GEOL 1010 Final Exam
Study the map below, and determine which statements about the map are true.
-About half the states in the continental United States experienced drier-than-normal conditions. -If 2012 is a guide, then the center of the country is more prone to dry conditions than most of the coastal areas. Submit
Notice in the table that the energy consumed by the food retail and commercial food service component almost quadrupled from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. What might be the reason(s) for this increase?
-Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food -Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores.
What processes created the Earth's moon?
-Debris from Earth and another planetesimal accreted. -Earth was struck by a large planetesimal.
How does the current fuel source used by many rural Chinese impact the environment?
It leads to soil erosion.
What is one benefit of the new energy-efficient stove that has been designed for China's rural families?
It requires less wood.
What is the major problem with London's water system?
It was designed and built 150 years ago.
What happened to the dodo bird?
It was hunted to extinction by European sailors.
Which planet in the solar system had more mass accreted to it via a comet that impacted in 1994?
Jupiter
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
Kilauea?
Which of the following diagrams correctly labels the direction of the longshore current and the motion of individual sand grains along the shoreline here?
Longshore current moving to the left
Sort the following impacts based on whether they are expected in wet or dry climates or are a feature of other effects related to climate change.
Lower precip: -Forest fires decreased crop yield Higher precip: -landslides -avalanche damage Other: -farming at high lattitudes -heat stroke
What is the difference between magma and lava?
Magma is molten rock located below the surface; lava is molten rock erupted above ground.
Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface?
Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.
__________ were able to diversify after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Mammals
Why does the crust uplift slightly on either side of a growing glacier?
Mantle under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking crust. This mantle pushes up the crust on either side of the glacier.
Which of the following statements concerning plate tectonics on Earth and Mars is true?
Mars has larger volcanoes than Earth because plate motion is NOT present on Mars.
The Jurassic Period lies in the _____ Era, which was dominated by large terrestrial vertebrates, or _____.
Mesozoic; dinosaurs
An igneous rock becomes buried, is subject to high heat and pressure, and recrystallizes. This rock then is eroded, transported, deposited and subsequently lithified. Which rock types—in order—did the original igneous rock develop into?
Metamorphic and sedimentary
Why is Meteor Crater so well preserved?
Meteor Crater is relatively young.
Which of the following statements regarding radioactive decay is true?
More daughter products accumulate over time.
How does the availability of food in London compare with that in Beijing?
Most food in London is imported, and in Beijing it is grown locally.
Sixty percent of the Tomsk region is covered by different types of forests. These forests grow on what type of land?
Most of the forests in the Tomsk region grow on a huge swamp.
Which North American cultural group is located almost entirely within a desert - dry region?
Navajo Reservation
The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud of gases and dust.
Nebular theory
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
Neptune
Which region of North America has the oldest parts of the continent?
Northern Canada
What are the two types of crust?
Oceanic and continental
How do the oceans contribute to maintaining a climate that is habitable for humans?
Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Pay particular attention to the sediments and depositional environments for each formation.
Oldest Event: -Carbonate sediments were deposited in a shallow marine depositional environment. -Sediment was deposited in stream and floodplain depositional environments. -An abundance of sand was transported and deposited by wind in a large dune field. Erosion of the sedimentary layers by The San Juan River by incision. Youngest:
When does Cognito Farm use antibiotics on its cattle?
Only when they are sick.
What is a challenge to producing organic products in the rural areas of Uganda?
Organic certification is expensive.
What happens during radioactive decay?
Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.
Each of the following animals described in the video had to be rescued due to the actions of humans. The removal of these species from their habitats results in those ecosystems losing the services the animals provide, such as the spreading of tree seeds by the woolly monkey. Which of the following threats do humans pose to each of these species?
Pets: ALL Meat: ALL Deforestation: ALL ??
Which of the following best describes the energy conversion sequence in the solar panel system described in the video?
Photons carrying energy from the sun chemically react with silicon crystals to generate a flow of electrons.
How does an end moraine form?
Pieces of rock are transported to the front of a glacier as ice within the glacier moves.
Where in the meanders do point bars and cut banks occur, and how do they differ in appearance?
Point bars, which are light-colored in the imagery, occur on the inside of meanders, whereas cut banks, which are darker in color, occur on the outside of meanders.
What is one result of the changing conditions in the arctic?
Polar bears must swim farther to find food.
What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins?
Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.
Using Figure 2, determine when the majority of the African craton had been formed.
Proterozoic Eon
Which of the following choices best illustrates the proper order of the steps in a scientific investigation?
Raise a question from the natural world, construct a hypothesis, test the hypothesis.
What impact will increased carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans have on coral reefs?
Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality.
Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is most accurate?
Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order but does not provide information about absolute age.
What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration?
Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas.
Which statement best describes the movement of sediment along the shore between placemarks A and B?
Sediment is transported from placemark B to placemark A.
________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.
Sedimentary
What is the principle of original horizontality?
Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited.
Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?
Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.
Which of the following correctly pairs a soft drink term with its ethnic and cultural region?
Soda is the term likely used in the Cuban South Florida region.
What is the relationship between soil erosion, pollution, and fishermen in Jamaica?
Soil erosion and pollution in the hills flows out to sea, damaging fishing livelihoods.
