Geog 101 exam 4 Thorngren SDSU
If we assume that 100 people can be fed with the grain produced on one large farm in California, approximately how many people could be fed if all the grain were given to cattle, and the people then ate the beef instead of eating the grain directly?
10 people
What is the average percentage of energy that is passed from one trophic level to the next in a food chain?
10%
1000 kilograms of green plants in a chaparral ecosystem would support approximately 10 kilograms of primary carnivores?
10% of 1000 kg= 100 herbivores → 10% 100 kg= 10 kg carnivores
Oceans are being created and removed from the Earth in a cycling time of about
100 million years
What is the texture classification of a soil that is 10% sand and 60% silt?
30% clay → silty clay loam
Based on the pH scale soils are neutral at
7
The soil horizon referred to as the topsoil is the
A horizon
Match the label on the diagram (as listed on the left below) with the name of the layer, as shown on the right.
A → inner core B → Moho C → mantle D → crust E → asthenosphere F → outer core
Which letter marks the area dominated by coastal sage scrub as the natural vegetation?
A(Left on the edge )
Which letter on the map below is most likely to mark a location with a midlatitude forest?
A(europe: north Africa side)
Which letter on the map below is most likely to mark a location with a midlatitude forest?
A(florida)
Which of the following would usually be associated with a plate boundary that is convergent between an oceanic plate and another oceanic plate? Choose all that apply.
An arc of volcanic islands An oceanic trench Earthquakes Subduction
The supercontinent of Laurasia generally included (choose all that apply):
Asia North America Europe
On the world map, which letter is most likely to mark the location of a boreal forest biome?
B (north Asia)
Which letter on the map below is most likely to mark a location with a mediterranean woodland and shrub biome?
B(north Africa: Egypt)
On the world map, which letter is most likely to mark the location of a tundra biome?
B(north Canada near Alaska)
Which of the following is an extrusive igneous rock, composed principally of mafic minerals, which is the most common rock on the sea floor?
Basalt
What kind of lava is a shield volcano most likely to be associated with?
Basaltic
Choose which factors would contribute to a place having a desert climate. You may choose more than one factor.
Being in a rainshadow Subtropical high pressure Cold ocean current
The living components of an ecosystem are the ________________ components.
Biotic
Most trees in a midlatitude forest are (choose all that apply):
Broadleaf Deciduous
Which letter on the map marks a location that is likely to have a desert biome?
C(middle east)
What 3 elements make up most of the mass of living organisms?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
The main inputs to photosynthesis are
Carbon Dioxide Water Light energy
Match the name with the description.
Continental Crust → granitic rock, thick, light in color, less dense Oceanic crust → basaltic rock, thin, dark in color, dense Mesosphere → deep mantle Asthenosphere → "Weak layer", partially melted
Put these layers of the Earth in order from the crust to the center.
Crust Moho Upper Mantle Asthenosphere Mesosphere Outer core Inner core
Which of the letters on the map below marks a location likely to be a Tropical Rainforest biome?
D (Africa)
Which of the letters on the map below marks the most likely location of a mediterranean woodland and shrub biome?
D(austrilia)
What kind of tectonic plate boundary is found in the Gulf of California, between Baja California and the Mexican mainland?
Divergent
Which of the letters on the map below is most likely to represent the location of a midlatitude grassland biome?
E( central America: middle of America)
Which letter marks the area dominated by sonoran desert scrub as the natural vegetation
E(smallest dots)
Which of the following would usually be associated with a divergent plate boundary? Choose all that apply.
Earthquakes Volcanoes
Put these soils in order by age, from youngest to oldest.
Entisols inceptisols ultisols oxisols
A composite volcano is most likely to be located along a divergent plate boundary.
False
A phreatophyte is likely to have shallow roots
False
A phreatophyte is likely to have shallow roots.
False
After a rainforest is cleared for agriculture, the soil usually maintains its fertility indefinitely.
False
After passing through a food chain, energy is released by decomposers, and recycled back to the vegetation.
False
Gravitational water has no effect on soil characteristics, since it is only present in the soil for a short time
False
Gray or blue color in a soil is usually an indicator that the soil contains a high percentage of salts.
False
Limestone rock is the most important source of carbon for the biosphere.
False
Most midlatitude forest trees are deciduous during the summer season
False
Most of the original midlatitude grassland biome has been preserved in its original state.
