Geography of Japan and Korea- final

- What changes to Japan are especially associated with the Meiji Restoration?

Rapid program of industrialization and trade with the outside world began New class structures: samurai/capitalist elite and farmers and workers loss of status

- Japan has territorial disputes with Russia and China. What are these disputes all about?

Russia- north of Japan, Kurile islands disputed between them since 1945. Japan wants the string of islands close to Japan, believes Kuriles should be under their control, but Russia doesn't agree. Russian soldiers stationed on the tip of islands China- Senkaku Islands dispute, south of Japan and Okinawa. Japan wants control, Taiwan/China consider them Chinese islands. (Three Way Struggle) Uotsuri Island Korea- East Sea or Sea of Japan? Considered differently officially (on maps) by both countries. Source of pride. -Take-shima or Tok-do? Small islands disputed, small population on islands but colonized by Japan in 1910-1945, but Korea wants control of them

- What are the major metropolitan areas that make up the Japanese megalopolis?

Tokyo; Ueno district (university, museum). Shopping districts Tokyo Disneyland gets more visitors than Disneyworld and Disneyland Nagoya region (2nd largest), industrial, finance, and banking (Service industries). JR Central Towers. Cost 200bil yen, 30mil visitors in 2000. Contains an office, wing, hotel... Central Japan (Chubu) International airport Osaka (historic castle town). Kansai International Airport. Kobe (neighbor to Osaka), experienced an earthquake a few years ago Hiroshima (basically rebuilt as an urban area after atomic bomb; rebuilt due to its port and flat land available)

Case study: Fukushima disaster

nuclear plant exploded due to the 3/11/11 Triple Disaster (Great Sendai Earthquake) Long term impacts- contaminated radioactive land, Japan has essentially walled off the radioactive area and has allowed elders to move back to their villages in the zone. Displaced many people who are still living in temporary homes/mobile homes.

Case study: Itai-Itai disease

-Cadmium poisoning from mining operations has also affected a number of communities in Japan, especially in Toyama Prefecture. (Honshu) - "the fish in the river started to die, and the rice irrigated with river water did not grow well. The cadmium and other heavy metals accumulated at the bottom of the river and in the water of the river. This water was then used to irrigate the rice fields. The rice absorbed heavy metals, especially the cadmium. The cadmium accumulated in the people eating contaminated rice."

- Describe the settlement pattern and population distribution patterns of the two countries.

-close correlation between good cultivated/agricultural land and population distribution -light pollution indicates population distribution, but not in North Korea (maybe a rule to keep lights off at night?) -(western) coastal areas are high density areas. South Korea is highly urbanized. East coast is more mountainous -South Korea is similar in some respects to Japan. There are many people in a relatively small area. In addition, most people are squeezed into about 30% of the land area, as the rest is largely in steep slopes and mountainsides.

- What do practitioners of Shinto believe?

-contains no moral code, set of scriptures, dogma, or creeds -range of supernatural beings, who created the earth and islands of Japan, their progeny, including Amaterasu (sun goddess), and various kami (localized spirits in tangible objects) -emphasis on the real world, not other worlds of heaven and hell -celebrates beauty, power of nature, sense of gratitude, purity and simplicity View of humans and nature- people are inherently good and the natural state of the cosmos is one of harmony in which divine, natural, and human elements are all related Simplicity and Purity- purification rituals at shrines are common. Visitors should ritually wash their hands and mouths before entering the shrine

Case study: Yokkaichi Asthma

Air Pollution "Yokkaichi asthma, one of the Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan occurred in the city of Yokkaichi in Mie Prefecture Japan between 1960-1972. The burning of petroleum and crude oil released large quantities of sulfur oxide that caused severe smog, resulting in severe cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma among the local inhabitants. The generally accepted sources of the sulfur oxide pollution were petrochemical processing facilities and refineries that were built in the area between 1957 -1973". -Air quality was so bad, and people got very sick from the TTP (particulates) -Air Pollution remains a serious concern despite great strides made by the Japanese -greenhouse gas emissions

- What is the nature of the North Korean military?

Branches: - KPA Ground Force - KPA Naval Force - KPA Air and Anti-Air Force - KPA Strategic Rocket Force - KPA Special Operation Force -North Korea now has the fourth-largest army in the world. It has an estimated 1.2-million-armed personnel, compared to about 650,000 in the South. Military spending equals 20%-25% of GNP. -As of 2021 it is the second largest military organization in the world, with 29.9% of the North Korean population actively serving, in reserve or in a paramilitary capacity -North Korean forces have a substantial numerical advantage over the South (approximately 2 or 3 to 1) in several key categories of offensive weapons--tanks, long-range artillery, and armored personnel carriers. -The North deploys the bulk of its forces well forward, along the DMZ. Several North Korean military tunnels under the DMZ were discovered in the 1970s.

- When did Buddhism arrive in Japan? (It began in India ~500 BC)

Buddhism came to Japan from China and Korea c. 538 AD (Buddhism was adopted by the ruling class)

- What are the major characteristics of the Henro?

Buddhist Pilgrimage on the Island of Shikoku (Henro Pilgrimage, most famous pilgrimage in Japan, 700 miles, 88 temples, supposed to dress in white; the color of the dead, symbolism of being dead to the world/separated from the rest of earth)

- Where was the capital of the unified Silla located? Where was the capital of the Yi Dynasty located?

Capital of unified Silla- Capital at Kyongju (SE South Korea) (Buddhists moved here and were given a lot of power) Capital of the Yi (Joson, Choson) Dynasty- The capital was moved to Seoul (1392) (Seoul was located where it was because of the feng shui)

- What are the names of the three leaders that North Korea has had since 1950?