What country was responsible for the reduction in the size of the Aral Sea?
Soviet Union
What object or class of objects makes up most of the solar system's mass?
Sun
Which principles of relative dating did you use to answer the previous question?
Superposition and Cross-Cutting Relationships
The Archaeopteryx is an early bird that came into existence at the time of the dinosaurs. It had a mix of reptilian and bird features. Of the physical features listed below, which are reptilian features?
Teeth Wing claws Long tail
Which of the following best describes the Earth system?
The Earth system has a nearly endless array of interconnected subsystems. Submit
What would happen to the Earth if it orbited further away from the Sun than it does now?
The Earth would have a lower surface temperature.
Which answer best describes the effects of the sediment deposition at placemark E on the Fall River?
The Fall River has been partially dammed by sediment contributed by the Roaring River. Just downstream (east) of the alluvial fan, the channel is straighter than it is upstream (west) and near the fan. The partial damming has rerouted the upstream Fall River channel around depositional debris.
Which of the following statements is best supported by the images and data in the Great Man-made River folder?
The Great Man-made River has led to the construction of two large reservoirs northwest of Suluq.
Why is the geologic time scale more detailed in the Phanerozoic than in previous eons?
The Phanerozoic Eon is more detailed because of the presence of organisms with hard parts and the rapid increase in biodiversity.
How is the geologic time scale related to the fossil record?
The Precambrian was defined using fossil organisms.??
Which path(s), if any, are drawn across a section of the valley that was formed largely by glacial ice? Which path(s), if any, are drawn across a section of the valley that was formed largely by running water?
The Profile A path is drawn across a valley that was formed largely by glacial ice. The Profile B path is drawn across a valley that was formed largely by running water.
How does the West Wind Drift contribute to the glaciation of Antarctica?
The West Wind Drift is a cold water current that circles Antarctica.
The upper mantle can be divided into the asthenosphere and lithosphere based on what physical properties?
The asthenosphere is solid, but mobile, while the lithosphere is solid and relatively rigid.
What happens to the atmosphere as you move away from Earth's surface?
The atmosphere thins.
If the greenhouse effect ceased to exist on Earth, which of the following would result?
The average surface temperature would drop to below the freezing temperature of water.
What will happen to the crust as a glacier grows?
The crust under the glacier will sink into the mantle.
Which one of the following is true regarding the effects of Glen Canyon Dam on the Grand Canyon?
The dam traps sediment that previously had been carried downstream.
An igneous dike cuts across existing sedimentary layers and erupts at the surface, creating a layer of basalt. The basalt, as well as all the layers below, are then cut by a fault. Which statement is true?
The fault is the youngest because it cuts through all the sedimentary layers and basalt.
Which set of statements is correct?
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years.
Which of the following is true about Venus?
The high abundance of greenhouse gases absorb most outgoing longwave radiation.??
A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest?
The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest.
The enormous cloud of gas and dust initially condensed due to particle attraction. What force then pulled the cloud into a flat disk shape?
The inward pull of gravity.
Each of the platforms and the ridges at the placemarks labeled C and E were formed by wave action—the platform at placemark B is currently "under construction," and those at the placemarks labeled D and F are older. What must have happened to produce the three platforms you see here?
The land rose (or sea level dropped) in at least two episodes. First, after the platform (a wave-cut bench) at placemark F was formed, the land rose approximately 130 meters, and the platform at the placemarks labeled D and sea stacks at placemark E were formed. A second uplift of approximately 30 meters left the platform at the placemarks labeled D 30 meters above sea level. The construction of the platform at placemark B began then and continues today.
Let's compare the morphology of the land adjacent to the coastline to what we've observed along the seafloor. Which of the following statements best describes the topography/appearance of the land surface at the placemarks labeled D?
The landscape at the placemarks labeled D is a broad plain, similar to the topography of the seafloor at placemarks A and B.
Which of the following statements concerning the moon is true?
The light areas of the moon were formed by small meteor impacts. Submit
If a limestone, a shale, and a sandstone are deposited in that order without interruption, which of the following is true?
The limestone is the oldest and the succession is conformable.
In one season, a single logging company in the Tomsk region can fell approximately 750,000 trees. What has to occur before they can move the logs out for processing once they have been cut down?
The logging companies must wait for the swamp mud to turn to ice so they can truck the trees out before the swamp mud thaws.
How will increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels affect oceans?
The oceans will become more acidic.
Using a calendar year as an analogy to the geologic time scale, when do the oldest anatomically modern humans appear on Earth?
The oldest human fossils show up at about eleven minutes to midnight on December 31st. Submit
Which of the following is true of the rocks of the seafloor?
The oldest rocks of the seafloor are younger than the oldest rocks on the continents.
What would happen to the oxygen atoms in ozone if the ozone layer were completely destroyed by ultraviolet radiation?
The oxygen atoms would be bound together in pairs.
The peat bog of Western Siberia has sequestrated how much of the world's carbon dioxide?
The peat bog of Western Siberia has sequestrated approximately 26 percent of the world's carbon dioxide.
What is the best definition of fossil range?
The period of time when an organism first and last appears in the sedimentary record.
What evidence best supports the argument that the sediments at placemark C were deposited before those at placemark E?