False
Plants are very efficient at capturing solar energy, and all of the sunlight striking plants is transformed into chemical energy
False
Plants in the chaparral are unable to reproduce and recover after most fires.
False
Santa Ana winds are most likely to blow when there is a large center of low pressure inland in the western United States.
False
The tropical savanna biome always corresponds to the tropical savanna climate
False
There is no limit to the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem
False
Volcanoes are the largest source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at present.
False
What kind of deformation can be produced by compression? Choose all the apply.
Folding Reverse faults
Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral? It must have economic value.
For something to be a mineral: It must be made up of inorganic substances It must be found in nature It must have the same chemical composition wherever found It must form a regular pattern of crystals
The first trophic level is made up of
Green plants
If you travel away from a mid ocean ridge you will find
Increasingly older rocks
Which soil is most likely to be black in color because of a large amount of organic matter?
Mollisol
Which of the following would usually be associated with a plate boundary that is convergent between two continental plates?
Mountains Earthquakes
The eruption of Mt. St. Helens in the Cascade Range of Washington State most likely occurred because
Mt. St Helens is located near a convergent plate boundary
Trees in a boreal forest are generally (choose all that apply):
Needleleaf Evergreen
Consider the location of New York City. In terms of crustal plates,
New York City is not on a plate boundary
Earthquakes in California
Occur principally because California is on the boundary between two crustal plates
A shield volcano is most likely to be located (choose all that apply)
Over a hot spot in the mantle Along a divergent plate boundary
Along with water, the main products of photosynthesis are _
Oxygen, carbohydrates
How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere? (choose all correct answers).
Photosynthesis Being dissolved in the ocean
Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments by __________: Choose all the correct answers.
Pressure Chemical action
Match each volcano or pluton with its associated lava or intrusive rock type
Shield volcano: basalt composite volcano: Andesite lava dome: rhyolite batholith:granite
Which of the following eruption styles are most likely to be associated with a composite volcano? (Choose all that apply)
Short, thick flows of andesitic lava Explosive eruptions Pyroclastic flows
The inner core of the earth is believed to be: (Choose all answers that are correct
Solid Composed mostly of iron
Which of the vegetation communities in San Diego County is in a dry environment because of the rainshadow effect? Choose all that apply.
Sonoran Desert Scrub Pinyon juniper woodland
What is the term for a piece of crust which has been in a collision along a convergent crustal boundary and become accreted to another crustal plate?
Terrane
Which of the following is true of earthquakes and faults in San Diego County?
The Rose Canyon fault runs through San Diego from La Jolla to San Diego Bay, through several areas of artificial fill
Just below the lithosphere is a layer of the earth which the rocks are hot and partially melted, so that they flow very slowly
This layer is called the asthenosphere
Chaparral vegetation is adapted to summer drought and recurring fires
True
In a Mediterranean woodland biome, summer is the dry season
True
In a Mediterranean woodland biome, summer is the dry season.
True
Most ecosystems use sunlight as their primary source of energy.
True
The Namiba desert in Africa is a cold current desert
True
The oxygen in the atmosphere is primarily derived from photosynthesis
True
When two continental plates converge, there is normally no subduction
True
Match each word with the correct definition:
Xerophyte: general term for a plant adapted to dry conditions Phreatophyte: a plant with a deep root system that goes down to ground water Sclerophyllous: hard, waxy leaves that help reduce water loss from a plant Succulent: plant that stores water
When an oceanic plate collides with another oceanic plate, what is most likely to be produced?
a deep ocean trench and an arc of volcanic islands
A loam soil is a soil that has a good mix of sand, silt, and clay and is considered
a good agricultural soil.
A high speed avalanche of hot volcanic gases, ash, and rock fragments that rushes down the side of a volcano is called
a pyroclastic flow.
A volcano is located on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The volcano is large, with a gentle, rounded slope formed by layers of thin, fluid, basaltic lava. What kind of volcano is this?
a shield volcano
The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of
a strike-slip fault.
A tectonic plate boundary where two plates are moving past each other laterally is
a transform plate boundary.