Cult of the . . . Great Leader = Kim Il Sung (1912-1994); father/George Washington of NK Dear Leader = Kim Jong Il Supreme leader? = Kim Jong-Un

- What is significant about the DMZ from an environmental point of view?

DMZ as a Wildlife Sanctuary- Since 1950, there is no human presence in this corridor (de facto wildlife preserve in the DMZ) extending across the peninsula. This strip of land has been conserved. Fear of the area being destroyed if North and South Korea make amends. Dangerous with land mines and barbed wire, animals/wildlife/biodiversity have thrived here

- What were the impacts and results of Japanese colonization in Korea? What were some of the impacts of the Korean war?

Japan Occupation results-1915 (Japan's occupation) beginning to see new cities, by 1940s there was a dramatic increase in urban/majorly populated cities -South Koreans are more so adopting Western culture in fashion Korean War impacts- Although the war never officially ended, there has been only border skirmishes and mostly other small conflicts since 1953. Paranoia and suspicion have been high on both sides. -The two countries have embarked on dramatically different political and economic trajectories. The south became rapidly developed/mass transformation, while the north began to decline (much less economic development, especially since 1970, highly centralized and collectivized economy)

- What was the extent of the Japanese empire in 1942?

increasing in fascism, military, imperial conquests, economy (Zaibatsu), westernization of fashion and furniture

- Describe some features of traditional rural landscapes, such as village structure and architecture.

"Hanok is a term to describe Korean traditional houses. Korean architecture lends consideration to the positioning of the house in relation to its surroundings, with thought given to the land and seasons. The interior structure of the house is also planned accordingly. This principle is also called "Baesanimsu" literally meaning that the ideal house is built with a mountain in the back and a river in the front, with the ondol heated rock system for heating during cold winters and a wide daecheong front porch for keeping the house cool during hot summers. -Houses differ according to region. In the cold northern regions of Korea, houses are built in a closed square form to retain heat better. In the central regions, houses are 'L' shaped. Houses in the southernmost regions of Korea are built in an open 'I' form. Houses can also be classified according to class and social status." Ondol system- heated floors Modern Rural Settlements in South Korea- look like US, industrialized/metal buildings. Most work done by machines, electrified agriculture, indoor plumbing and heating. High productivity and national investment

- What is "the miracle on the Han River"?

"In the aftermath of the Korean War, South Korea grew from being one of the world's poorest countries to one of its richest. From the mid to late twentieth century, it has enjoyed one of the fastest rates of prolonged economic growth in modern world history. The nation's per capita gross national product has grown from only $100 in 1963 to $24,500 in 2007. This phenomenon has been referred to as the "Miracle on the Han River."

Case study: Dokai Bay

- "In the 1960s, Japan achieved rapid economic progress, in which Kitakyushu developed into one of the four largest industrial zones in Japan. However, the air and water were polluted; Dokai Bay was highly contaminated by industrial and domestic wastewater. This environmental pollution progressing to such an extent that the bay was called the 'Sea of Death.' However, residents, enterprises, research institutes and governmental agencies were united in the task of overcoming the pollution." (Northern Kyushu)

- What are some (2) significant developments or characteristics of Korea during the Yi (Chosun) dynasty?

- A new alphabet for the Korean language was created, so that Koreans had a means of writing in their own language in place of using Chinese. -*Neo-Confucianism became the most important philosophy (stratified/hierarchical society, government structured on neo-Confucianism ideals taken from China)

- What were some of the other types of cities present in Tokugawa Japan?

- Post station towns (shukuba machi) served the needs of travelers (merchants, pilgrims) - Religious towns (monzen machi) Grew up around major Buddhist and Shinto shrines / temples - Port towns (minato machi) there were very few of these (1-2), i.e., Nagasaki and Sakai. Japan was isolated not trading much/ at all with outside countries - Market towns (ichiba machi) Also very few of these, periodic markets - Hot spring towns (onsen machi) spa inns

- Why are there so many American soldiers and American military bases in Japan? Does Japan welcome US military presence or not?

-90 US military facilities in Japan and Okinawa (75% of their military facilities are in Okinawa). Okinawa is a prime location between other countries, meant to intimidate/put them in check Ex: Kadena Air Force Base (China and Korea feels threatened by their presence in Japan) -expensive to maintain bases. Suggest giving control to Japan, but that means they'd have their own military (no other country wants that). -local tensions. Criminal activities by US soldiers

- What are some important points of Korean etiquette?

-Although many Koreans will be familiar with American habits and mannerisms, the traditional values are still strong. -It is considered a personal affront to touch another person unless that person is a relative or close friend. -Koreans shake hands like Westerners, but the traditional Korean greeting is to bow from the waist. -Koreans believe that direct eye contact during conversations show boldness, and out of politeness they concentrate on the conversation, usually avoiding eye-to-eye contact. -When passing a gift, or any object to someone, use both hands. The right hand is used to pass the object, while the left hand is used in support. If the person receiving the gift is older, the person offering the gift bows the head slightly as a sign of respect. Passing with one hand is acceptable if the person receiving the gift is younger or lower in stature. -Remove your shoes when entering a Korean home or temple. When putting shoes back on at a temple, never sit on the steps with your back to the area of worship.

- Describe some of the changes that took place in S. Korea 1960-1990 regarding population and migration.

-Between 1945 and 1985, the urban population of South Korea grew from 14.5 percent to 65.4 percent of the total population (under Japan occupation, Japan contributed to the growth of cities/population) -About half of the people in South Korea now live in Seoul (urban primacy) or surrounding areas. One city dominates the urban areas of a country (compared to Bangkok) -Net migration occurred in spurring urban areas like Seoul, along the southern/western/eastern coasts of South Korea (1960-1985)

- What are the basic economic and social conditions in North Korea, as far as we can tell?

