Geog 101 exam 4 Thorngren SDSU

If we assume that 100 people can be fed with the grain produced on one large farm in California, approximately how many people could be fed if all the grain were given to cattle, and the people then ate the beef instead of eating the grain directly?

10 people

What is the average percentage of energy that is passed from one trophic level to the next in a food chain?

10%

1000 kilograms of green plants in a chaparral ecosystem would support approximately 10 kilograms of primary carnivores?

10% of 1000 kg= 100 herbivores → 10% 100 kg= 10 kg carnivores

Oceans are being created and removed from the Earth in a cycling time of about

100 million years

What is the texture classification of a soil that is 10% sand and 60% silt?

30% clay → silty clay loam

Based on the pH scale soils are neutral at

7

The soil horizon referred to as the topsoil is the

A horizon

Match the label on the diagram (as listed on the left below) with the name of the layer, as shown on the right.

A → inner core B → Moho C → mantle D → crust E → asthenosphere F → outer core

Which letter marks the area dominated by coastal sage scrub as the natural vegetation?

A(Left on the edge )

Which letter on the map below is most likely to mark a location with a midlatitude forest?

A(europe: north Africa side)

Which letter on the map below is most likely to mark a location with a midlatitude forest?

A(florida)

Which of the following would usually be associated with a plate boundary that is convergent between an oceanic plate and another oceanic plate? Choose all that apply.

An arc of volcanic islands An oceanic trench Earthquakes Subduction

The supercontinent of Laurasia generally included (choose all that apply):

Asia North America Europe

On the world map, which letter is most likely to mark the location of a boreal forest biome?

B (north Asia)

Which letter on the map below is most likely to mark a location with a mediterranean woodland and shrub biome?

B(north Africa: Egypt)

On the world map, which letter is most likely to mark the location of a tundra biome?

B(north Canada near Alaska)

Which of the following is an extrusive igneous rock, composed principally of mafic minerals, which is the most common rock on the sea floor?

Basalt

What kind of lava is a shield volcano most likely to be associated with?

Basaltic

Choose which factors would contribute to a place having a desert climate. You may choose more than one factor.

Being in a rainshadow Subtropical high pressure Cold ocean current

The living components of an ecosystem are the ________________ components.

Biotic

Most trees in a midlatitude forest are (choose all that apply):

Broadleaf Deciduous

Which letter on the map marks a location that is likely to have a desert biome?

C(middle east)

What 3 elements make up most of the mass of living organisms?

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

The main inputs to photosynthesis are

Carbon Dioxide Water Light energy

Match the name with the description.

Continental Crust → granitic rock, thick, light in color, less dense Oceanic crust → basaltic rock, thin, dark in color, dense Mesosphere → deep mantle Asthenosphere → "Weak layer", partially melted

Put these layers of the Earth in order from the crust to the center.

Crust Moho Upper Mantle Asthenosphere Mesosphere Outer core Inner core

Which of the letters on the map below marks a location likely to be a Tropical Rainforest biome?

D (Africa)

Which of the letters on the map below marks the most likely location of a mediterranean woodland and shrub biome?

D(austrilia)

What kind of tectonic plate boundary is found in the Gulf of California, between Baja California and the Mexican mainland?

Divergent

Which of the letters on the map below is most likely to represent the location of a midlatitude grassland biome?

E( central America: middle of America)

Which letter marks the area dominated by sonoran desert scrub as the natural vegetation

E(smallest dots)

Which of the following would usually be associated with a divergent plate boundary? Choose all that apply.

Earthquakes Volcanoes

Put these soils in order by age, from youngest to oldest.

Entisols inceptisols ultisols oxisols

A composite volcano is most likely to be located along a divergent plate boundary.

False

A phreatophyte is likely to have shallow roots

False

A phreatophyte is likely to have shallow roots.

False

After a rainforest is cleared for agriculture, the soil usually maintains its fertility indefinitely.

False

After passing through a food chain, energy is released by decomposers, and recycled back to the vegetation.

False

Gravitational water has no effect on soil characteristics, since it is only present in the soil for a short time

False

Gray or blue color in a soil is usually an indicator that the soil contains a high percentage of salts.

False

Limestone rock is the most important source of carbon for the biosphere.

False

Most midlatitude forest trees are deciduous during the summer season

False

Most of the original midlatitude grassland biome has been preserved in its original state.

