geography 102 final
What is "development"? What does development involve and what is it (theoretically) supposed to achieve?
"Development" includes processes of change involving the nature and composition of the economy. It involves... -Changes in the structure of the economy -Changes in the forms of economic organization -Changes in the availability and use of technology Theses changes are meant to increase wealth and improve standards of living.
Between 1990 and 1993, did Zambia spend more on education or debt repayment? (This is reworded from the activity sheet because I do not ask for #s on the exams)
$37 million on primary school education $1.3 on debt repayment
What is debt relief? debt forgiveness?
*Debt relief- the reduction of rates of interest or rates of pay on outstanding loans (More popular) *Debt forgiveness- programs encourage foreign leaders to erase part (or all) of a nation's debt (This is unpopular)
Where is the population of China clustered?
*Population is clustered in the southeast
Following independence, what was Zambia's main export?
copper
What is the "resource curse"? How does it account for a lack of "development" in some wealthy countries?
Countries with valuable resources (esp. Non-renewable resources like oil) tend to be less developed. Why: -Market vulnerability from resource concentration -Other industries can't compete -Conflict over resource control -Outside involvement/ influence -corruption
Be able to describe the TWO key critiques of Rostow's theory of economic development that were discussed in class.
Critique of Rostow was that you can run out of raw materials (sustainability) and internal inconsistency.
According to Professor Sachs, why hasn't Africa been able to develop a textile/garment sector?
Due to competition with foreign used clothing "donations"
What is the #1 problem with informal housing?
It is illegal (no land title or tenure- legal recognized right to be there)
Why is Japan's economy described as "bi-polar"?
Japan's economy is very competitive abroad, however food and other domestic products are very expensive."Bi-Polar" economy: it is very competitive externally; massive internal subsidies, especially agriculture.
What have some officials argued is India's competitive advantage in the global economy?
Large population: low wages for factory workers (i.e. textile processing)
India's "leapfrogging" economy was made possible by what service-sector investments?
Leapfrogging- jumping from an economy in primary to service sector (tertiary). They invested in IT capabilities, call centers, they invested in communications and telecommunication sectors. Are able to provide services around the world.
Know the terms: birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, rate of natural increase (RNI), total fertility rate.
-Birth rate = number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year -Death rate = number of deaths per 1,000 people per year -Infant mortality rate = number of deaths (under age 5) per 1,000 live births each year -Rate of natural increase (RNI) = subtracting death rates from birth rates (# of "new" people per 1,000 people) -Total fertility rate = (# of children per woman of childbearing age; i.e. 6)
What are chaebol? How are they different from other corporations?
-Chaebol= industrial conglomerates (Samsung, Hyundai, LG), family-run and productively diverse *-It is different from other corporations because they are all family owned
What is desalination? fertigation? How are each of these responses to water insecurity in this region?
-Desalination is the processes of removing salt from sea or ocean water- and has negative environmental impact that pumps hot, salty water back into the ocean. -Fertigation is the intense use of fertilizers, is employed in order to compensate for lack of water and good soil (common in Israel)
What characterized India's approach to economic development from Independence to the 1990s?
-Follow western focus on "big industry" mega-factories, dams, power plants etc. -Follow soviet central planning and Import- Substituting Industrialization (ISI) to boost domestic industry -Large population seen as "competitive advantage": low wages for factory workers (i.e textile processing)
How did India change its economy and approach to trade in the 1990s?
-Liberalization opens economy to competition -Leapfrogging service sector development (IT, "back office" work, and software services -Made possible by investments in IT/satellite infrastructure, skilled laborers, English speakers -7th largest economy today, 3rd within decade
What is Gross National Happiness? What are the 4 pillars of GNH?
-Measure of a country's national production, by looking at the gross national product or gross domestic product. -The 4 pillars are sustainable development, preservation and promotion of cultural value, environment conservation, and good governance
1. Understand each of the phases of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). When are birth rates high or low? death rates? What causes these rates to change between phases of the model? 2. According to the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), why are birth rates slower to change than death rates?
-Phase 2 death rate drop birth rate increase, Phase 3 birth rate increase death rate drops -Population grows because death rates go down birth rates go up -Death rate change due to medicine prevents disease, food storage -They do not respond to technical inventions, change to cultural beliefs
What are remittances? What factors are driving Southeast Asians to migrate abroad in order to participate in the "remittance economy" at staggering rates?
-Remittances = Transfer of money from foreign worker to their home country - To make more money o $250-300 billion sent annually, often to Global South (exceeds international aid) o About 7 million Philippine people live and work overseas (9% of total population; 50%+women) o Send about $7 billion in remittances and bring another $7 billion in goods and income during annual visits home (only India and China receive more remittances) o $$$ once sent through "agents", now via internet and official banking services
What are common misconceptions associated with slums?
