Geography

. Judaism has how many followers?

- 14,111,000

What is the major means of population control used in India? -

- sterilization

. What is the definition of physiological density? --

The density of population per unit of cropland

When did Iran become serious about birth control?

- 1993

What is the approximate world population currently

- 6 billion

Most of the world's population is concentrated in which Köppen climate family?

- C-Midlatitude Humid Climates

Which is the world's most populous country?

- China

Which of the major religions are universalizing religions?

- Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

What are the problems associated with rapidly aging populations?

- Mostly found in developed (rich) countries: increasing percent of elderly people - higher medical costs - problem of caring for elderly (particularly when they decline mentally and/or physically) - social programs place a greater burden on a declining worker segment of the population

India and the United Kingdom have approximately the same arithmetic density. What does this mean?

- This means that they have approximately the same number of people per area of land

What name is given to a type of world map drawn so that the size of each country is the reflection of its population rather than its size in land area?

- cartogram

What is the entire area throughout which the broadest unit of culture (like a family of related cultures) prevails called?

- culture realm

By what process have cultural phenomena achieved the distribution they currently have?

- diffusion (contagious & relocation)

The tendency to judge other groups by the standards of one's own is called what?

- ethnocentrism

How does the physical environment relate to what humans can do where they live?

- it affects what people do by setting parameters or "limits" (these vary according to the technology of the culture).

As countries develop, how do the leading causes of death change?

- leading causes of death change from infectious and parasitic diseases to degenerative diseases

What were the population growth characteristics in Russia in the 1990s?

- low death rate and greatly dropping birth rates resulted in population decline (negative growth)

Throughout the world, how do fertility rates in urban areas compare to those in rural areas?

- lower than rural areas

Successful immigrants write letters home speaking favorably of their new land, and they provide employment and financial assistance to later migrants. What effect does this promote or create?

- migration chain

Explain the age area principle the location and dispersion of culture traits.

- stated that traits found most widely distributed around a geographical culture center are the oldest ones

World wide, how serious has the threat from smallpox been in recent years 1995-present?

- very small threat, outside the possibility of terrorists or countries like Iraq using biological weapons

In the past, the Spanish government attempted to obliterate a certain language within its borders; however, in 1980 which language received official status in certain provinces?

-- Basque

How and why have diffusionist arguments been used to minimize or underestimate the ingenuity of various peoples?

-- Diffusionist arguments have been used to minimize or underestimate the ingenuity of various peoples by not wanting to admit that people such as Africans built places like Zimbabwe - they speculated that Greeks or Romans may have traveled that far and been responsible for the architectural achievements.

Which regions (continents or large portions of them) possess a major concentration of population?

-- East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Eastern North American Coastal area

What is the predominant world lingua franca?

-- English

Worker's remittances refers to what?

-- Money that these migrants send back home to their family members who have not migrated

Which Native American language has official status in at least one South American country?

-- Quechua

The process where aspects of culture (culture traits) move from their area of innovation to other areas is called what?

-- diffusion

Upon what do humans base their decisions on how they will act in the real world?

-- how they perceive the world

What has been the main effect of modern communications on social customs?

-- increase the similarity of social customs in different locations

A universalizing religion proselytizes; therefore, it does what?

-- seeks converts

Thomas Malthus concluded what regarding population?

-- the world's rate of population increase was becoming higher than the development of food supplies

What was the average annual increase in population in 1990-95?

--1.5%

What is the place where a distinctive culture originates called? - culture hearth

...

17. What are the characteristics (birth rate, death rate, & growth rate) in each of the four phases of the demographic transition model?

.a Stage 1 - high birth rate & high death rate = low growth or stable population - probably less than 1% b. Stage 2 - high birth rate & declining death rate (not low, but significantly lower than it was in stage 1) = rapid growth such as 3% c. Stage 3 - Declining birth rate & Continuing to decline death rate = moderate growth (declining) 1.5-2.5% d. Stage 4 - low birth rate & low death rate = low growth or stable population, even possibly declining population - probably less than 1% (even may be negative growth)

What is the approximate annual population increase in Japan? .

2% (less than 1%)

What is the replacement fertility rate?

2.1

Sunni Muslims make up about what percent of Islam?

85%

A crude death rate of 24 might be expected in what type of country?

A developing country like Nigeria

Between 1990 and 2000, the rate of population increase was highest in which major division of the world? -

Africa

What was the point of origin of all humankind, at least according to some geneticists? -

Africa

Large numbers were brought to the U.S. in the 18th and 19th centuries from where?

Africa, particularly West Africa

With an annual population growth rate of 3%, approximately how many years would it take for that population to double?

Approximately 23 years

Most ancestors of Native Americans are believed to have migrated to North America by way of what means? -

Beringia (land bridge across the Bering Strait)

What are the differences between Sunni Muslims and Shiites?

Both accept Muhammad as God's authoritative Prophet; however, Shiites believed that the leader of Islam must be descended from the Prophet Muhammad. Sunni Muslims accepted that other Muslims, not descended from Muhammad, could assume leadership after the death of Muhammad.

Many immigrants enter the U.S. illegally from where?

Central America, particularly Mexico

Which is the dominant ethnic group, at the tip of the Malay Peninsula, in Singapore? -

Chinese

Circulation, as used in a spatial context, refers to what? --

Circulation, as used in a spatial context, has to do with interconnections by transportation and communication of goods, people, ideas, and capital among places and cultures

Population is usually sparse in which types of climate? -- In which types of landform regions?