False

Plants are very efficient at capturing solar energy, and all of the sunlight striking plants is transformed into chemical energy

False

Plants in the chaparral are unable to reproduce and recover after most fires.

False

Santa Ana winds are most likely to blow when there is a large center of low pressure inland in the western United States.

False

The tropical savanna biome always corresponds to the tropical savanna climate

False

There is no limit to the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem

False

Volcanoes are the largest source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at present.

False

What kind of deformation can be produced by compression? Choose all the apply.

Folding Reverse faults

Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral? It must have economic value.

For something to be a mineral: It must be made up of inorganic substances It must be found in nature It must have the same chemical composition wherever found It must form a regular pattern of crystals

The first trophic level is made up of

Green plants

If you travel away from a mid ocean ridge you will find

Increasingly older rocks

Which soil is most likely to be black in color because of a large amount of organic matter?

Mollisol

Which of the following would usually be associated with a plate boundary that is convergent between two continental plates?

Mountains Earthquakes

The eruption of Mt. St. Helens in the Cascade Range of Washington State most likely occurred because

Mt. St Helens is located near a convergent plate boundary

Trees in a boreal forest are generally (choose all that apply):

Needleleaf Evergreen

Consider the location of New York City. In terms of crustal plates,

New York City is not on a plate boundary

Earthquakes in California

Occur principally because California is on the boundary between two crustal plates

A shield volcano is most likely to be located (choose all that apply)

Over a hot spot in the mantle Along a divergent plate boundary

Along with water, the main products of photosynthesis are _

Oxygen, carbohydrates

How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere? (choose all correct answers).

Photosynthesis Being dissolved in the ocean

Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments by __________: Choose all the correct answers.

Pressure Chemical action

Match each volcano or pluton with its associated lava or intrusive rock type

Shield volcano: basalt composite volcano: Andesite lava dome: rhyolite batholith:granite

Which of the following eruption styles are most likely to be associated with a composite volcano? (Choose all that apply)

Short, thick flows of andesitic lava Explosive eruptions Pyroclastic flows

The inner core of the earth is believed to be: (Choose all answers that are correct

Solid Composed mostly of iron

Which of the vegetation communities in San Diego County is in a dry environment because of the rainshadow effect? Choose all that apply.

Sonoran Desert Scrub Pinyon juniper woodland

What is the term for a piece of crust which has been in a collision along a convergent crustal boundary and become accreted to another crustal plate?

Terrane

Which of the following is true of earthquakes and faults in San Diego County?

The Rose Canyon fault runs through San Diego from La Jolla to San Diego Bay, through several areas of artificial fill

Just below the lithosphere is a layer of the earth which the rocks are hot and partially melted, so that they flow very slowly

This layer is called the asthenosphere

Chaparral vegetation is adapted to summer drought and recurring fires

True

In a Mediterranean woodland biome, summer is the dry season

True

In a Mediterranean woodland biome, summer is the dry season.

True

Most ecosystems use sunlight as their primary source of energy.

True

The Namiba desert in Africa is a cold current desert

True

The oxygen in the atmosphere is primarily derived from photosynthesis

True

When two continental plates converge, there is normally no subduction

True

Match each word with the correct definition:

Xerophyte: general term for a plant adapted to dry conditions Phreatophyte: a plant with a deep root system that goes down to ground water Sclerophyllous: hard, waxy leaves that help reduce water loss from a plant Succulent: plant that stores water

When an oceanic plate collides with another oceanic plate, what is most likely to be produced?

a deep ocean trench and an arc of volcanic islands

A loam soil is a soil that has a good mix of sand, silt, and clay and is considered

a good agricultural soil.

A high speed avalanche of hot volcanic gases, ash, and rock fragments that rushes down the side of a volcano is called

a pyroclastic flow.

A volcano is located on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The volcano is large, with a gentle, rounded slope formed by layers of thin, fluid, basaltic lava. What kind of volcano is this?

a shield volcano

The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of

a strike-slip fault.

A tectonic plate boundary where two plates are moving past each other laterally is

a transform plate boundary.

