geography 277 midterm

increasing concerns about slums in the global south

Hans Rosling: Slum dwellers need: 1. Durable housing 2. Sufficient space 3. Secure tenure 4. Safe water 5. Safe sanitation -talks about urban challenge but also the opportunities this brings -link between % urban pop and GDP per capita -Kibera in Kenya is Africas largest slum

what is urban geography?

Urban geography examines sets of patterns, activities and events that occur between and/or within cities (inter-urban = comparing cities to e/o and intra-urban geography= what happens inside a city i.e. comparing the neighborhoods) and seeks to analyze the processes and practices that explain them. The general questions that urban geographers ask are: • Where are cities, neighborhoods and urban districts (e.g. 'downtown') and urban activities (e.g. jobs, new housing developments) located? • When did an urban activity occur? • Why are they located where they are (analysis)? • What explains why they are there (forces, processes)? • What are the consequences of the neighborhood or new housing development being where it is?

contingent labor

how labor is regulated and recruited such as the growth of casual employment and short term labor contracts along with the replacement of welfare as a system of state support for unemployment -decline of long term employment contracts

sweat equity

increase in the value of a building that comes from the labor put into it like renovations by its owners rather than paying a contractor to do the work

intellectual approach

intellectual stance we take as we address a process, situation, or problem -brings a set of many assumptions, perspectives, etc.

speculation

investing in buildings or land to hold for a period of time in hope that their price on the market will increase so they can gain a profit

peak land value intersection

most expensive area to have a home/building/office/store -highest value per square meter -lots of tall buildings

urbanism

refers to the architecture and design and refers to the ways of life and interactions with other specific to cities

flexible work

seen as a solution to problems posed by city working

Lagos as a shock city

shock city = urban place experiencing infrastructure challenge related to massive and rapid urbanization.. -Lagos, Nigeria -the central city is trapped on an island site with limited access by road bridges that presents problems for the daily movement of people -population greatly increased after 1950

space

spatial relationships between people, places, and the environment -spatial relationships are more abstract term -ex. classroom is a space but it has meaning as geography class so it is also a place -about thinking about categories -a social product (we make space, space makes us) -distance w/i places as well as b/w places (distance in this room and distance between this room and home) -refers the relationship between society

globalizing cities

term used to indicate that being a global city is a goal of their edits and it is a status that is always in process and must be maintainted and developed (globalization and urbanization are socio spatial processes that never find an end state)

scale

territorial extent of something (local, regional, national, global). However, phenomena you study at one scale (e.g. local) may well be influenced by developments at other scales (e.g. regional, national, or global), and vice versa. -is a hierarchy with an increasing distance (local to regional to national to global) -extent of something -describes relationship b/w spaces and places (is it local? global?) -national boundaries

urbanization

the clustering of a population in increasingly large, dense, and diverse cities over time

dynamic dependencies

the complex, intimate, and evolving relationships between employers, employees, and the social geography of the city

urban renewal

the extensive state led redevelopment in the mid 20th century Europe and North America -razed established neighborhoods and replaced them with new retail districts, housing projects, and highways

urban ecology

the natural environment of man -interaction of the chicago school's approach to explain the organization of society in cities -ex. invasion and succession, competition, territory -metaphors about nature

labor control regime

the social need for employers to develop social mechanisms for integrating workers into the production system (ex. assembly lines) -because workers can sell their labor power and tend to resist bad practices

postcolonialism

they now take seriously the power of naming, categorizing and language (global N/s), critique thinking, emphasive importance of acknowledging researchers

hard city

= one you can locate on a map, built environment 1. Morphological 2. Legal/Political 3. Functional 4. Statistical

Robert Moses

-cities are for traffic -was a master builder -loved freeways (put parks around freeways)

LEGAL/ POLITICAL CITY

= see on map, clear borders ex. I am in Seattle or Redmond, I can not be in both

subprime loans

•Subprime loans accounted for about 15 percent of all new home loans in 2005 and 2006, but are now a tiny share of the mortgage market. •Now only a handful of lenders are offering them, at interest rates from 8 to 13 percent (compared with about 4 percent for conventional loans to highly rated borrowers). -subprime lenders just want to make quick bucks so they give out subprime loans with high interest rates -subprime borrowers are people with bad credit ratings/unstable income and take this high interest loan to buy a home since banks won't give them loans