-DPRK's economy, in fact, began a severe decline in 1990's. 1993-1996 the GDP declined by 50%. Aim for economic development: -Inter-Korea trade expanded by 28% in 2000 from the previous year. Some South Korean companies are now starting up factories in the North to take advantage of lower wages. "Kaesŏng Industrial Park is being developed. . ., as a collaborative economic development with South Korea. It is located six miles north of the Korean Demilitarized Zone with direct road and rail access to South Korea and an hour's drive from Seoul. Construction started in June 2003. The industrial park opened in December 2004. -The park allowed South Korean companies to employ cheap labor that is educated, skilled, and fluent in Korean, whilst providing North Korea with an important source of foreign currency. Social Conditions: -natural disasters affected agricultural output in 1996, 1997 and 2000. -Crop yields fell in the 1990's due to loss of fuels and fertilizer as well as environmental degradation. -people were eating grass, or starving -In the 1990's, crop yields in some years were also greatly reduced due to drought and floods. -Some shortages continue -belief that American soldiers are evil -many have tried escaping Nuclear Proliferation: North Korea seems to be taking an extreme position on the creation of nuclear weapons. -North Korea became increasingly isolated and less supported after the fall of the Soviet Union -They feel threatened by US forces, and the US has many nuclear weapons. Nuclear test first conducted Fall 2006, and various tests of warheads and missiles since then. North Korea conducted a record number of missile tests in 2022, including the first when a missile crossed over Japan

- What were the significance of 'castle towns' (joka machi) and what changes did they undergo during the Tokugawa Period from approximately 1600-1868? After 1868?

-During the Tokugawa Period, the various castles began to serve as central places, and urban functions began to take place outside of the walls, e.g. commerce, services, etc. -In the latter part of the period, merchants and merchant families played increasingly important roles in society and government- whereas before they had been marginalized -Current/modern day prefectures and their capitals reflect pattern of castle towns (same locations are still major urban centers)

- In what ways is the topography of Korea similar to that of Japan?

-Hills and mountains cover nearly 70% of land, 30% is flat land that's farmable which is typically found on the west coast (Seoul). Typical high relief pattern across Korea (like Japan) -similar topography to Japan (15% flat/arable land)

- What was Korea like before the three kingdoms period?

-Hunting and gathering began being supplemented by early agricultural production. *Farming began (around the same time as it had in China) Bronze Age in Korea: c. 900 BC - 300 BC- Many bronze artifacts have been recovered from this period. Ancient burial tombs (dolmens, stone tombs under a mound of dirt/earthly stuff) and standing stones are characteristic. The people from the Bronze Age tended to live on the high ground surrounding a stream or an area good for agriculture. The towns were usually small ones and sometimes they were walled in. Rice was cultivated.

- What are the 4 basic principles of 'Juche" philosophy?

-Ideology promoted by the government -Mankind is master of its own destiny -masses need guidance from supreme leader (Kim Il Sung the 'Great Leader' and now his son, Kim Jong Il, the 'Dear Leader' and now Kim Jong-Un 'Supreme Leader of the Masses') -**Self-reliance and self-sufficiency are important

What are the five main industrial regions of Japan?

-Industry and manufacturing have been clustered around major ports. Recently, many of the new developments in Japan have been moving away from central cities to more suburban and semi-rural locations. 1.Keihin Region- Centered on Tokyo Bay and surrounding inland areas of Tokyo, Kawasaki, and Yokohama -First in value of industrial good produced. Consists of steel mills, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, shipyards, food-processing, precision machinery, and thermoelectric plants 2.Chukyo Industrial Region- Centered around the of Nagoya. Major industries include: automobiles (e.g. Toyota city), chemical products, petroleum refining, steel, and machinery 3.Tokai Region- lies between Nagoya and Tokyo along the Pacific Coast. Musical instruments, paper, etc. 4.Hanshin Region (aka Keihanshin or Kinki Industrial Belt)- centered on Osaka and Osaka Bay. Metals, iron and steel, electronics 5.Setouchi Region- location: Western Japan. Iron and steel, chemicals, shipbuilding, transport machinery, oil refinery

- Is Japan self-sufficient in energy? If not, what are the implications of economic growth in Japan on world oil reserves or on the continued well-being of the Japanese economy if oil supplies are jeopardized?

-Japan has been one of the major consumers of energy over the last century and a major contributor to greenhouse gases -Japan now must import most of its energy in the form of coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. Energy Use per capita: -Japan has been and remains far below the US on a per capita basis (Japan is in the middle of all countries on a per capita basis) - "Japan is the most energy-efficient developed country on earth, according to most specialists, who say it is much better prepared than the United States to prosper in an era of higher global energy prices. And if there is any lesson that Japan can offer to Americans, they say, it is that there is no one fix-all solution to living with oil above $50 a barrel. - "Companies like Mitsubishi Heavy Industries are now reaping the benefits in booming overseas sales of their highly efficient electric turbines, steel blast furnaces and other industrial machinery, particularly in the United States. The environment ministry forecasts that exports will help turn energy conservation into a $7.9 billion industry in Japan by 2020, about 10 times its size in 2000."

- Describe Japan in terms of GNI/PPP/capita. How has this indicator changed over the last 50 years? How does Japan compare with the rest of East Asia and the world?

-Japan has the third largest economy in the world GNI/PPP/capita in 2021: Japan $43,760. China $17,200 South Korea $43,480 (like Japan) US $66,060 World $17,535 -pronounced/rapid growth rate in the post war period from 1950-1990 -Japan's economy grew very slowly after 1991. Unemployment in early 2000s and during COVID and Great Recession (suicide rate and homelessness correlated to unemployment rate)

- What new territories did Japan acquire or colonize between the late 1800's and ~ 1930's?