The present-day Roaring River channel flows approximately 30 meters north of placemark E. There are several "fossil channels" visible near placemark C, which are currently dry and covered in vegetation.
Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?
The rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container B is the same as the rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container A.
Why does glacial subsidence NOT occur at the exact moment that a glacier forms?
The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which mantle can flow.
Which of the following statements best describes the seafloor surface in this area?
The seafloor is relatively smooth, and the water is not deep at all.
If stable platforms represent sedimentary rocks that cover continental shields, then what statement must be true?
The sedimentary rock atop the stable platforms must be younger than continental shields.
What kinds of sediments seem to have been deposited at this location? Which of the following statements best characterizes these sediments compared to the material at placemark B? There are numerous photos of each area that have been provided by other users. Although there are not photos right at placemark C, checking out nearby photos will help you evaluate sediment sizes for each area.
The sediments at placemark C are much finer than those at placemark B.
What is the most likely source of the sediment that makes up the landform marked A and B?
The source is the river that enters the ocean 2.5 kilometers northeast of Sandy Point.
What would likely happen to a fence on a hill over time if the fence were built perpendicular to the hill's slope?
The top of the fence would likely bend uphill as creeping rocks moved under the fence and pushed the fence bottom downslope.
How does the shape of the valley along the Profile B path compare to that of the Profile A path?
The valley along the Profile A path is U-shaped. The valley along the Profile B path is V-shaped.
Why are scientists doing research in an underwater lab in the Great Barrier Reef?
To replicate future carbon dioxide levels and measure the changes in coral reef productivity, mortality and health
Using principles of relative dating, classify the statements according to whether they are "true," or " false".
True: -The sandstone country rock is older than the dike. -The intrusive igneous rock making up the dike is the youngest in age. False: -The sandstone country rock is older than the dike. -The intrusive igneous rock making up the dike is the youngest in age.
Radioactive decay in mineral shows that two half-lives have elapsed, giving an age of approximately 1.4 billion years. Using the table in the video as a reference, what is the correct radioactive parent and stable daughter isotope pair?
U235, Pb207
Why is the Owen Falls Dam failing to meet Uganda's energy needs?
Uganda's population has grown rapidly.
How is ozone formed in the stratosphere?
Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone.
How does ultraviolet radiation cause ozone depletion?
Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFC, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule
Based on the data in the Aquifer Rock Type folder, what rock type dominates the Ogallala (High Plains) aquifer?
Unconsolidated sand and gravel
What is the best way to conserve natural resources in Jamaica?
Use participatory approaches to bring locals into the conservation process.
Which of the following locations does not show direct evidence of a liquid water past on Mars?
Valles Marineris
Which statement accurately describes continental shields?
Very old, stable regions composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
Volcanicarc?
Which of the following statements regarding volcanoes on Mars is FALSE?
Volcanoes are the most recent surface features on the planet.
Identify which of the following pieces of evidence are used to support the idea that volcanoes have erupted on Mars, support that meteors have impacted the Martian surface, and support that liquid water has flowed on the Martian surface. Use the labeled hemisphere map (1:08) for help with names of features.
Volcanoes erupted: -Olympus Mons -Elysium Mons Meteorites impacted: -Cratered highlands -Hellas -Argyre Liquid water: -Conglomerates -Rounded pebbles
What would happen if the West Wind Drift stopped circling Antarctica?
Warmer water would flow down toward Antarctica, resulting in a warmer climate.
What is different about how waste is processed in Beijing?
Waste collection facilities are hard to find, so people prefer to recycle.
In which direction would winds move at the poles if Earth rotated in the opposite direction?
Wind from the north pole would move to the southeast, and the wind from the south pole would move to the northeast.
What is one obstacle to building a large wind power array in London?
Wind power is much more expensive than other forms of electricity.
What is the principle of superposition?
Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older.
Will plucking occur if a glacier is NOT advancing?
Yes, because glacial ice is still moving inside the glacier even if the glacier's front is not advancing.
What is a nebula?
a large cloud of dust and gas in space
What is an "exclusive economic zone"?
a marine area where countries have the right to explore and extract resources
What does the term unconformity mean?
a missing rock layer in a sequence that represents a period of erosion or nondeposition Submit
What is ozone?
a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms
What kind of geologist studies fossils?
a paleontologist
The Moon has __________ because all energy is reradiated back to space.
a relatively low average surface temperature
What is an end moraine?
a ridge of debris deposited at the end of a glacier
Which of the following is associated with an erosive surface?
a stream running across an irregular surface
Burial metamorphism would be most likely to occur in which of the following environments?
a subsiding basin
What is the term for the total radiation that is reflected by a surface?
albedo
Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________.
along the margins of continents
Which of the following includes all common types of radioactive decay?
alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, electron capture
Which of the following extra solar planets would likely have an atmosphere?
an Earth-sized planet located farther away from the Sun
What could be considered by some a positive outcome of the changing climate conditions in the arctic?
an increase in coal mining profits on the islands near the arctic
What is one effect of Green Globe or Blue Flag certification?
an increase in tourism revenue
How far away from the Sun would a planet Mercury's size have to be before it would have an atmosphere?
as far away as Jupiter
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
ash?