Doreen Massey on mega and global cities

-"Tokyo, London and New York are very different kinds of foci in the global geography of power relations from Lagos or Dakar or Dhaka" (Massey, 1997: 101). -"When so much of our intellectual, and even political, discourse is of the excitements and desperations of Los Angeles and New York, Paris and London it is salutary to bear in mind the relative unimportance of these places, in quantitative terms, in the context of worldwide 21st century city life." -cities are unique because the particular common of processes and flows is different in each place (contrary to Robinson) -A place is not isolated and any set street or road has a history that is entangled with half of the globe. All cities are global since they are intertwined with each other in a bunch of ways -DIVISION OF LABORS

discourse

-A specific series of representations, practices and performances through which meanings are produced, connected into networks and legitimated. -Discourses are partial, situated, and taken for granted. -Geographers are concerned with the relationship between discourse, power, and spatiality

gentrification

-Once this process of 'gentrification' starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed. = the conversion of low rent dwellings into higher rent single residency homes. This tends to be associated with incumbent upgrading (and 'sweat equity'). (classic gentrification) -'Condo-fication'/ new build gentrification (tear down gentrification) = developers filling in an older and somewhat underused low rent area with new condominiums (e.g. Belltown) (condos put in and people get displaced) -people come on into a not developed area/depressed neighborhood then make it nice and sell it to young, middle class people then other couples like them move there then that makes a nice real estate market then the low income displace tenants move somewhere else -commercial gentrification = gentrification of stores, ex stores sold candles for use and now smell yummy candles for looks (retail)

Colonial Mercantilism, 1700-1840

-Boston and Philadelphia (Atlantic Coast), New Orleans (river) IN 1790 • Economically - agricultural nation with little transportation beyond the coast (in 1775 it took a week to travel by land from Boston to New York). • Some manufactured products by local craftspeople who had broad knowledge and lots of experience, rather than specialized knowledge. • Agricultural surplus is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for wide-scale urbanization. • only 5% urban BY 1840 • Population was 11% urban (migration and immigration) • Economically: Increasing small-scale industry (particularly textiles and machine shops), some larger-scale industry. • Beginnings of a transportation network (initially many more miles of canals than of railroads) • Cities were few and far between. Population was isolated (local accents and culture was strong) • City populations were tiny (100,000 max), spatially compact • Large cities were not manufacturing centers per se, they were trading or administrative centers • Large cities needed to be located on navigable, reliable systems of water • Hinterlands were quite small (food stuff had to be local and market-areas for urban-based companies were small) • Very little geographic segregation of both land uses and social classes • Initial growth because of long- distance trade • Wealth was created by trade (exporting resources, importing manufactured goods) • Cities serve function as gateways - storage points for traded goods and an intermediary or a hub for goods shipped between cities.

time-space compression

-David Harvey -refers to the notion of speeding of time and shrinking of space. As Harvey puts it: "processes that so revolutionize the objective qualities of space and time that we are forced to alter, sometimes in quite radical ways, how we represent the world to ourselves"

Divisions of Labor

-Dorrenn Massey -Different people doing different jobs in different places..... •International (Globalization) •Regional •Metropolitan -labor is unevenly valued across space International divisions of labor: 57 • OLD IDOL - countries (usually in the global north) engaged in manufacturing, used raw materials from regions in the global south. • NEW IDOL - Global south countries now provide raw materials and labor • Global cities - nodes in NIDOL - including being destinations for labor from global south