Cold climates , -- Mountainous regions

Where might one expect 40 percent or more of the population to be under the age of 15?

Developing country such as the Congo & other African and Latin American countries

. What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Fast during Ramadan Recite the creed daily "I believe that there is no God but God and that Muhammad is His prophet." Prayer five times a day, facing Mecca (the holy city) Fast every day during the holy month of Ramadan (no food or drink from sunrise to sunset seven days a week for a month) Almsgiving to the needy (provide for help or support for the poor) Make a hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) at least once in a lifetime if at all possible

Which types of people best fits the description of a folk culture?

Groups that have cultures different from the general population - often a culture which has remained rather unchanged while the society around it experienced much culture change -- Examples? the Amish in much of North America

What is the Chinese policy on birth control? -

In China, they have generally followed a one child per family policy

Shiite Muslims are a majority in which two countries?

Iran and Iraq (just barely in Iraq)

. Which "Western" religion claims to have been the first monotheistic religion? --

Judaism

. Which are nonuniversalizing?

Judaism, Hinduism, Shinto, Confucian, Taoism

Which African country had the highest natural population increase rate a few years back?

Kenya

What is the language with the most speakers in the world? --

Mandarin Chinese

Who would be a good example of a head of state who made a major effort to Westernized his country? --

Mustafa Kemal of Turkey

The European (Western) model of culture is becoming pervasive throughout the world, influencing many facets of those cultures, except for which facet?

Religion is less affected than other areas

. What is the largest Christian sect in the world today? -

Roman Catholic

Which religion has more adherents than any other religion or denomination in the United States today? --

Roman Catholic

Which alphabets expressed the following languages in writing: Russian, Urdu, Hindi, English?

Russian -- Cyrillic Urdu -- Arabic Hindi -- Devanagari English - Roman or Latin

Which religion has long been the dominant religion of Russia? -

Russian Orthodox

Which sect of Christianity that is most practiced in each of the following countries: Serbia, Ethiopia, The Philippines

Serbia - Orthodoxy Ethiopia - Coptic Philippines - Roman Catholicism

Large numbers of immigrants fled to the U.S. in the 1970s & 1980s from where?.

Southeast Asia, Vietnam in particular

Large numbers of immigrants arrived in the USA between 1880-1910 from where?

Southern & Central (Eastern) Europe

Explain the difference between commercial and subsistence agriculture. - .

Subsistence: In subsistence agriculture, farmers raise crops only for their own personal consumption Commercial: In commercial agriculture, farmers raise crops primarily to sell - often non-food plants

Before we can claim that any aspect of culture has diffused, what must we be able to demonstrate?

That there was a definite contact between the cultures.

Explain sacerdotalism --

The belief that priests act as mediators between God and human beings

Where, according to the text, was the hearth of Indo-European languages probably located? --

Turkey

The isolated farmstead settlement pattern is typical and characterizes agriculture in which countries?

USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

A crude birth rate of 43 is most likely to occur in what type of country?

Very poor developing country like Haiti or Afghanistan

The process of adopting some aspect of another culture is called what? -

acculturation

Which kinds of phenomena might be examined in the process of defining and delineating culture realms? --

building materials, settlement patterns, religion, language,

The global trade network developed by Europeans between 1650 and 1750 was part of what movement or development? --

commercial revolution

Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15, while Country Y has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of 9. what is the natural population increase rate for each country? -

country X: 40 - 15 = 25 country Y: 20 - 9 = 11

What is the substitution of one set of cultural traditions for another either by force or by degrading those who fail to acculturate and by rewarding those who do, is called? --

cultural imperialism

What is described by this: Basically, a set of values and ways of doing things which is learned behavior. -- culture

culture

. How does culture affect diet? -

determines certain dietary preferences and avoidances

All a country's fixed assets, such as railroads, highways, pipelines, and the like are referred to as what? --

infrastructure

What is the name given to the line on a map that separates the different pronunciations of various words? --

isogloss

. Cultural geography maps the locations and distributions of human cultures, and what else does it do? --

it investigates the reasons for those distributions as well

. Diffusion explains the distribution of all cultural phenomena. -

many, not all

What can serve as barriers to cultural diffusion? -

physical features served more as barriers in the past than today. Political regulations can serve to stop or slow cultural diffusion. Fundamentalist religious movements such as in Iran and Afghanistan can serve as barriers. Isolation has served, but there is less today.

What are toponyms? -

place names that sometimes reveal something of a region's earlier inhabitants

What are examples of push factors in migration? --

religious intolerance, poverty, political repression, war, famine, etc.

Which system of livelihood was dominant in eastern North America in 1500 [think of the Iroquois, for example]? --

simple digging stick or hoe cultivation

The single largest migration flow for the past 150 years has been to what part of the world? -

the USA

What is meant by independent invention? -

the development of the same invention in two different places which had almost no chance of having had contact which resulted in a cultural exchange - each developed it independently of the other - like the use of zero among the Mayas and ancient Hindus

What were some of the consequences of European migration to the Americas? -

the introduction of diseases, a decrease in the native population, a high degree of racial mixing in Latin America, introduction of European plants and animals

What changes, if any, have occurred in tobacco-related deaths in most of the world in the last 25 years? -

tobacco related deaths have increased (world wide