All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation EXCEPT for ________.
assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation
The ________ is not a part of the Earth's physical environment.
astrosphere
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
basalt
Which of the following words would you use to describe a large impact basin?
basalt
What source of fuel could sustainably provide electricity for China in the future?
biogas
Which of the following ferments animal and human wastes to produce energy in the form of gas?
biogas digesters
The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.
biosphere
Which product, related to coal formation, is a result of metamorphism?
bituminous coal??
What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel?
black
Cognito Farm avoids washing chicken carcasses with __________, which is done at many packing plants in the United States.
bleach
What would best address the problem of waste in London?
build more recycling facilities
How do Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) bring income into the community?
by encouraging tourism Submit
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
caldera
Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?
carbon dioxide
Study the image below. What is depicted, and what information can it provide to geologists?
carbon-dates for ages of seafloor rocks, age of the seafloor
What is used at Cognito Farm to control fly larvae in the pasture?
chickens
Which energy source is the biggest polluter in London?
coal
In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes ________.
compaction and cementation
Terrane accretion generally occurs along a ________ boundary between a continental plate and an oceanic plate.
convergent
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
coquina
What is the main obstacle to the installation of solar water heating systems in rural China?
cost
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
craton
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
craton??
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
crust
The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
crust
The _____ refers to the portions of Earth's surface where water exists in solid form.
cryosphere
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
crystals
Following the deposition of a sequence of sedimentary rocks, which event is the first to occur to produce an angular unconformity?
deformation
Which list best describes the events that would lead to the layering of sedimentary rocks in this diagram?
deposition, erosion, deposition, erosion, deposition
What is the Chinese government's response to the use of cars in Beijing?
develop public transportation
Short-range predictions would be more useful for ________.
developing building codes
A(n) __________ exhibits sedimentary layers that are parallel to each other above and below an erosive surface.
disconformity
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
dome??
What human activity is the main source of air pollution in Beijing?
driving cars
Identify the glacial landforms illustrated by the Features 1 and Features 2 placemarks.
drumlins
At what point during a meteorite impact are rock layers overturned?
during the rebound of rock layers after impact
What activities are prohibited in the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of Samoa?
dynamite fishing
What is the direction of ice movement at the Roche Moutonnée placemark?
east to west
Which of the following is a common feature that all unconformities exhibit?
erosive surface
Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite?
evaporates
Which of the following are classifications describing how rock and other material move downslope?
fall, slide, slump, creep, flow
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
feldspar??
Oxidation plays an important role in the weathering of ________.
ferromagnesian minerals
Through the course of time, bodies in our solar system have become __________ and __________ due to collisions.
fewer in number; larger in size
What source of fuel is used by most Chinese farmers?
firewood
Which category of workers has been affected most by the loss of the Aral Sea?
fishermen
Which type of mass movement event requires the addition of water?
flow
It is estimated that ________ is responsible for about two-thirds of the soil erosion in the United States.
flowing water
How would sediments caught between two accreting landmasses appear? (What feature or features would you expect to see?)
folds and foliated rocks
Which of the following absorbs most incoming solar radiation?
forest
Northern Canada
formation of Rodinia
What is the primary source of energy in rural areas of Uganda?
fuelwood
Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant?
generator
What glacial term best describes the landscape feature highlighted at the Ehalkivi placemark?
glacial erratic
Light-colored surfaces __________ than dark-colored surfaces.
have a higher albedo
A ________ is an upraised block bounded by two normal faults.
horst
Basaltic lava flows are generally ________ and ________ than andesite lavas.
hotter, more viscous
What common bone structure is shared in the forelimbs of the lobefin fish and amphibians?
humerus, radius, ulna, and finger bones
What is the primary source of electricity in Uganda?
hydroelectricity
A sandstone contains inclusions of metamorphic rock. An igneous dike cuts both the sandstone and inclusions. List the rocks from youngest to oldest.
igneous dike, sandstone, metamorphic rock
Below are a series of sketches that show rock units organized by color, and traced across valleys with dotted lines. The keys include information on rock types and relative ages. Remember creating a clear and accurate key is important when sketching in the field. Pay special attention to the keys in these drawings when you make your choice. Select the correct sketch below.
image 4
What is an effect of biogas production?
improved educational opportunities
What is one effect of biogas production?
improved literacy rates
Where do glaciers form?
in places where more snow falls in the winter than melts away in the summer
In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
Why do rural industries in Uganda have difficulty increasing production?
insufficient electricity to run machines
The composition of the core of the Earth is thought to be ________.
iron-nickel alloy
The asthenosphere ________.
is a relatively weak zone within the mantle
The continental shelf is located ________.
landward of the continental slope
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
large earthquakes?
The dense atmosphere of Venus is ________, causing most incoming solar radiation to be _________.
light in color; reflected
The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.
lithosphere
How much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth's surface?
little of the ultraviolet radiation
Which animal are all tetrapods derived from?
lobefin fish
What is threatening the ecology of China's northwest Yunnan province?
loss of natural forests
The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth.
mantle
What feature, marked with an A in Figure 1, is responsible for creating the oceanic plateau?
mantle plume
Which of the following arid land features is best represented by placemark C in the Unique Arid Landforms folder?
mesa
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
metamorphism
What gas is a byproduct of agricultural production?
methane
Look at the figure below. Which mineral is best represented by this figure?
mica
The metamorphic rock shown here is called ________.
migmatite
Chemical sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________.
mineral composition
The temperature range of the past 7,000 years was __________ the temperature range of the preceding 30,000 years.
more stable than
What is mass movement?
movement of material under the influence of gravity alone
Rock deformation mostly occurs ________.
near the centers of plates?