An animal that eats only plant material (no meat) is called

a/an herbivore

The non-living components of an ecosystem are the _______________ components

abiotic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the chaparral vegetation in San Diego County?

adapted to winter drought

Most earthquakes occur

along the boundaries of tectonic plates

In earthquakes, P waves

are faster than S waves

life appeared on earth

as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history

Green plants are

autotrophs

Which letter marks an ocean trench formed by the subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate?

b

The largest type of pluton is a

batholith

Which of the following would not be a useful adaptation to reduce water loss for animals living in a desert biome?

being active during the day and sleeping at night

A grouping of ecosystems of a similar type, related by having a similar type of vegetation is a

biome.

The extent of midlatitude grasslands is controlled by

both climate & fire

The extent of midlatitude grasslands is controlled by.

both climate and fire

Herbivores and carnivores are

both heterotrophs

Over the last century and a half, the main source of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has been

burning of fossil fuels

Crater Lake, Oregon, is an example of a volcanic

caldera

Which type of soil water is most important for providing water for plants?

capillary water

An animal that eats only meat is called a

carnivores

The nature of a volcanic eruption is determined largely by the

chemistry of the magma.

The two components of a soil that are most likely to improve cation exchange capacity are:

clay & organic matter

A(n) food pyramid is another way in which a food chain can be

conceptualized

The word "tectonics" comes from a Greek word meaning

construction

In the language of the food chain, herbivorous animals are called primary

consumers

Most trees in a midlatitude forest are (choose all that apply)

deciduous

A narrow, vertical sheet of intruded rock is called a

dike

New sea floor rock is produced as magma rises up and cools along

divergent plate boundary.

In a tropical deciduous forest, trees lose their leaves in a short but distinct _______ season

dry

In a tropical deciduous forest, trees lose their leaves in a short but distinct

dry season.

The place on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the

epicenter

Wegener's early proposal of continental drift was not taken seriously because of his

failure to provide a plausible cause

A carnivorous animal is a primary producer

false

An earthquake in China was successfully predicted in 1975. This means we now have the ability to predict all earthquakes

false

An example of a large syncline is the Sierra Nevada

false

Extrusive igneous rocks are the same as plutonic rock

false

Glaciers normally move from the ocean to the land. T or F

false

Grassland soils tend to be deep, but low in organic matter.

false

If all other factors are the same, soils under deciduous forests tend to be less fertile than soils under conifer forests

false

Mid-oceanic ridges contain the oldest rocks in the ocean basins

false

On the Richter scale, an earthquake number of 8 releases twice as much energy as an earthquake number of 4.

false

Prior to Mt. St. Helens in 1980 there had never been an active volcano in the United States.

false

San Diego has no faults

false

Subduction takes place along divergent plate boundaries

false

The asthenosphere is the uppermost, rigid part of the Earth's mantle.

false

The idea of continents "drifting" or moving apart from each other began to be discussed starting around 1900.

false

The majority of needleleaf trees are deciduous. T or F

false

The most explosive volcanoes are usually shield volcanoes

false

The oldest rocks in an ocean basin are found along the mid-oceanic ridge

false

The regolith is the top layer in a soil profile. T or F

false

With advances in monitoring systems, we can now predict most earthquakes with a high degree of accuracy.

false

Damage in an earthquake may come from

fires destroying buildings landslides shaking leading to collapsed buildings tsunamis

Plankton are

floating plants or animals.

The point on the fault below the surface where the rocks first start to rupture under stress is the

focus of the earthquake.

Deformation of rocks by bending is called

folding

The southern supercontinent described by Wegener as forming after the breakup of Pangaea was called

gondwanaland.

A block of land which has been dropped downwards between two parallel normal faults is called a

graben

In a food chain, the primary producers are most likely to be

green plants

The arctic tundra.

has few trees because it is both cold and dry

The Linnaean system of classification is

hierarchical

Movement along a strike slip fault is primarily

horizontal (lateral).

Granite and Gabbro are ______ rocks

intrusive igneous rocks.

Igneous rocks that cool and solidify beneath the Earth's surface are

intrusive igneous rocks.

A soil which is red in color will likely have high amounts of

iron

Lava which has a relatively high silica content, such as andesite

is likely to be associated with a composite type of volcano

A volcano with rhyolitic lava is most likely to be a

lava dome

If we say that a rock is "foliated", this means that the rock is

layered

A rock which is very strongly metamorphosed, so that the minerals form alternating bands of

light and dark minerals is gneiss

A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate which may have formed from shells and corals and other remains of organisms on the ocean floor is

limestone

Rocks that are altered from the original rock by heat or pressure are

metamorphic rocks

Most of the eastern half of the United States was originally covered with

mid latitude forests

Ocean sediments become thicker and older away from

mid ocean ridges.