-Slum Dwellers not homeless or unemployed -Often well established communities, union and squatters organizations.
How does Australia "break the model" we've discussed elsewhere in this course, in terms of the relationship between primary export economies?
-Small population -Most people work in tertiary sector (self serving) -Very demanding Asian trade partners -Coal and other exports = increase $ low value added commodities, Australia is not losing value added
Which two nearby regions have exerted the greatest cultural influence in Southeast Asia?
-South Asia and East Asia
How was South Korea's approach to development different from North Korea's? *What economic systems characterize each country?
-South Korea implemented export-led development policies that followed Japanese Model of high-tech production and heavy investment in education -North Korea had strong early growth, fuelled by trade with USSR, heavily military spending (¼ of GDP) influenced lack of industrial and agricultural growth, leading to dependency upon international food aid for last decade. - North Korea = Communist economy not doing well, South Korea =
What is a special economic zone? **What's so different or "special" there? Why? 2. What is population density? physiological density? How are they different?
-Special economic zone = areas with no/reduced taxes; export-oriented industries; and businesses can be fully or jointly owned by foreign companies 2.*Most SEZ's are located along the southern coast of China, in or near Guangdong\ owned by foreign companies -The rules are changed in order to get business to come there. Rules = (law related to labor right changed in order to get people to come) -Population density = # of people per square km/mi -Physiological density = # of people per square km/mi of arable land -Physiological density looks at the arable land
Which Southeast Asian countries are the wealthiest? Which are the manufacturing economies? Which are the "transforming" economies? Which are seemingly locked in persistent poverty?
-Wealthiest = Urban Singapore ($56,694), Oil-rich Brunei ($48,333) -Manufacturing economies = Malaysia ($14,744), Thailand ($9,221) -"Transforming" economies = Philippines ($3,920), Indonesia ($4,347), Vietnam ($3,143) -Seemingly locked in persistent poverty = Laos ($2,449), Cambodia ($2,449), Burma/Myanmar ($1,256)
Why do Grameen 7,000 "roving bankers" travel to the borrowers?
1.5X around the earth each day to collect borrowers replacements so that they do not have to interrupt their work.
What are the key causes of urbanization and slum growth in South Asia?
1970s/80's: farmers leaving countryside for cities cause rapid urbanization. Lack of housing/ infrastructure for mass migrants leads to growth of urban slums.
When Lifeng Clothing factory receives the "big order" from the British customer, how many hours per day are Jasmine and her co-workers working?
24 hours (all day and night)
What is water security? Why is it important?
Ability to provide for water needs of a population.
What is water security?
Ability to provide for water needs of a population. Water is not evenly spread. Many of the oil countries are not water rich countries
How much collateral, or other assets, do you need to have in order to qualify a Grameen Bank loan?
Absolutely none.
In what ways are wealthy oil-rich countries susceptible to the same problems as all raw material EXPORT ORIENTATED-ECONOMIES?
All raw material have same problems ... -Depend on people/ external demand -Dependent on fluctuations in world market prices -Value is added elsewhere
Why do these clothes end up in Zambia?
Because there is no market for them in the U.S. Donors like Salvation Army (and many others) sell them to wholesalers that ship them to Africa.
Where in Southeast Asia are the religions of Buddhism, Islam and Christianity each dominant?
Buddhism - Peninsular Southeast Asia (Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Vietnam) Islam - Insular Southeast Asia (Indonesia) Christianity - Philippians
According to the video, why are women better credit risks than men?
Children get immediate benefit and women view to future quality of life.
Understand the basic stages and principles of Rostow's Theory of Economic Development. How do societies transition from one stage to another?
Each economy has to work through each stage especially to move from one to the next.
What are the 3 "pillars" or aspects of food security?
Food availability (is enough food grown and/or sold?) Food accessibility (can people get to and afford the food?) Food use (is food sanitary, safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate?)
What was the Green Revolution? What reforms did it involve? 8. What were the key outcomes of the Green Revolution?
Green Revolution refers to the set of agricultural developments/ technologies that aimed to increase food production (per acre). Reforms include... -Importation of modified seed use of chemical fertilizers/ pesticides -Development of irrigation Key outcomes... -30% increase in wheat and rice yields -Chemicals decrease soil quality -Increased farmer debt: GR requires more investment in chemicals and technology -GR farmers flood market with produce, non chemical farms fail because they can't compete, sell land and move or work on large farms as wage laborers. -Landscape change: GR techniques work better in large mono-cropped farms, more small farmers move to city, causing unchecked urban growth / urbanization.