-Manchuria & Sakhalin Island (Russia), Taiwan & Korea (China) -parts of China, Korea, and Taiwan by 1912

Besides Korea, where else in the world are there large concentrations of ethnic Koreans? (Name 4 regions)

-Millions of Koreans have left Korea and now live in various places around the world (China, former SU, US, esp. Chicago, NYC, and Japan)

- Describe the annual pattern of precipitation at most locations in Korea. What explains that pattern?

-Seoul gets monsoonal rain, Jeju (south) gets moisture all year round basically a sponge, fair amount of precipitation but volcano takes in the water nearly immediately Koeppen- d type climate (cold, dry winters, some c areas farther south and along the coast). Maritime effect along the coast (temperate climate)

- What are the major religions practiced in South Korea today?

-Shamanism (influenced by Chinese religions) -Buddhism (mostly Buddhists in earlier periods, officially not recognized eventually, but still practiced). -Confucianism -Daoism -Christianity (missionaries, Roman Catholic, many converted) (after Korean War, north became officially atheist, south dramatically became Christian, evangelical groups (Yoido Full Gospel Church founded in 1958, largest Christian congregation in the world, 480k members in South Korea). South is very diverse religiously, but most are Christian or Shaman). Protestantism has grown since the post-war period -Up to half of the South Korean population is now Christian. Catholic missionaries have been in Korea for more than 200 years. Most of the post war growth has been in Protestant and Evangelical denominations.

- What impacts did Japanese colonization have on the economy of Korea?

-Some industrialization and infrastructure development (factories, roads, telegraph lines, schools) "Japanese rule in Korea only lasted 35 years yet left an indelible legacy. The country was relentlessly modernized with new roads, railroads, telegraph lines and new schools. However, Koreans became worse off as time went on." -the Korean economy (under the Japanese) underwent significant change. Japan's initial colonial policy was to increase agricultural production in Korea to meet Japan's growing need for rice

Compare the population characteristics (e.g., RNI, TFR, age/sex structures) of the two Koreas.

-South Korea has a lower RNI and TFR than North Korea, but their stats are often kept secret -very alarming South Korea's TFR (total fertility rate) being below 1, indicates flipped age population pyramid. Narrow population pyramid -South Korea, the RNI (rate of natural increase) changes along with TFR (exponentially declining) -sex selective abortions in South Korea (sons/males are preferred) -having to go overseas for a wife (uneven sex ratio, more men than women) (ex: Vietnamese women marrying South Korean men) (1/10 marriages in South Korea had a foreign spouse) -both Japan and Korea face this challenge of an aging population, but Korea is more extreme. "By 2050, the median age of the population of Korea is projected to be 57 years, making it the most elderly nation in the world. In contrast, at present, Japan has the oldest median age at 43 years, while Korea's stands at 37years." -South Koreans are living longer

- What environmental impacts are associated with golf in Japan?

-There were only 72 golf courses in 1956. Now, there are a total of around 2,500. - "The total area of these golf courses is approximately 2560 km2, or 0.67% of the total area of the country." Impacts include: -Destruction of natural landforms and biological communities (golf courses number around 2,500 but there were only 72 in 1950s). Many factors related to the creation of golf courses, they are not biologically diverse or an environmentally sustainable use of land -Chemical Pollution: Fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides - "An 18-hole golf course requires three to four tons of various germicides, herbicides, and pesticides every year to keep the green and fairways healthy, to combat weeds, and kill insects. Some of these chemicals are carcinogenic, while others are known to cause deformities and nerve damage. There have been reports of massive fish kills in fish hatcheries polluted by toxins in the water from golf courses." -Water supply and quality: golf courses have only ¼ the water retention capacity of an equivalent forest area. Most rainwater simply runs off the greens and fairways.

- What were some of the impacts of the US occupation of Japan after WWII?

-US began re-building of infrastructure -new construction and government (US wrote their constitution): belligerency (outlawed having their own army), women allowed to vote, freedom of religion and speech, decentralized government, Shinto no longer state religion, many Americans were and still are stationed in Japan -land reform (US took land from individuals) -re-building of Japan's economy -cold war alliance

- Describe major characteristics of urban areas in NK. (Ex: Pyongyang)

-freeways in urban areas are mostly unused (cars are typically military or NK officials driving by) -Kaesong has modern + traditional buildings (Ex: Kaesong Industrial Park) -Wonsan (east coast) -Hamhung (still not many vehicles) -murals portraying the leaders Pyongyang: -largest, NK capital, modernized after the war in Soviet style (mixed with some modern style, ex: convention center), built along Taedong River -murals of leaders, streetcars (and non-extensive subway system), sport stadium, science and technology university (chiefly men attend), amusement parks, cell phones (censored/monitored) -Ryugyong Hotel (large, tall, pyramid building, probably not many rooms are occupied) -most murals/billboards portray leaders/nationalism and promotes the revolution -chiefly, government officials can leave the country for trips, but average citizens can't travel out of NK, even to China

- Describe some of the general characteristics of rural areas.

-high relief topography they use to farm, indicates they're desperate -mountain sides are bare, unforested due to cutting firewood -countryside people use bikes, avoid checkpoints, massive use of pesticides -doing laundry in the river (traditionally) -steam trains and vehicles -collective farming (no privatization of farmland)

- Why are Korea and China still angry at Japan regarding its imperial past? Why might Japan be hesitant to resolve these longstanding concerns?