Marxist/Political Economy Approach

-Emphasizes political-economic constraints, economic inequality and class -Society broken down into three main social classes based upon the economic resources that they own: • Capitalists (they own the machine in the factory) • Landowners (added later) • Workers

world according to GaWC

-GaWC = globalization and world cities research group 1. ALPHA WORLD CITIES (full service world cities) -London, NY, Paris, Tokyo, Chicago 2.. BETA WORLD CITIES (major world cities) • San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich • Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paulo • Moscow, Seoul 3. GAMMA WORLD CITIES (minor world cities) • Amsterdam, Boston, Caracas, Dallas, Düsseldorf, Geneva, Houston, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Melbourne, Osaka, Prague, Santiago, Taipei, Washington DC • Bangkok, Beijing, Montreal, Rome, Stockholm, Warsaw • Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Miami,, Minneapolis, Munich, Shanghai -ranked cities as most global based on accounting, advertising, banking, and law operating -measured how important certain cities were to individuals operations (ex. how many partners of a firm works in a dirt or how many of the offices in the city) -ranked them 1 to 12 (12 has high concentration of APS activity) -APS = advance producer service (ex. insurance, banking, real estate, etc) -measures focus on relations between cities not individual attributes -world according to GaWC is very specific -focuses on elite financial and corporate activity not as city as a whole. -emphasizes hieracy and competition

Industrial Capitalism, 1840-1970

-Industrial City:1840-1945 -Fordist City: 1945-1975 Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore (Toronto and Montreal). -By 1860s Buffalo, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Chicago and Cincinnati (Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary). -By 1920s Detroit and Cleveland. -By 1950s Los Angeles, San Diego, Houston, Phoenix, Dallas and Denver (Vancouver) -FORDIST LINKED MASS PRODUCTION WITH MASS CONSUMPTION • Economy: rise of manufacturing (circular and cumulative causation) growth of large corporations. Later state intervention - urban/regional planning and infrastructure expenditure (e.g. freeways). • Demography: continued rural-urban migration, but also increasingly immigrant labor, Greater immigration levels (Ellis Island, but also Angel Island). Increased internal migration to cities (e.g. Great Migration). Baby boom. • Political Change: "Go west", including manifest destiny • Social and Cultural Change: becoming "urban". Shifts in class structure, also gender and race, Shifts in class structure, also gender and race. Post 2WW 'affluent society' • Technology: steam engine technology (steamboats and later railroad networks by 1870), electricity, combustion engine.....Later Fordist production (assembly-line operations, scientific management of labor), communication technology . Financial corporate central district v knowledge creative finance industries in downtown 2. Declining industrial activity in the inner city v selectively revitalized inner city districts 3. Strong functional ties between city and suburbs v weak ties between city and suburbs

Vancouver's policy around PWID

-PWID are people inject drugs, low income, addicts -Vancouver suffered really high HIV rates among PWID -couv broke away from traditional tradition North American criminalization drug policy model and adopted a four pillar approach they learned from Europe -four pillar = standard prevention, treatment, and law enforcement coupled with harm reduction (understands use and addiction as health rather than criminal issues) -a harm reduction model (injection rooms where they use stabilized needles w/ emergency facilities and counseling opportunities)

Richard Florida

-argued that the key to growing these economic sections was attracting a mobile pool of talented, educated individuals -cities need to develop urban enviro that will attract these creative individuals (creative city theory) -make cities have talent, tech, and tolerance by having a wide variety of entertainment, dining, museums, galleries, and o/ amenities (make cities cool) -ex. Michigan is promoting downtown redevelopment projects, loft construction, film festivals -creative cities promote elitism and misguided development as well as econ growth -improving housing/public transit may be better investments

Jane Jacobs

-critic of Moses -Jane Jacobs (among others) called for planners to reconsider the single-use housing projects, large car-dependent thoroughfares, and segregated commercial centers -Return of walkable cities -Her view on urban planning: "Cities are for people.

labor geographies

= the variety of ways in which workers are organized across space and how space shapes workers organizations

functional city

= what are the functions of the city? what do people do? (SODO does shipping)

Worcester, Massachusetts study

-evidence of local labor market dependence of employers -Hanson and Pratt detailed analysis of local labor markets dynamics in worcester -surverys/intreviews with local employers in four different city sections -local employers tend to relocate or expand within the same area of the city -most employers prefer their employees to live close -labor recruitment practices are localized -employers operating in same area, recruit from same local labor pool -all about relationship between urban labor marketing, commenting patterns, and changing gender roles

use and exchange value

-exchange value = monetary value, how you paid for it or how much you'd get it if you sold it -exchange value of home can be income from renting it and value of the land the house is on

megacities

-megacities in the global north are moving down on the megacity list for 2025 -global south cities are moving up -more than mega cities in the global urban hierarchy

