valley

The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are

held aloft within the flow

Latitudinal changes in ecosystems over hundreds of kilometers can be reflected by altitudinal changes in ecosystems over

hundreds of meters.

Desert biomes occur

in arid regions

Earth's average temperature in the past 100 years has

increased by approximately 1 degC

Sediment from valley sidewalls often forms __________ on the sides of glaciers and is transported down-valley by the glacier.

lateral moraine

A general term for the coastal environment is

littoral zone

Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform?

sea stack

Select the pair of terms regarding coastal erosion mitigation that are not related

soft engineering - jetty

Which of the following occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment (i.e., in opposition or conjunction)?

spring tides

Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are __________ and more __________ spaced than the swell they are related to. In other words, the wave-length:wave-height ratio decreases.

taller, closel

Which of the following is NOT an erosional feature formed by an alpine glacier?

terminal morraine

Net primary production of an ecosystem reflects

the balance between photosynthesis and respiration

Net primary productivity is most closely related to

the growth rate of plants

Why does stream bed sediment tend to get smaller further downstream?

Because it has been subjected to more abrasion further downstream

Whatis the principal process involved in sand dune formation

c. aeolian depostion

Human activity has lead to significant increases in which of the following greenhouse gasses

carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

Watersheds are defined by

drainage divides

A self-regulating association of living plants and animals and their nonliving physical environment is termed a(n)

ecosystem

Photosynthesis involves

the union of carbon dioxide and water under the influence of sunlight, and the release of oxygen.

Plants are an important component of the ecosystem because

they are important to atmospheric water and carbon budget

Which of the following is NOT a fluvial depositional landform?

v-shaped valley

The enhanced greenhouse effect is

warming in the lower atmosphere due to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations

Abiotic components of ecosystems include

water and sunlight

Wave action works to straighten a coast as wave energy focuses around headlands and tends to disperse energy in coves and bays in a process called

wave refraction