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
obsidian
The most prominent feature on the ocean floor are the ________.
oceanic ridges
China is the second largest importer of which of the following resources?
oil
At subduction zones, ________ portions of oceanic crust descend into the mantle.
older
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
olivine?
Where is the Aral Sea located?
on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
What are the criteria for Green Globe certification?
operation of a facility under environmentally and socially friendly guidelines
Which of the following is the largest component (by volume) of a soil in good condition for plant growth?
organic matter?
Which of the following characteristics is the most desirable for constraining the relative age of rocks?
organisms with overlapping ranges and geologically short lifespans
The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior.
outer core
What is the name of the landform located at placemark K?
outwash plain
What is another name for the ozone layer?
ozonosphere
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
parent material???
How was material generated to create continental masses?
partial melting of subducting plates
Which of the following is not connected or involved with shock metamorphism?
pegmatites
CO2 levels drop during spring and summer months because __________.
photosynthetic organisms are absorbing CO2
Placemarks A through F indicate the locations of six different glacial formations. Which answer correctly identifies each of the formations?
placemark A: horn peak placemark B: arête placemark C: col placemark D: tarn placemark E: cirque placemark F: hanging valley
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
plagioclase??
Which of the following arid land features is best represented by placemark E in the Unique Arid Landforms folder?
plateau
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
porphyroblastic
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
pressure??
An undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks is exposed in a large river canyon. Which two principles would be demonstrated by the rocks?
principles of superposition and lateral continuity
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
pyroclastic flow
In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere?
radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere
What causes a central peak to form in an impact crater?
rebound of the rock layers after impact
Only some shortwave radiation from the Sun reaches Earth's surface. What is the leading cause of this radiation loss?
reflection by clouds
If a home uses a large supply of solar panels to generate electricity, but has no battery system, surplus electricity that is produced is usually __________.
released into the power grid for others to use, generating a credit to the homeowner
Mammals are derived from __________, which are derived from __________.
reptiles; amphibians Submit
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
rock characteristics?
Which of the following chemical sedimentary rocks has a clastic texture?
rock gypsum
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
rock salt??
What poses the greatest threat to native wildlife in Mauritius?
rodents
How do pieces of rock move under the influence of wind?
rolling, sliding, bouncing, suspension
Which organism from the video is the least useful for relative dating?
scallop
Which term best describes the landforms at the placemarks labeled C?
sea stacks
Which of the following places the events related to the breakup of Pangaea in the proper order?
separation of North America and Africa; separation of Africa, India, and Antarctica; collision of India and Eurasia
What process does the diagram below illustrate?
sheeting
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
sheeting???
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
shield
The Sun emits __________ radiation, but it is radiated back off of planetary bodies as __________ radiation.
shortwave; longwave
A _____ is formed when magma intrudes between existing sedimentary layers.
sill
What property of a piece of material will most directly determine how it is carried by wind?
size
All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy.
solar
Based on the sources available to Uganda, what form of energy would be best for the rural areas of Uganda?
solar
Which way would wind travel in the region between 30 and 60 degrees latitude if Earth stopped rotating?
south in the Southern Hemisphere and north in the Northern Hemisphere
Which best describes the shape of classic composite cones?
steep summit with gently sloping flanks
Which of the following groups in China is leading the shift to biogas production?
students
What is the main occupation for most villagers in Arua, Uganda?
subsistence farmer
What glacial landform parallels the eastern side of the Continental Ice Sheet Feature path?
terminal moraine
What is the name of the landform located at placemark J?
terminal moraine
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
terrane
What term is used to describe the effect on air movement produced by Earth's rotation?
the Coriolis effect
Where is Mauritius located?
the Indian Ocean
What is the scientific definition of half-life?
the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
More solar radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface than by __________.
the atmosphere
What does the Great Unconformity represent?
the billion years of Earth history from which there are no evidential rocks at the Grand Canyon
The gently sloping platform that extends seaward from shore, found along most coasts, is called ________.
the continental shelf
In thrust faulting, ________.
the crust is shortened and thickened
What is the snowline?
the elevation above which snow persists throughout the year
The Geologic Time Scale represents ________.
the entire 4.6 billion-year history of Earth
Which of the following cycles moves water among Earth's four spheres?
the hydrologic cycle
Which of the following is a challenge to using solar-generated electricity in places not connected to a power grid?
the lack of efficient and inexpensive battery technology
What is represented by the red areas on the map in this figure?
the locations of basalt provinces
The most recent spike of CO2 (over 280 ppm) in the atmosphere correlates to __________.
the onset of the Industrial Revolution
What is the zone of wastage?
the part of a glacier where snow melting exceeds snow accumulation
What is dust?
the particles carried in suspension by wind
Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock?
the principle of cross-cutting relationships
What is isostasy?
the rising and sinking of Earth's mantle relative to the crust in response to the redistribution of mass on the surface?