Most of the eastern United States was originally covered with

midlatitude forest

When a continental plate collides with another continental plate, the most likely consequence is

mountains will rise

A plant with leaves that have a design giving them the ability to withstand dry or frozen conditions (but losing some ability to absorb sunlight), would be a

needleleaf plant.

A fault in which the hanging wall moves down compared to the footwall is a

normal fault.

The pine and oak woodland in the mountains of San Diego County has

not regrown well in some locations since the last large fire

In a humid tropical climate, soils are

often infertile

The Glacier Park, Montana area, provides a classic example of large scale

overthrust faulting

The study of the intensity and orientation of the Earth's magnetic field over time is called

paleomagnetism.

The supercontinent described by Alfred Wegener was called

pangaea,

The response of an organism to the amount of light it receives in a day is termed

photoperiodism

All of the following add to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere except

photosynthesis

Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from

pieces of other rocks.

In relation to wildfire, the California redwood and the southern yellow pine are

plants that need fire to open their cones

Over the past 100 million years of Earth history, it is known that the magnetic poles have

reversed themselves many times.

Vegetation growing alongside streams is termed ________.

riparian

Water collected in small bodies along a recently active fault line forms

sag ponds

The name of the largest particle size in a soil is

sand.

Which of the following are likely to be characteristics of plants in a mediterranean woodland and shrub biome? Choose all that apply.

sclerophyllous leaves woody shrubs Evergreen

Match the sedimentary rock with its corresponding metamorphic rock:

shale: slate limestone: marble sandstone: quartzite

A volcano with basaltic lava is most likely to be a

shield volcano

Lava that is relatively low in silica (50% silica), such as basalt, will most likely produce

shield volcanoes with gentle slopes

Which of the following is least likely to be a method that would be used to predict earthquakes?

soil conditions

In a soil, the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay is the

soil's texture.

Lava that is relatively high in silica (60% silica), such as andesite, will most likely produce

steep-sided composite volcanoes.

Old oceanic lithosphere moves down into the asthenosphere near an oceanic trench. This process is called

subduction.

A synonym for the boreal forest biome is

taiga

Which of the images below shows a convergent plate boundary?

the arrow facing each other

The source rock from which the soil is made is the ________________ ____________________.

the parent material

The epicenter of a quake is

the point on the earth's surface just above the focus of an earthquake

Once researchers started mapping the topography of the sea floor, they found that

there was a network of high mountains running through most of the world's oceans

Which of the following eruption styles are most likely to be associated with a shield volcano? (Choose all that apply)

thin flows of fluid lava

A biome that is widespread in the driest parts of the A climate zone is dominated by low thorny trees and shrubs. This is the

tropical scrub biome.

A shield volcano is likely to be located along a divergent plate boundary.

true

According to Wegener, all the continents were once joined together in one continent.

true

During subduction, oceanic crust melts as it is pushed down into the hot mantle.

true

Every time energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in a food chain, some energy is lost from the system

true

In an Aridisol, the soil water usually moves upward, carrying dissolved minerals.

true

In the soil, the C horizon is unconsolidated parent material or regolith

true

Mid-ocean ridges connect throughout the world's oceans

true

Sometimes people can hear the sound generated by an earthquake.

true

The Atlantic Ocean is getting wider

true

The Haiti earthquake was so devastating because of poor construction of buildings.

true

The Sierra Nevada Mountains were lifted up by faulting

true

The deposition of finer particles at a lower level in the soil is called illuviation

true

The main carbon cycle is conversion from carbon dioxide to living matter and back to carbon dioxide.

true

The more silica a lava contains, the thicker and more viscous it is likely to be.

true

The motive force behind continental drift appears to be convection

true

The original forests of Australia were composed almost entirely of various species of eucalyptus

true

The oxygen in the atmosphere is primarily derived from plant respiration

true

A region is characterized by short, cool summers and very cold winters. The ground is permanently frozen below the surface, and only the top few feet of soil thaw out in the summer. The type of biome most likely to be found in this region is

tundra

Most of the nutrients in a tropical rainforest will be stored in the

vegetation

Acidic soils contain a high concentration of cations, so they are

very fertile.

The floristic association which is much less extensive than the others on the list is

wetlands