Jennifer Robinson

-on ordinary urbanism -Robinson calls for a post-colonial shift in urban studies. She points out that US and European cities are typically used as the standard for comparison for all cities. -Limits imaginations of what a city is or can become in academia as well as urban planning, because: 1. It is exclusionary (focuses only on Western cities) 2. It is illusionary (doesn't even reflect the dynamic and complex realities of Western cities). 3. Focuses on 'big' economically successful cities. -all cities are global and ordinary because the flows and processes are common to all cities -this offers opportunities -differences are not neatly categorized Doesn't question the philosophy of western development Global city researchers too readily accept the problematic categories such as the categorie of "globalness" terms are taken for granted By pushing the global cities narrative it therefor influences politics.

Ananya Roy p. 51, 66, 94

-on worlding cities • Global South cities and the people living there are positioned on the outer limits (relative to the global North center) economically and in how they are represented. • Importance of subordinated populations' everyday activities in cities (i.e. not just elites). Their 'mundane' everyday practices and encounters are ways to understand the city as a thing always in the making.

Quantitative revolution and spatial science

-quantitative revolution = lots of data, now lets use it to do shit -Homer Hoyt's Sector Model diagram and critiques -Bid Rent Theory diagram (Peak Land Value Intersection) and critiques.

Neil Smith

-recognized dramatic pattern of gentrification -described the rent gap theory as A measure of the difference in a site's actual value and its potential value at its 'highest and best use.' -Bid rent theory posits that people will want to move away from the city. But gentrification shows people move in to the city

Kim England - suburban relocation of office work

-spatial entrapment hypothesis = women are spatially restricted in their job search/career path due to domestic responbilities. says that only availbale jobs for girls are low wage, service sector close to resident (suburban trapped) -England findings: women have shorter commutes (married women even longer) and women in two-adult households tend to have much longer/varied commutes than 1 adult households

role of technological processes

-tech processes as one approach to explanation for why global cities as hierarchy -changing and improving tech (transportation) -electronic funds transfer (the eastward flow of funds over fiber optic networks over $1.5 trillion daily)

David Harvey

-took Marx's ideas of 'circuits of capital' and applied them to patterns of property development in cities and cycles of investment and disinvestment in buildings. He calls this the "production of the built environment" -thought about production related to how cities develop (capital circulating in cities into factories) -investment in the built environment (homes, work places) -productive built environment = universities, factories -From a Marxist perspective the major economic activity in urbanization deals with the use and value of land. Thus, those social actors, such as real estate developers and bankers, exploit the value of urban space through their investment and selling strategies. -Whereas capitalist employers secure profit by, for example, paying workers low wages, real estate developers and bankers secure their profits by setting high prices on the land in cities through a series of mechanisms of speculation, scarcity, exclusiveness, luxury, image, etc. -built environment for procession (office towers) -built environment for consumption (mass suburbanization) -the right to the city

three case studies

1. Feminization of the global labor force -women account for less of world labor market then men -in some parts of the world it is because they cannot find jobs/are discouraged from working -quality of women's work options and conditions compared to men are poor -the sectors women work in bring fewer gains (often have longest hours, lowest pay) 2. Migrant labor in Dubai -linking to globalizing cities -about the horibble work/live conditions of the indentured nature of many migrant construction works living in United Arab Emirates -employers bind them to live there and they can't leave -workers tried to strike many times but the autocratic state of Dubai has tight control and gains of strikes are little -strikes had a real effect on conditions for many lower waged builders in certain companies -labor actions enabled workers to successfully negotiate a pay raise, receive back wages, and win other things like a plane ticket home to visit family 3. Is your college campus sweatshop free? -university students in US, UK, and Canada (student groups like United students against sweatshops) forced schools to disclose where their apparel was being manufactured -many universities now pledged to only get apparel from factories that can unionize, work in sweatshop-free environments, and earn living wages select one to know in more detail as an example of global- local connections in labor geographies.