How is the failure of Zambia's textile industry an example of maldevelopment? What conditions caused the textile industry to fail and how did they lead to the rise of the second-hand clothing market?
It is caused by relying on borrowing money from other countries, resulting in inability to pay back loans, meaning that the country cannot reinvest in their own companies and infrastructure. Maldevelopment is when economic development fails to proceed in the "normal" way, meaning development programs fail, which happened with the loans from other countries.
Where do the clothes that Luka sells come from?
Here - and other wealthy countries like the U.S. where people donate used clothing to places like the Salvation Army
Where did factory workers, like Jasmine, live?
In a dormitory at the factory.
Draw on the readings and module video to explain whether you think China or India is better positioned to be the next world power. Why? Be prepared to cite 2-3 reasons from the reading and video to support your response.
India -Smaller military which allows for a tighter partnership with the US -China is in greater debt -Working on improving education while China has a 1 child policy, India population is jumping China -Strong military long history with was and is a big country -China dominates the export world, they export more than they import, they have a positive trade balance -China has more of a control on their economy because of the child policy they can control population while India is growing and it is harder to control -People in India are not moving from the slums
According to the video, why doesn't the systems of foreign inspection work?
Inspectors give notice before they arrive and the factory owners coach workers on what they should say.
What is the key characteristic of an LDC? (hint: It's not poverty!)
It is characterized by economic vulnerability. -Small economy -Instability of production and trade -export/ commodity concentration -Political conflict or environmental disasters
What are common contingencies on international development loans? Why are they there?
Loans carry contingencies (SAP's) that are meant to ensure they can can be paid off: -Promote trade and export oriented economy -Reduced government investment in education, health care, infrastructure, etc (privatization) -Sale of government owned industry -Measures to promote foreign investment (more right for investors, less rights for workers)
What is microcredit? What are the characteristics of most microcredit programs?
Microcredit- very small loans given to individuals, typically $20 Characteristics include... -Very small loans -Collateral free lending -Group lending/ shared responsibility model -High percentage of female borrowers -High payment rates -Usually for building business or income opportunities
How is economic disparity in China influencing migration patterns?
Most are moving East
Who was the key trading partner for South Korea after the Korean War? for North Korea, before and after the 1990s?
North Korea had strong early growth, fueled by trade with USSR South Korea implemented export-led development policies that followed Japanes
What is the "Japanese Model" of development?
Rapid industrial development; quick transition to high-tech (and high value added) electronics manufacturing/export
What are "hydropolitics"?
Relationships with water affect other things. Water affects the politics
What was the Zamindari system? What results did it produce?
Sharecropping system of land tenure -tax collecting landford -Zamindars held broad tracts of land -tenant farmers worked land under share-cropping system -Land redistributed after independence (except in parts of Pakistan) Results of Zanidarian System -High physiological density for food crops (people/arable land producing food) -Lack of food security (Unstable production to guarantee domestic need)
How does GNH critique GNI and GNP as measures of development?
Shows how society's success is based on complex relationships between several institutions, not just the economy.
How well are oil resources, and the wealth they produce, distributed across the North Africa and Southwest Asia region? How is the distribution of oil wealth related to other development indicators in the region?
Some countries are oil rich while others are oil poor. Despite high revenues, wealth is unevenly distributed, and many people live in poverty. Oil exporting is profitable but still export led development of single natural resources. Three Core Oil /Gas Zones o Around the Caspian Sea o North Africa o Persian Gulf
Which country is the population "giant" of this region?
The population "giant" is Indonesia (243 million)
What is "mal-development"?
When economic development fails to proceed in the "normal" way. Development programs fail or have unforeseen ill-effects
What is urban primacy?
When one city in a country (the "primate" city) is at least twice as large as other cities
What are the key factors contributing to higher fertility rates?
Young marriage age, high child death rates, social value of children (status, labor and social security), role of women, religious beliefs/social norms
Why are oil-rich countries in this region still not considered "developed", despite their wealth?
o Oil-exporting is profitable, but still export led development of single natural resource o Many countries seeking to diversify economies by developing tourism and banking/service sectors o Countries with low scores on this index have diverse export bases -market volatility from resource concentration (vulnerable to changes in global market i.e. US finds new oil or develops new technology so they don't need imported oil anymore) -other industries can't compete (when you have diamonds or oil because everyone wants to get a job in those industries and you don't get a diversified economy) -outside involvement/influence (leads to corruption) - Corruption (whoever owns the oil holds power and wealth and increases likelihood that someone outside of the system will get involved)
What is food security?
the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.