-lack of formal apologies, e.g., issue of 'comfort women' and compensation (they still haven't acknowledged/ recognized/ formally apologized for their actions) -controversial rituals (ceremonies celebrated martyrs, people who died) -school history textbooks (glorifying their part in war) Dark side of Japanese Imperialism: -Japanese military was responsible for several war crimes and civilian massacres -The Rape of Nanjing 1937, Bataan Death March 1942 -'Medical' experimentation on Chinese prisoners often resulting in torture and death (concentration camps for prisoners like Jews being held in Holocaust, both resulted in torture and death) -enslavement of thousands of women in brothels and forced prostitution (200-410,000 comfort women) (only 25% survived and many contracted diseases and couldn't have children due to injury) -Japanese governments are slow and hesitant to accept responsibility and acknowledge their unhumanitarian/inhumane actions. Every time Japan celebrated one of their wrongdoings it is condemned by China and Korea -shrine exists (visited by Prime Minister) to worship the deaths of innocent people

- What are some of the issues of water supply in Korea? What are some of the major characteristics of Korean rivers?

-low precipitation in Korea, in South Korea they've experienced water shortages. They've dammed up many of their rivers, they fill their reservoirs during the summer and use it during dry season (winter). Han River (goes through Seoul). Great fluctuation in deepness/water supply depending on time of year -the river reaches are relatively short and channel slopes are relatively steep and drop steeply -floods occur quickly and peak flood discharged are enormous (precipitation quickly fills streams especially in the summer when riverbanks typically overflow, during wet season summer months) -flow variations are high (in winter, flood bed may be wide with little-to-no water in them) Yalu river- borders China and North Korea. Chinese soldiers crossed the river in the Korean War Tumen river is north of the Yalu River. The few people that have escaped North Korea escaped here, favorable due to the steep topography Taedong River- goes through the capital Pyongyang, largest river in Korea

- What was the basis of the economy during the Yi Dynasty (1392-1910)?

-mainly agriculture, feudalism

- What factors have led to the 'economic miracle' of Japan? How is it that such a resource poor country has become so wealthy?

-natural resources don't reflect the strength of the economy of a country Export Oriented Industrialization- exports $729bil. Main export partners: China 22%, USA 18%, South Korea 7%, ASEAN 14% -imports $742bil (mainly natural resources). Main import partners: China 26%, ASEAN 16%, EU 11%, US 11% -industrialized, free market economy, EOI strategy.

- Describe the procession of the four seasons in Korea.

-summer is hot and humid due to the maritime pacific high. The transitional seasons of spring and autumn are sunny and generally dry. -no grasslands, deserts, or steppes, but everything is well-watered. A lot of snow in January

- Compare the geologic hazards of Korea vs. Japan.

-typhoons (hurricanes/windstorms) -floods (Korea and Japan typically flood in summer) -droughts -landslides (steep hills and mountains in Korea and Japan)

- Be able to describe the 4 main factors that have contributed to the rapid growth and success of the South Korean economy.

1) US Economic Aid- Foreign economic assistance was essential to the country's recovery from the Korean War in the 1950s-1960s 2) Rural Development Schemes- Saemaul Undong Movement: an example of a rural development initiative (how to develop a rural economy) (1970s). "10 Improvement Guidelines" in the early stage and distributed 335 bags of cement to each of about 35,000 villages in Korea" 3) Industrial Development Schemes- Secondary Sector: Industry and Manufacturing Initiatives. They followed Japan's EOI. They focused on manufacturing items that were intended mostly for export rather than domestic consumption. 4) Role of Education- Statistics demonstrate the success of South Korea's national education programs. In 1945 the adult literacy rate was estimated at 22%; by 1970 adult literacy was 87.6% and by the late 1980s various sources estimated it at around 93%."

- What role does Japan play in global environmental issues?

1. Pollution exporting 2. Deforestation of tropical and other forests of the world 3. High Levels of Resource Consumption 4. 'scientific' whaling and world's fisheries exploitation

- What are some of the major environmental concerns of Japan today? (List 7)

1. Water pollution (both point and non-point sources) 2. Greenhouse gas emissions 3. Air pollution and acid rain (from both domestic and international sources) 4. Loss of biodiversity 5. Loss of wetlands and coastal estuaries (most have been lost) 6. Impact of golf courses 7. Radioactive emissions and accidents

- Who was Hideyoshi and why is he significant in Japanese history? (1537-1598)

1537-1598. Shogun, completed the unification of Japan and subjugation of local daimyos to central authority -Hideyoshi encountered a scarcity of land to be given as a reward to war lords (daimyo) who fought for him, and thus decided to invade Korea with an ambition to control the whole area of Asia

- Characterize industrial development in Japan between 1868 and 1940. Between 1950 and present?

1868- goal of Meiji Restoration was to prevent another Commodore Perry event from happening (protect themselves). So, they made intensive effort to rebuild Japan industrially (industrial revolution) 1868-1912- growing power of commercial and industrial sectors. Factory workers were growing to be overwhelmingly women (same case in Europe at the time) -first railroad built in 1872. Rail lines by 1906 -Introduction of steam powered ships -bankers, corporate, etc became more important and powerful (industrial sectors) Post-War Growth 1950-1990- 1970s Oil embargo from OPEC. Began re-building of infrastructure. New constitution and government -Land reform. Re-building of economy 1920s-1930s (like the roaring 20s in America) Moga- urban extravagance Post 1990- somewhat rapid increase/growth of economy

- What have been the major changes to the megalopolis in the last couple of decades?

1940- 38% urban (WW2, firebomb, atomic bomb), declined until 1950 1950- 37% urban, rapid urbanization until 1960 1960- 63% urban (rapid economic growth) 1970- 72% urban, (urbanization continues to slow down, but not decrease)

- When does Japanese culture first emerge in Japan?

300BC (Yayoi people)

- About how many Shinto Shrines are there in Japan?

80,000 Shinto Shrines across Japan

- What is a chaebol?