critiques of concentric zone model diagram

1. Human Urban Ecology: How applicable is thinking of the city as a biological or ecological system (competition, invasion, succession and natural areas, etc.) 2. Social Darwinism? 3. Privileging certain forms of knowledge and ignoring certain producers of knowledge. Claims of scientific method, rigor. by appealing to social sciences -not accounting for small businesses, transportation, and now rich people live in the center of city or suburbs (model assumes rich lives outside residential zone) -assumes its going to start at one point then move to two and three in this smooth transition -assumes that its better now then in the past

foundational approaches to urban geography

1. Marxism: Empirically explored the immiseration of the working class in Manchester in mid-19th Century. Emphasizes political-economic constraints, economic inequality and class. 2. The Chicago School (emerged in 1910s) 3. Quantitative Revolution-spatial science (emerged in 1960s)

key aspects of critical urban geography

1. Propose new concepts that better understand how wider social processes and relationships operate and change. Includes analyzing urban spaces in relation to local-to-global connections. 2. Create socially relevant and politically engaged research. Includes thinking about urban spaces as a site of grassroots action, progressive intervention, and alternative forms of politics (these might lead to more social justice in cities). 3. Examine ways urban elites command urban space, and take account of the lives and experiences of ordinary urban residents (including marginalized social groups). This involves seeing the multiple geographies evident in one city and developing new concepts (see point 1) and building urban theories to facilitate comprehension and explanation.

Redlining

= when financial institutions identified risky neighborhoods & refused to offer loans (supposedly marked by red lines on a map) - Between 1934 and 1962 FHA and VA (through the GI Bill) financed over $120 billion of new housing, but less than 2% of this real estate was available to nonwhite families, mostly in segregated areas. -Redlining made illegal in a 1948 Supreme Court case....and 1967 (with creation of HUD)....and 1977 Community Reinvestment Act....

Neoliberalism/neoliberalization

= believe that the competitive free market is the most efficient way or organizing the economy and society (private market is best way to govern) • Market-based ideology centered around the values of less regulated trade and markets. That is (supposedly) less government. • About being 'open for business' and competitive bidding, and less state intervention. What does this mean for cities? • Fewer public services. • Rise of public-private partnerships. • Privatization of formerly public services and public spaces.

Morphological City

= cities that change, a city you can see from an airplane -borders -cities you can locate on a map, further away, looks good on the street but not from a plane -what is the extent of the city? -highlights the physical environment -viewed from history. can look back on building now historical

STATISTICAL CITY - U.S.

= often use countries to draw statistical cities -census data (derive basic population, race, birth/death rates, income) -census uses statistical cities (metropolitan areas) -data collective helps officials to plan

place

= place identity (who am i) - shaped by physical and cultural forces, associations among phenomena in a given area -emotional understandings, meanings, humanities -space with meaning -defined by people in it -socially constructed

reverse redlining

= targeting residents in certain neighborhoods for credit on unfair terms. • Reverse redlining violates the Fair Housing Act. • Reverse redlining relates to residential segregation, often a product of the history of federal government housing policy, as well as mortgage lenders and real estate industry practices. -offers loan to segregated group for higher interest rate

regional urbanization

=is replacing metropolitan urbanization as the dominant form of urban expansion. -Contemporary urbanization is increasingly concentrated in globalized megacity regions (cities of more than 1 million +). But every city is experiencing some degree of globalization, becoming more culturally and economically heterogeneous. -Primary forces of change? o Globalization of capital, labor, & culture; o Rise of a new geopolitical economy (knowledge intensive, global, and post-Fordist); o Innovation in information and communications technology. -growing inward instead of outwards to add to urban fringes but inwards from multiple city centers -have no defining center -no longer like the divisions of city, suburb, and region

Restrictive Covenants

A legal obligation included in the deeds of a house that are enforceable on subsequent buyers. Broadmoor neighborhood: "No part of said property hereby conveyed shall ever be used or occupied by any Hebrew or by any person of the Ethiopian, Malay or any Asiatic Race...excepting only employees in the domestic service on the premises of persons qualified hereunder as occupants and users and residing on the premises." Queen Ann neighborhood: "No person or persons of Asiatic, African or Negro blood, lineage, or extraction shall be permitted to occupy a portion of said property" Bellevue: "No person other than one of the white and Gentile and Caucasian race shall be permitted to occupy any property in said addition or portion of a building therein except a domestic servant"