An animal that eats only plant material (no meat) is called
a/an herbivore
The non-living components of an ecosystem are the _______________ components
abiotic
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the chaparral vegetation in San Diego County?
adapted to winter drought
Most earthquakes occur
along the boundaries of tectonic plates
In earthquakes, P waves
are faster than S waves
life appeared on earth
as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history
Green plants are
autotrophs
Which letter marks an ocean trench formed by the subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate?
b
The largest type of pluton is a
batholith
Which of the following would not be a useful adaptation to reduce water loss for animals living in a desert biome?
being active during the day and sleeping at night
A grouping of ecosystems of a similar type, related by having a similar type of vegetation is a
biome.
The extent of midlatitude grasslands is controlled by
both climate & fire
The extent of midlatitude grasslands is controlled by.
both climate and fire
Herbivores and carnivores are
both heterotrophs
Over the last century and a half, the main source of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has been
burning of fossil fuels
Crater Lake, Oregon, is an example of a volcanic
caldera
Which type of soil water is most important for providing water for plants?
capillary water
An animal that eats only meat is called a
carnivores
The nature of a volcanic eruption is determined largely by the
chemistry of the magma.
The two components of a soil that are most likely to improve cation exchange capacity are:
clay & organic matter
A(n) food pyramid is another way in which a food chain can be
conceptualized
The word "tectonics" comes from a Greek word meaning
construction
In the language of the food chain, herbivorous animals are called primary
consumers
Most trees in a midlatitude forest are (choose all that apply)
deciduous
A narrow, vertical sheet of intruded rock is called a
dike
New sea floor rock is produced as magma rises up and cools along
divergent plate boundary.
In a tropical deciduous forest, trees lose their leaves in a short but distinct _______ season
dry
In a tropical deciduous forest, trees lose their leaves in a short but distinct
dry season.
The place on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the
epicenter
Wegener's early proposal of continental drift was not taken seriously because of his
failure to provide a plausible cause
A carnivorous animal is a primary producer
false
An earthquake in China was successfully predicted in 1975. This means we now have the ability to predict all earthquakes
false
An example of a large syncline is the Sierra Nevada
false
Extrusive igneous rocks are the same as plutonic rock
false
Glaciers normally move from the ocean to the land. T or F
false
Grassland soils tend to be deep, but low in organic matter.
false
If all other factors are the same, soils under deciduous forests tend to be less fertile than soils under conifer forests
false
Mid-oceanic ridges contain the oldest rocks in the ocean basins
false
On the Richter scale, an earthquake number of 8 releases twice as much energy as an earthquake number of 4.
false
Prior to Mt. St. Helens in 1980 there had never been an active volcano in the United States.
false
San Diego has no faults
false
Subduction takes place along divergent plate boundaries
false
The asthenosphere is the uppermost, rigid part of the Earth's mantle.
false
The idea of continents "drifting" or moving apart from each other began to be discussed starting around 1900.
false
The majority of needleleaf trees are deciduous. T or F
false
The most explosive volcanoes are usually shield volcanoes
false
The oldest rocks in an ocean basin are found along the mid-oceanic ridge
false
The regolith is the top layer in a soil profile. T or F
false
With advances in monitoring systems, we can now predict most earthquakes with a high degree of accuracy.
false
Damage in an earthquake may come from
fires destroying buildings landslides shaking leading to collapsed buildings tsunamis
Plankton are
floating plants or animals.
The point on the fault below the surface where the rocks first start to rupture under stress is the
focus of the earthquake.
Deformation of rocks by bending is called
folding
The southern supercontinent described by Wegener as forming after the breakup of Pangaea was called
gondwanaland.
A block of land which has been dropped downwards between two parallel normal faults is called a
graben
In a food chain, the primary producers are most likely to be
green plants
The arctic tundra.
has few trees because it is both cold and dry
The Linnaean system of classification is
hierarchical
Movement along a strike slip fault is primarily
horizontal (lateral).
Granite and Gabbro are ______ rocks
intrusive igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks that cool and solidify beneath the Earth's surface are
intrusive igneous rocks.
A soil which is red in color will likely have high amounts of
iron
Lava which has a relatively high silica content, such as andesite
is likely to be associated with a composite type of volcano
A volcano with rhyolitic lava is most likely to be a
lava dome
If we say that a rock is "foliated", this means that the rock is
layered
A rock which is very strongly metamorphosed, so that the minerals form alternating bands of
light and dark minerals is gneiss
A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate which may have formed from shells and corals and other remains of organisms on the ocean floor is
limestone
Rocks that are altered from the original rock by heat or pressure are
metamorphic rocks
Most of the eastern half of the United States was originally covered with
mid latitude forests
Ocean sediments become thicker and older away from
mid ocean ridges.