A large grouping of inter-related companies often with family ties Chaebols- Korean term for a conglomerate of many companies clustered around one parent company. The companies usually hold shares in each other and are often run by one family. They are like the keiretsu in Japan. Current largest Chaebols include Hyundai, Samsung, LG, Daewoo, and SK -The companies usually hold shares in each other and are often run by one family. -The top chaebol represents a large portion of all bank credit in South Korea, most of the value added in manufacturing, and most of all South Korean exports

- What percent of the Japanese population are Christian?

About a half million Japanese are Roman Catholics (less than 1%)

- Describe the basic economic and cultural characteristics of Japan before 710 AD.

Agricultural systems- Wet rice dominant -Increasingly stratified society -Trade routes and connections with China and Korea (ships)

- What roles do each of the following sectors (i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary) play in the Japanese economy? How has that changed over time?

Agriculture (primary)- Smaller contribution to GDP and employment: - 1955 23% GDP ~41% labor force - 1999 ~1% GDP < 5% labor force -However, agriculture is still a major land use category (~13% of Japan's land total) and plays a key role in Japanese society. -tertiary has seen a continual increase, secondary decreased, agriculture peaked around 1970. 50-year period (1950-1990ish) of economic/industry change

- Describe the social structure of Tokugawa Japan, including daimyo, emperor, shogun, samurai, farmers, merchants and artisans. How was this structure manifested on the landscape?

Emperor- more of a figurehead during these periods Shogun- military head, although limited in power until the Tokugawa (Edo) Period -Real power was with shogun who lived in Edo (Tokyo), and not emperor who stayed in Kyoto Daimyo- feudal landlords and their families (most power in these families) Bakufu- shogun's army 99% of the people- The classes (from highest) were warriors (Samurai), peasants (farmers), artisans, and at the bottom were the merchants

- What are some of the major components and characteristics of the transportation system of Japan?

Exceedingly well developed - one of the best transportations systems in world. Most sophisticated and integrated in the world -Includes rail (railway, aka bullet trains, high-speed rail), automobile, ports, and air travel. It's all interconnected. Always on time, signs in multiple languages, can transfer from a rail to a subway line. Japan was the first to have high-speed rail, some European countries have incorporated it, but US (California) hasn't yet but is planning to. -vast network of bridges, tunnels, and highways and rail lines

- What is Ryoanji? Where is it?

Famous Zen rock garden in Kyoto (c. 1488 AD) (supposed to initiate witnesses with a Zen experience. Every day Buddhists rake the sand/rocks) -located near Kyoto

- What were some of the major aspects of the traditional rural landscapes of Korea? (5 major aspects)

Harubang- 'grandfather' statues on Cheju Do (island south of South Korea) folk religion, special to this part of Korea Buddhist temples- during Yi Dynasty, Buddhist centers moved to the mountains/isolated when it was no longer the official religion/officially recognized Haein-sa- home of the Tripitaka Koreana (new building recently built to house the national treasure of books, but they had adapted to being in a building without walls and the books became moldy when enclosed recently, so they were moved back) -unique Stupas at Mai-San (2 mountains resembling horse ears). Giant jigsaw puzzle of rocks fitting together to create the stupas -most old-volcanoes don't exist. Mostly granite, not like Japan despite seemingly looking like Japan. Steep slopes make for stairs and walls -Hahoe folk village (alluvial plain) not much flat land to build on, some at bottoms of mountains/hillsides. Village has been turned into a museum, not lived in, but resembles old Korea -unique traditional homes; courtyards like Chinese homes, but since north/south Korea is cold, floors are made of paper (sturdy), homes are heated through Ondol System (duct system under floors, connected to kitchen, but able to heat through the floors); partly the reason why people sit on floors and don't wear shoes in their homes

- Where in Korea would you find: the highest mountains, coastal mud flats, rocky coasts, a long and linear nature reserve, or most of the flat land

Highest mountains- Mt. Paektu- the highest point in Korea is 9,000ft (half of the old volcano is in China). Hamgyŏng Mountains (watershed between China and the ocean), also called the Korean Alps, they constitute the highest range of Korea, with 72 peaks rising higher than 6,600 feet (2,000 m). Coastal mud flats- High tides and extensive mud flats or intertidal wetlands near Inchon- coast along the Yellow Sea, relatively flat, issues getting ships to shore Rocky coasts- Southern islands- rocky shorelines, 3,000 small islands (most uninhabited). Ullung-do Island in the East Sea (Sea of Japan to Japanese)- disputed territory (one of many). Rocky island, Korea and Japan claim it as part of their territory. Located in the ocean near the tip of the Soebeck (Mountain) Range Long & linear nature reserve- DMZ (unintended nature reserve, spanning east to west) or spanning from north to south, in the mid-east between Wonsan and Soebeck Mountains (Jiri/Chiri-san) Most of Korea's flat land- along the west coast

- What are the characteristics of the Jomon and Yayoi periods.

Jomon- entirely hunting & gathering. Basis of traditional wooden architecture. Extensive trade networks through Japan Yayoi- Korean migrants lived in Southern (Honshu & Shikoku) Japan in 350BC. Wet rice cultivation, copper weapons, and stratified societies.

- What are kami? torii?

Kami- "Kami are a difficult concept to translate as there is no direct similar construct in English. Kami is generally accepted to describe the innate supernatural force that is above the actions of man, the realm of the sacred, and is inclusive of gods, spirit figures, and human ancestors." -often shown in anime, spirits of a certain locales or clans, spirits associated with landscape features, exceptional human beings, or even abstract creative forces -Shrines are located where the kami spirits reside. The actual embodiment of the spirit is known as shintai or mitamishiro. The sacred region around a shintai is known as shiniki. The term yoroshino describes a 'landing site' of a divinity. Torii are gates, or markers indicating the locale/entryway of kami (spirits) and where they reside. Typically, red/orange and made of wood

- In what ways does the geology of Korea differ from the geology of Japan?