Postindustrial Capitalism, 1975-present

Post Fordist City Demographic and social changes •Impact of the Baby Boom •Shifts in immigration •More women in paid employment •More education - knowledge intensive jobs. •'Affluent society' to 'McJobs' Economic change • Rapid growth of the economy (overall in post-2WW era) by later decades was more sector dependent - i.e. service sector) • Rise of US Multinational Corporations •Economic restructuringàwhile there was a decline in 'traditional' manufacturing and a shift to a service economy, there was also the emergence of what initially were called 'sunrise' manufacturing industries • Comparative advantage of Sunbelt cities, including the impact of 'ageing' infrastructure in the manufacturing belt (AKA Snowbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt) -Rustbelt: But also decline of some smaller towns as people travel farther for services; and of cities in the manufacturing belt (Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Cleveland and Detroit) -Sunbelt: In the later part of the era there was metropolitan (rather than just urban)dominance of the North East - think about Jean Gottman's 'megalopolis') because urban areas in other US regions also began to grow and became metropolitan areas (Miami, Phoenix, Houston, LA, San Diego and Seattle) -Newer City Regions: Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, San Jose

policy mobilities

The argument that policies are not "merely" local. It is the studies of the practices, contexts, and politics making (urban) policy in a global context. approach to the study of how policy is made in global context -focuses on the socially produced and circulated forms of knowledge that address how cities are governed -policies are just local they develop in, connect, travel through and institutionalize contexts -they are studies of practices, contexts, and politics in a global context

Whose theory? Whose city?

Whose theory.....? •The 21st century is "an urban century" •Much of contemporary urbanization is taking place in the global South. •Yet, the theories and methods used to study cities, and the 'knowledge' of urbanization and urbanism remains bound to the North American and European urban experience. •Does this matter, and if so, why? -cities are for people (right to the city) -"The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves," and as "one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights, the right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization" (Harvey, 2008: 23) ... role of ordinary people to shape urban politcal space based on public particpation, inclusion, democratic principles (often posed in opposition to neoliberalism)

global cities literature

a literature in geography and urban studies that emerged around the term world cities before adopting global cities -focused on understanding the ways in which cities are related to the organization of the contemporary global economy

zone in transision

area around CBD where a mix of land uses is found and where transition from residential uses to retail, office -transition because resident buildings because replaced by offices and industries =there is a change in function of a particular area

CBD

core of the city. where transports networks converge and land uses are dominant by retail and offices

bid rent theory

• Based on the assumption that the highest bidder will get the land. Competition is fiercest in the CBD because it is the most accessible. • As you move away from the CBD the land is less attractive for stores/offices and other uses take over. -what will be the use? -rent increases with the number of buildings -building move away from the city CRITQUIES -outdated because it doesn't account for rich suburbs -doesn't account for natural forests/water (shipping has to be near water)

Federal Housing Administration pg. 69-73

• FHA - new lending practices, financing for home-buyer based on smaller percent for down payment (and longer repayment period) and for banks federal insurance to minimize risk.

World Cities/Global Cities - top of the urban hierarchy?

• Global network of powerful places (usually huge cities, but not all megacities are global cities) and the people in them. • Command and control centers the global economy. Initial focus on high level business services and professionals. • Huge influence on their national urban system (economic, political, cultural...) • Elite networks of work, rest and play. Increase in social/economic polarization and the significance of transnational migration. Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann Sassen argues that global cities must be understood as an interconnected systems not primarily as individual entities set within their national containers -cities operate interconnected system of command and control