Most of our understanding of Earth's interior comes from ________.
the study of seismic waves
Hydrogen and Helium would have been the first elements to form after the Big Bang. How were heavier elements produced?
the supernova of early stars
Global warming is _________________.
the warming of Earth's atmosphere primarily caused by the production of greenhouse gases due to human activity
A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.
theory
Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?
thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse Submit
For how long will land rebound after a glacier melts?
thousands of years
What is the goal of more dams being built to fill the lake system surrounding the Aral Sea?
to create fish nurseries Submit
Why are researchers from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland setting off explosions in an area of the arctic?
to determine whether the Lomonosov Ridge is joined to the Canadian/Greenland continental shelf
What is the purpose of the DFCU Bank and the Uganda Energy Fund?
to provide financial support to small and medium-sized businesses
Why do scientists collect data?
to support or disprove a hypothesis
Which of the following is an Earth layer defined based on its chemical composition?
transition zone
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
transpiration
In addition to glacial ice, what other natural climate recorder is discussed in the SmartFigure?
tree rings
If you are standing on the hanging wall of a normal fault, looking across the fault plane, which way would the block opposite you appear to have moved?
up
What geologic features created the earliest fragments of continental crust?
volcanic island arcs
Which of the following best describes the process of eluviation?
washing out of fine soil components??
Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space?
water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane
The California coast in this region displays a variety of landforms formed by both erosion and sediment deposition. Which term best describes the seafloor structure around placemarks A and B?
wave-cut bench
In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space?
wavelength
Who were the first people to profit from arctic waters?
whalers
Which of the following solutions would most effectively reduce air pollution in London?
widen and create more bicycle lanes
The sedimentary layers above an erosive surface are __________ relative to all rocks present below the surface.
younger
Which of the following is an accurate description of a nonconformity?
younger sedimentary strata overlie uplifted and weathered igneous or metamorphic rocks
Seismic gaps are ________.
zones storing strain that will be released during a future earthquake
Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement.
1. Energy use in agricultural production and transportation increased from 2009 to 2016. FALSE 2. Though energy used in household storage and preparation increased by 0.7 quads from 2009 to 2016, the percentage of the total energy consumption represented by household storage and preparation declined. TRUE 3. Energy used in food retail and commercial food service increased from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. TRUE 4. Total energy consumed by the U.S. food system decreased by 3.6 quads from 2009 to 2016. FALSE 5. Between 2009 and 2016, energy use in the processing industry changed much more substantially than energy use in packaging materials changed during the same period. TRUE 6. As the food energy available increased from 1.4 quads to 1.75 quads between 2009 and 2016, the ratio of energy consumed by the food system per unit of available food energy also increased. TRUE
Complete the sentences below that describe the relationships between climate change causes and effects.
1. Increased in the rate of [evaporation] due to climate change can lead to drought. 2. Although there was low precipitation during the 1930s Dust Bowl, it was the [farming methods], drought. 3. Changes in the land, such as [deforestation] through "slash and burn" practices and wildfires following overgrazing, cause the ground to dry and lead to drought. 4. Decreased rate of [precipitation] due to climate change can lead to drought. 5. Changes in the land surface, such as more [asphalt], can increase heat absorption, which can increase the rate of evaporation.
Use the principles of relative dating that were discussed in the video to fill in the blanks of the sentences below.
1. The [Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships] can be used to determine the relative ages of the sedimentary rocks versus canyon formation. 2. The sedimentary beds were initially deposited in a(n) [horizontal] orientation. 3. The process of stream incision is [younger] compared to the folding of the rock units. 4. The [Principle of Original Horizontality] says that folded sedimentary beds have been disturbed since deposition. 5. The sedimentary layers are [older] than both folding and stream incision.
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?
25 atoms
Which of the following is a possible distance of the asteroid belt in our solar system from the Sun?
3 AU
Approximately what percentage of people in Uganda has access to electricity?
3 percent
Antarctica has been continuously glaciated for the last __________ years.
30 million
Of the 50% of incoming solar radiation that is not absorbed by Earth's surface, how much is lost to space by reflection and scattering?
30%
How much of the Sun's incoming radiation is scattered or reflected back to space before any heating effect is felt on Earth?
31%
How many of the placemarked parks in the National Park Sites folder protect hydrothermal or karst landscapes?
3?
The currently accepted age of the Earth is ________ years.
4.6 billion
The Vostok ice core curve shows CO2 concentrations over the last __________.
400,000 years
How much of the Sun's incoming radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface?
45%
When did our Solar System begin to form?
5 billion years ago
Which of the following is a possible distance of the Kuiper Belt from the Sun?
50 AU
At the current rate of wood use, in _____ very little of China's natural forests will remain.
50 years
If one half-life has lapsed, what is the radioactive parent to stable daughter isotope ratio?
50:50
Today, it takes about ______ Calories of energy to produce about 1 Calorie of food.
55
Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C?
550 meters
What is the length of the channel between placemarks A and B?
7.0 kilometers
Calculate the difference in elevation between placemarks A and B. (Answer to the nearest 10 meters.)
720 meters
China is home to _____ cows, pigs, and chickens.