Korea has different geology (granite rocks making up the mountains), but both are covered in mountain ranges

- What are some of the distinctive characteristics of the Korean written language?

Korean Language- Hangul. For many years, Koreans used Chinese characters to write Korean. In 1400s, they developed their own writing system which uses an alphabet instead of characters. Easier to learn Korean than Chinese language. In newspapers, some Chinese characters are still used/mixed with Korean alphabet

- Why is there a de-militarized zone on the Korean peninsula and where is it located? (n.b. it is one of the most militarized zones in the world - just not the center where people are not allowed to go)

Korean War- Since 1953, the Korean Peninsula has been divided into two countries: Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea). Never an official end to the Korean War. -The DMZ extends roughly 150 miles in length (roughly) along the 38th parallel and is two and a half miles wide, or six miles wide, if one includes each country's "buffer zones." Buffer zones are the two-to-three-mile strips on either side of the DMZ, which are used to facilitate border protection. Within these zones there's a lot of military presence, considered highly militarized and high tension (on both sides) (guards, fences). -In South Korea, every man goes into the military. South Korea has built barbed wire fences along much of the (east) coastline.

- What are some of the things you can learn or infer from Korean names?

Korean names usually have three parts: the family or surname placed first, and a name identifying the generation, alternating each generation to second or third place with th given personal name. Example: Suh Byung-su and his brother Suh Byung-min are from the Byung generation while their father Suh In-sok is from the Sok generation. -There are only around 200 family names in Korea and the five most frequent - Kim, Pa(r)k, Yi (Lee), Choi (Choe) and Oh - cover about 70% of the population. Because of the inconsistencies of translating names from Hangul to Roman characters, spellings of these names vary. For instance, Yi is also spelled in English as Lee and Rhee -Korean women keep their maiden names after marriage and do not assume their husbands' surname. Children carry their father's surname. -Family names are traditional clan names, and each has a village from which it comes. Thus, there is a difference between Kim who comes from Kwong-ju and Kim who comes from Kimhae. -If at all possible, Koreans avoid calling a person directly by his name. Instead, they use his title, position, trade, profession, scholastic rank or some honorific form such as "teacher." Parents often are addressed as the equivalent of "Jimmy's mommy" or "Susie's daddy," rather than "Mrs. Kim." Families -not very diverse -traditional and modern families -low TFR in Korea overall (1 child per family, smaller than traditional families)

- What were the first two Japanese capital cities and what were they like? Where were they located?

Nara- Heijo period (710-794AD). Buddhist influence on government and culture Jori system- all land was owned by the state and granted to the people -on Honshu, the main island, near Osaka Kyoto- Blossoming of arts and growing Japanese identity, e.g., Tale of Genji. Pacification of most of Honshu (under Japan's expanded control) -built near Nara, which was an abandoned capital city

- What were some of the characteristics of medieval Japan?

Period of weak central control and great conflicts between various families and daimyos (lords of regions, which were controlled/ruled by the central government which was weakening)

- What religions did Koreans practice before the Korean War? How has religious practice changed since that time?

Pre-War- Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism flourished -increase in prevalence of Christianity post-Korean War in South Korea -In North Korea, there was an overall decline in any kind of religious activity and formal institutions, except perhaps the religion of state and dear leaders. Officially atheist country. Their official "religion" (political ideology) is Jeuche

- What is so remarkable about the SE maritime industrial region?

SE Maritime Industrial Region- "This region began to grow as an international center for commerce and industrial power in the late 1970's, during which the South Korean government began to introduce national development plans to spur the South Korean industry. The results were shocking: within a decade, small fishing wharfs like Busan and Ulsan grew into densely populated cities with over two million people each. Meanwhile, industries like car manufacturing and shipbuilding, never heard of before in South Korea, progressed ahead with ferocious speed." 'Busan has become the world's third largest trading harbor in terms of total cargo volume 'Ulsan, Geoje, and Busan, specialize in car manufacturing and shipbuilding. Korean shipbuilding companies such as Hyundai Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering, and Samsung Heavy Industries overtook Japanese shipbuilding firms as the world's best.' "The Ulsan plant sits on a 1,233 acres site, . . . It is Hyundai Motor Company's main production facility, comprised of five independent plants. It has over 34,000 employees and a daily average production capacity of 5,600 vehicles (ships too, not just cars). The plant also has its own port where up to three, 50,000-ton ships can anchor at the same time. Being the world's largest, the Ulsan Plant is the birthplace of the Korean automobile industry and is a self-contained facility that operates its own fire station, hospital, and patrol cars."

- What characteristics do people in North Korea and South Korea share? In what ways are they different? (5 similarities and 4 differences)

SIMILARITIES: -language -Confucian legacy and societal norms -shared history: pre-history and Dynastic period. Colonial period -dietary preferences and other customs -hope for eventual reunification (Olympic teams and reunification flag had symbolized Olympic Team) DIFFERENCES: -political systems (north is communist, one-party, emperor-like system) -economic models (south is capitalist, EOI, integrated into world economy) (north is isolated, less economic success despite head start in 1950s) -level of development (south GNI/per capita is similar to Japan) -current lifestyles (K pop not found in north)

- Where were the following kingdoms located: Silla, Koguryo, and Paekche?

Silla Kingdom- SE (South Korea) Koguryo Kingdom- north (today's North Korea) Paekche Kingdom- SW (South Korea) -kingdoms lasted over 3 centuries, all spoke Korean and had Korean culture

- Is South Korea a developed or less developed country?

South Korea: (GNI/PPP/cap 2021) $43,480 "a newly developed economy"

- Describe the developments and changes in the urban system in the four stages since 1870.