rent gap theory 34

• Ground rent: estimated value of land. • Capitalized (or actual) ground rent is the current estimated value of a land parcel. Actualized ground rents generally decline over time as the buildings and infrastructure age. • Potential ground rent is the estimate of what a land parcel's value will be at its 'highest and best use.' House Value and Price: • Separate the value of a house from its price. Only in the marketplace is the house value translated into price. And although the price of a house reflects its value, the price (unlike value) is also affected by supply and demand conditions. • A further complication with housing is that the sale price represents not only the value of the house, but also the 'ground rent' for the land it sits on. • Thus, imagine an equation sale price = house value + capitalized ground rent. • Describes in theory what happens to property values in former working class, racialized districts the city. In reality, patterns of investment and disinvestment can change dramatically from block-to-block and neighborhood-to-neighborhood in any given city. • The rent gap thesis is an e.g. of a structuralist/political economy approach that emphasizes the dynamics of capital accumulation, investment, and uneven development (rather than just demographic patterns, free market or residential preferences). • It is critiqued for being economistic and leaving little room for human agency. = gap between the actual value of property (ground rent) and its potential value should the property ever be redeveloped to best use -caused by people who gentrify

Homer Hoyt's Sector Model diagram and critiques

• He was Principal Housing Economist at the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) during the 1930s •Sectors form along transportation corridors, railroads & canals lined by industrial districts • Main roads & some waterfronts lined by houses of the wealthy. -outlines 30 cities -Hoyt saw that certain parts of the city had higher housing prices due to location/transportation matters -sector model outline CBD, transportation and industry, low-class residential, middle class residential, and high class residential -rich class not close to industries

filtering (downward)

• Residential mobility & neighborhood change related to changes in the housing stock (esp. new construction & devaluation of old stock). • Households move up the housing market ladder (Chicago School) as dwellings move down the social ladder (Hoyt) • Disinvestment in built environment. • Flows of people and capital across urban space, change in land use occupancy. • In housing policy, filtering has long been a key process counted on by advocates of laissez-faire politics. The free market, it is argued, supplies housing for lower-income groups through the process of filtering. Much empirical research disputes this. -about neighborhood change -assumes that individual's income will always increase, once income increases, people will want to more on to more affluent neighborhoods =addres the fluctuation of property values and increase of income amount individuals -assumes that as buildings age, its value decreases

Chicago School

• Social ecology movement that focused on how the structure of society adapts to the quality of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups - Developed disease model based on social pathology. One interpretation is that they studied social disorganization. -thought about ecology as ideas taken from biology (thinking about invading weeds in the garden) -Park argued that there are "natural area" in the city (ex. people like to live close to transportation and that happened naturally) • they develop without planning • they serve a function (e.g., transportation) -Various functions—populations and activities, are in competition for space -the most adaptive and resourceful win the competition for the most valuable spaces Ernest W. Burgess -played a central role in defining the urban reseach program of the chicago school -made the concentric zone model: has zone of transition, zone of workers home, then outer ring is residential zone then commuters zone

socio spatial processes

• The social and the spatial are inextricably intertwined and that one cannot be properly understood without the other. • Things and events must take place somewhere. • Organizing principle for most urban geographers who have built urban theory (David Harvey, Neil Smith, Doreen Massey and Ed Soja. • Influenced, in part, by the work of the French philosopher Henri Lefebvre, who argued that space is a social product and who asserted the centrality of space in organizing and sustaining capitalism. -society and space are linked (understand society then we can understand space) =term indicating the mutually relationship between society and space. how society operates and is governed is reflected by space

Revanchist City

• Urban policy has shifted away from redistribution (think Keynesian spatial policies, JMT, p. 68) toward a reassertion of class division. • Key element is the use of increased social control measures on marginalized populations. Often including an expansion of the 'police state' and surveillance. • Smith argued these practices increasingly used as an urban strategy for attracting capital and to enable gentrification -gentrification is displacing working class!!!

why is urban geography important?

•American life has become urban life (including suburbs) - 81% of Americans live in urban places. •Cities are a microcosm of the nation and help explain who we are. •Cities are not just collections of materials artifacts, but also sites where ideas and cultural values are expressed and power is exercised. •Unmasking the meanings of cities, landscapes and buildings reveals new understandings of cities past, present and future.

HOLC and residential security maps

•Confidential Residential Security maps for all major U.S. cities were prepared by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) in 1930s and 1940s (at request of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board - via 1934 Housing Act.) •Special assistance from "competent local real estate brokers and mortgage lenders, believed to represent a fair and composite opinion of the best qualified local people". -Redlind NOT caused by residential security maps -HOLC is about federally insured loans -maps indicated which neighborhoods could be trusted with financing