9 billion
Based on location alone, which of the placemarks in the Global Coral folder is not a coralline structure?
A
Which of the placemarked features in the Coral Landforms folder illustrates an atoll?
A
Which of the placemarked locations in the Glacier Types folder shows a piedmont glacier?
A
Which of the placemarked locations in the Irrigation folder is the most likely to utilize pumped groundwater for irrigation?
A
Which of the placemarked locations in the folder would not have been covered by a continental ice sheet during Pleistocene Glaciation?
A
Which of the placemarks in the Stream Channel Patterns folder best resembles a braided stream pattern?
A
What scenario requires a geologist to use the principle of cross-cutting relationships?
A dike truncates layers in a sedimentary succession.
How did our Solar System begin to form?
A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity
The nebular theory is the most widely accepted view of the origin of our solar system. Which of the following is a short description of the nebular theory?
A large cloud of space gas and dust condensed and contracted to form a rotating disk with a star formed at the center. Repeated collisions caused bodies to coalesce, leading to the current configuration of our solar system.
What is the D" layer?
A partially molten layer above the outer core at the base of the mantle.
Which answer best explains why the sediment deposited by the Roaring River at placemark B is significantly coarser than the sediment deposited at placemark C?
A sudden change in river gradient caused the water to flow more slowly. As the water slowed down, its ability to carry materials, and more specifically the size of the particles the water could carry, decreased. So as the water slowed, first the larger and then the finer particles were deposited.
What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period?
A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
Which igneous rock or magma has the least amount of light-colored silicates?
Andesite??
What characteristic most directly DISTINGUISHES an angular unconformity from a nonconformity?
Angular unconformities separate rock layers along nonparallel surfaces. Submit
How do biogas digesters work?
Animal waste is broken down, producing methane gas, which is then piped into homes.
According to the rock cycle, which of the following statements is true?
Any rock type can ultimately be turned into any other rock type.
The __________ is an example of an old mountain belt, while the Himalayas represent a(n) __________.
Appalachian Mountains; young mountain belt
Which of the geologic provinces in Figure 1 might have been added in the time leading up to the formation of Pangaea?
Appalachian Province
Sea levels have been slowly rising in recent years, and many lines of evidence suggest that sea level will continue to rise into the future. What effects will rising sea level have on Sandy Point and the land directly behind it?
As sea level along very flat coastlines rises, sand on the seaward edge of beaches can be washed inland during storms. As a result, bars such as Sandy Point will migrate inland, and the mainland immediately behind the bar will first be flooded, and then buried.
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun decreased and was less than the longwave radiation lost to space?
Atmospheric temperature would decrease.
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun was the same as the longwave radiation lost to space?
Atmospheric temperature would decrease.
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected at Earth's surface increased significantly?
Atmospheric temperature would decrease.
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of outgoing longwave radiation decreased so that it was less than incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun?
Atmospheric temperature would increase.
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected by clouds decreased significantly?
Atmospheric temperature would increase.
The graph below represents the data from Part A. Use the data from Part A to correctly label the graph.
Axis: Energy per year (Left to right) -Household storage and preparation -Food retail + commercial food service -Processing industry -Agricultural production -Packaging material -transportation
Which of the placemarked features in the Coral Landforms folder illustrates a fringing reef?
B
Which of the placemarks in the Yellowstone National Park folder is the best example of a geyser?
B?
How could these data be best represented graphically?
Bar graph
What would be the best way to replenish the water in the Aral Sea?
Build dams to stop diverting water away from the Aral Sea.
What is the primary cause of the nearly 20 percent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the 1960s?
Burning of fossil fuels
Many changes have occurred over time in the area of Sandy Point. Which of the following statements about these changes is not true?
By late 2005, a breach occurred to the northeastern portion of the spit.
Which of the following placemarks in the Basin-and-Range folder best represents basin-and-range topography?
C
Which of the placemarked locations in the Glacier Types folder shows a cirque glacier?
C
Which of the placemarks in the Stream Drainage Patterns folder represents a radial drainage pattern?
C
Which of the placemarks in the Yellowstone National Park folder is the best example of travertine terraces?
C
Put the following events in the order they occurred to lead to the formation of the solar system:
C, A, B, D Submit
Which of the following correctly states the order in which major features of North America were formed?
Canadian Shield, Appalachians, North American Cordillera
What are the two important processes involved in lithification of sedimentary rocks?
Cementation and compaction
The layers of Earth are based on what two sets of characteristics?
Chemical composition and physical properties
Which country is the world's largest agricultural producer?
China
How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply?
Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink.
If an inhabitant of the Acadiana region traveled to Minneapolis, Minnesota and ordered a soft drink, the Acadiana traveler would most likely ask the server for a _____. When repeating the Acadiana traveler's order the Minneapolis server would likely use the local term, _____.
Coke, pop
When landmasses were forced together to create the first continents, why didn't the continents subduct?
Continental crust is thicker and has a lower density.
Why does wind between the equator and 30 degrees south come out of the southeast?
Cooled air moves north toward the equator and is deflected toward the west by the Coriolis effect.
Why was it important for the Soviet Union to grow cotton?
Cotton is an ingredient in gunpowder.