Stage I: 1870- 1930 -10% urban in 1868 to 24% urban in 1930 -rural to urban migration -decline in rural workforce Stage II: 1930-1950 1930 24% 1940 38% urban increase 1950 37% urban decrease -development of metropolitan areas -rapid growth from 1930-1940 -effect of WW2 firebombing and evacuation (in 1944, end of war) -first subway built in Osaka in 1930s Stage III: 1950-1970 a. 37% to 72% urban proportion of the population (rapid urbanization, massive rural to urban migration) b. Massive rural to urban migration - migration to Tokyo peaks in 1962 c. Concentration of population in metro areas: Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kyoto, and Kobe d. Expansion of urban areas into surrounding (farmland) areas -Godzilla (threatens urban development, idea derived from bombs) Stage IV: 1970-2000 a. % Urban goes from 72% to 78% b. Cities grow, but at a slower rate (reached the peak of urbanization/growth, their population may decline, many countries face population decline) c. Some sprawl -probably in Stage V today

- What are some of the demographic characteristics of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PRK, North Korea)?

Total population =25.9mil RNI 0.4 TFR 1.9 IMR 12 (4x greater than SK, indicates poor access to healthcare, clean water, and nutrition) Age structure 20/9 % Urban 62% GDP/PPP/Cap (estimate) $1700 (unknown because NK doesn't share their stats) -significantly different than South Korea

Case study: Minamata Bay

Water Pollution "Minamata disease . . .is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms. A congenital form of the disease can also affect fetuses in the womb. -Minamata disease was first discovered in Minamata city (off Kyushu) in 1956. It was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation's chemical (plastic) factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968. This highly toxic chemical bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea, which when eaten by the local populace resulted in mercury poisoning. While cat, dog, pig and human deaths continued over more than 30 years, the government and company did little to prevent the pollution. -As of March 2001, 2,265 victims had been officially recognized (1,784 of whom had died) and over 10,000 had received financial compensation from Chisso Water Pollution- Organic materials (sewage, plant and animal waste materials, even sticks) attracts bacteria which uses up food/oxygen typically used by sea life (fish) -Fertilizers (poison, grows algae/algal blooms which are toxic, overload/accumulation of nitrogen from fertilizers causes algae) -Toxic compounds (Pesticides. Herbicides. PCBs. Synthetic carbon compounds. Heavy metals)

Case study: Ashio mine

Water Pollution 1. 1877, the mine was producing about 46 tons of copper each year 2. 1907, the mine was producing about 6350 tons per year. (Copper mining was a huge deal and greatly increased after Meiji Restoration, big factor in environmental impacts of deforestation) "It is said that before the introduction of the Ashio mining activities, the surrounding area was densely forested, just as the mountains of Nikko are today. In addition to the damage brought about by the excessive intrusion of various chemical poisons, the mine used a great deal of wood and charcoal as fuel, and to meet these additional energy requirements a very great number of trees were cut down in the surrounding mountains. Because of the denudation of the forest areas, the Watarase River overflowed its banks even after a small amount of rain, and after a short spell of fine weather the river would be emptied of water in no time. The flood caused poisoning of agricultural products daily, because a great deal of acid-laden water was discharged from the mine and from the standing slag and unused ore piles, which contained unremoved copper and other poison elements. Other heavy metals and acids were also leaked from the slag and unused ore piles."

- How would you describe the social structure during the Yi Dynasty? (Yangban, Sangmin, Cheonmin, and Kisaeng/gisaeng)

Yangban were rich landowners, or slave owners because they had indentured servants/slaves who worked on the land they owned Sangmin consisted of peasants, laborers, fishermen, some craftsmen and merchants Cheonmin were the lowest class; slaves, butchers, shamans, shoemakers, metalworkers, nobi, magicians, sorcerers, prisoners, jailkeepers, and performers such as acrobats, kisaeng, and prostitutes. Kisaeng (also spelled gisaeng), sometimes called ginyeo, were female Korean entertainers (like the women in Japan, consorts of the rich). Kisaeng are artists who work to entertain others, such as the Yangbans and kings. Kisaeng, both historic and fictional, play an important role in Korean conceptions of the traditional culture of the Joseon Dynasty.

- What is a zaibatsu? What is a keiretsu? What are the different types of keiretsus? How have they helped determine Japan's economy?

Zaibatsu - prior to WWII -Japan before WWII was dominated by four large Zaibatsus: Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Yasuda. These were largely (initially) family-owned organizations and were involved in steel, international trading, banking and other key sectors in the economy and controlled by a holding company which established financial links between the different members (like US's monopoly businesses). Large, influential banks were part of these conglomerates, providing necessary funds. The US broke several of these up during the occupation after WWII (blamed Japanese militarization on the Zaibatsus, their reaction was to initiate Keiretsus). Keiretsu - after WWII (big cooperations) -A Japanese term describing a conglomeration of companies organized around a single bank for their mutual benefit. The companies sometimes, but not always, own equity in each other. -Mitsubishi is a prime example of keiretsu. A full 29 firms are a part of the Mitsubishi Group. Some of these are Mitsubishi Motors, Mitsubishi Petrochemicals and Mitsubishi Electric. The bank they are centered around is the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi. (All under one keirestsu) -stable and reliable supply chain The Leading Vertical or Distribution Keiretsu: The Automobile Industry 1. Toyota Group (owns all means of production for Toyota products) 2. Nissan Group 3. Honda Group 4. Daihatsu Motors 5. Isuzu ii. Electronics 1. Hitachi 2. Toshiba 3. Sanyo 4. Matsushita 5. Sony

- What are Shinto shrines like?

similar architecture to Buddhist temples. Torii (red gates) upon entering the shrine.