Most of the eastern United States was originally covered with
midlatitude forest
When a continental plate collides with another continental plate, the most likely consequence is
mountains will rise
A plant with leaves that have a design giving them the ability to withstand dry or frozen conditions (but losing some ability to absorb sunlight), would be a
needleleaf plant.
A fault in which the hanging wall moves down compared to the footwall is a
normal fault.
The pine and oak woodland in the mountains of San Diego County has
not regrown well in some locations since the last large fire
In a humid tropical climate, soils are
often infertile
The Glacier Park, Montana area, provides a classic example of large scale
overthrust faulting
The study of the intensity and orientation of the Earth's magnetic field over time is called
paleomagnetism.
The supercontinent described by Alfred Wegener was called
pangaea,
The response of an organism to the amount of light it receives in a day is termed
photoperiodism
All of the following add to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere except
photosynthesis
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from
pieces of other rocks.
In relation to wildfire, the California redwood and the southern yellow pine are
plants that need fire to open their cones
Over the past 100 million years of Earth history, it is known that the magnetic poles have
reversed themselves many times.
Vegetation growing alongside streams is termed ________.
riparian
Water collected in small bodies along a recently active fault line forms
sag ponds
The name of the largest particle size in a soil is
sand.
Which of the following are likely to be characteristics of plants in a mediterranean woodland and shrub biome? Choose all that apply.
sclerophyllous leaves woody shrubs Evergreen
Match the sedimentary rock with its corresponding metamorphic rock:
shale: slate limestone: marble sandstone: quartzite
A volcano with basaltic lava is most likely to be a
shield volcano
Lava that is relatively low in silica (50% silica), such as basalt, will most likely produce
shield volcanoes with gentle slopes
Which of the following is least likely to be a method that would be used to predict earthquakes?
soil conditions
In a soil, the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay is the
soil's texture.
Lava that is relatively high in silica (60% silica), such as andesite, will most likely produce
steep-sided composite volcanoes.
Old oceanic lithosphere moves down into the asthenosphere near an oceanic trench. This process is called
subduction.
A synonym for the boreal forest biome is
taiga
Which of the images below shows a convergent plate boundary?
the arrow facing each other
The source rock from which the soil is made is the ________________ ____________________.
the parent material
The epicenter of a quake is
the point on the earth's surface just above the focus of an earthquake
Once researchers started mapping the topography of the sea floor, they found that
there was a network of high mountains running through most of the world's oceans
Which of the following eruption styles are most likely to be associated with a shield volcano? (Choose all that apply)
thin flows of fluid lava
A biome that is widespread in the driest parts of the A climate zone is dominated by low thorny trees and shrubs. This is the
tropical scrub biome.
A shield volcano is likely to be located along a divergent plate boundary.
true
According to Wegener, all the continents were once joined together in one continent.
true
During subduction, oceanic crust melts as it is pushed down into the hot mantle.
true
Every time energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in a food chain, some energy is lost from the system
true
In an Aridisol, the soil water usually moves upward, carrying dissolved minerals.
true
In the soil, the C horizon is unconsolidated parent material or regolith
true
Mid-ocean ridges connect throughout the world's oceans
true
Sometimes people can hear the sound generated by an earthquake.
true
The Atlantic Ocean is getting wider
true
The Haiti earthquake was so devastating because of poor construction of buildings.
true
The Sierra Nevada Mountains were lifted up by faulting
true
The deposition of finer particles at a lower level in the soil is called illuviation
true
The main carbon cycle is conversion from carbon dioxide to living matter and back to carbon dioxide.
true
The more silica a lava contains, the thicker and more viscous it is likely to be.
true
The motive force behind continental drift appears to be convection
true
The original forests of Australia were composed almost entirely of various species of eucalyptus
true
The oxygen in the atmosphere is primarily derived from plant respiration
true
A region is characterized by short, cool summers and very cold winters. The ground is permanently frozen below the surface, and only the top few feet of soil thaw out in the summer. The type of biome most likely to be found in this region is
tundra
Most of the nutrients in a tropical rainforest will be stored in the
vegetation
Acidic soils contain a high concentration of cations, so they are
very fertile.
The floristic association which is much less extensive than the others on the list is
wetlands