Which of the following solutions would best address the threat posed to arctic wildlife as a result of drilling for oil?
Create a comprehensive arctic treaty that oil companies must obey.
Why does the crust subside slightly on either side of a melting glacier?
Crust under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows mantle on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier.
Which line contained in the Drainage Divide folder best represents a drainage divide?
D
Which of the placemarked features in the Coral Landforms folder illustrates a barrier reef?
D
In the solar panel system presented in the video, which of the following was necessary to generate usable electrical current for a home?
DC power had to be converted to AC.
How are debris avalanches and flows related?
Debris avalanches are large, rapid flows of rock.
What man-made ecological problem does each photograph best represent?
Deforestation: Image with thick green trees in the back Releasing greenhouse gases: Thin trees and sun in top left corner Soil erosion: Dirt
How does wealth affect food consumption in Beijing?
Diets change from vegetables to meat.
Which of the following describes a trend that occurs with increasing distance from the Sun?
Distance between planets increases.
Which of the following is true regarding limestone and dolostone?
Dolostone only visibly reacts to acid if powdered.
How does the current state of the Aral Sea affect public health?
Dust and sand from the dry sea shores cause illnesses.
Which letter marks the location of the most recently deposited sediment in this area?
E
Which of the following placemarks in the Badlands folder does not show badlands topography?
E
Why are environmentalists concerned about Siberia's melting permafrost?
Environmentalists are alarmed that Siberia's permafrost is starting to melt because of the amount of methane that could be released during the thawing process.
What is the category name for the largest division of time used on the geologic time scale?
Eon
Why does air tend to rise in equatorial regions?
Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas.
What seems to be the most common feature of the landing sites of the various Mars missions?
Evidence for water at some point in Mars' history
By looking at the degree of erosion of the platforms, arrange the three platforms (B, D, and F) in order from oldest (formed longest ago) to youngest (formed most recently).
F, D, B
How is a fall different from creep?
Falls occur rapidly and in areas with high slope, whereas creep occurs slowly in areas with low slope.
True or false, after investigating a great many features on the surface of Mars, we can say that all Martian geology, other than impact cratering, is deep in the past.
False
Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary?
Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal.
The two main locations where ice cores are drilled are the Antarctic and __________ Ice Sheets.
Greenland
Which of the following statements is best supported by the evidence presented in the Groundwater and Ogallala layers?
Groundwater is monitored along many streams and rivers such as the Mississippi, Arkansas, and Snake.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the distribution of the American Indian population and Native Land Reserves?
In Arizona, counties with high percentages of American Indians are located near reserve lands.
The Principles of ___________ and __________ were used to determine relative ages in the previous question.
Inclusions, Cross-Cutting Relationships
_____ igneous rocks are those that cool below the surface.
Intrusive
Which of the following is a name for igneous rocks that crystalize beneath Earth's surface?
Intrusive and plutonic are both names for igneous rocks that crystallize beneath Earth's surface.
During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity?
It almost always increases.
Why is energy known as the "engine for development" in Uganda?
It enables entrepreneurship and helps meet social needs in rural areas.
Which of the following statements best describes the development of the landform indicated by placemarks A and B?
It formed as the result of the deposition and distribution of sediments along the shoreline.
What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming?
It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting.
Which answer most accurately describes the appearance and function of the landform at placemark J? It may be helpful to turn the Turquoise Lake Map overlay off and on as you explore the area.
It is an arc-shaped mound of material that blocks the outlet of the valley to the west. It appears to be a natural dam at the foot of the glacial valley that contains Turquoise Lake.
How is positive feedback affecting the arctic?
It is causing arctic temperatures to rise faster than areas of lower latitude.
What are the origin and composition of the material that composes the landform at placemark J?
It is composed of an unsorted mix of rock material weathered, eroded, and deposited by the melting glaciers that flowed out of the cirques at placemarks I.
What is the origin and composition of the material that composes the landform at placemark K?
It is composed of well-sorted, fine particles of rock material that were weathered, eroded, and deposited by glacial meltwater from glaciers above the plain.
How is Mauritius protecting its biodiversity?
It is growing and replanting seedlings of endangered trees.
What two trends are commonly seen in modern monthly CO2 concentration charts?
1) an up-and-down seasonal trend, and 2) overall increasing CO2 levels through time
The Appalachian Mountains in North America were formed by a continent-continent collision in the Paleozoic, and are an example of a(n) ________-type orogeny.
Alpine
How is energy transferred from Earth's surface to Earth's atmosphere?
-through latent heat in water vapor -through conduction -through the greenhouse effect -through convection
In the 360 field trip video, most of the forest you observed was secondary growth forest, while other parts of the rainforest were primary growth forest. Which of the following attributes are characteristic of a secondary growth forest?
-trees with thick trunks -a greater diversity of plant species
The Colorado River has carved the Grand Canyon to a depth of __________ and length of __________.
1 mile; 277 miles
Which processes created the magma ocean that used to exist on the planet Earth?
-radioactive decay -bombardment
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. The largest portion of energy in the food system is consumed by [household storage and preparation.] 2. Food processing and packaging together account for a little over 25% or [3.5] quads of the energy consumed in the food system annually. 3. Purchasing organically grown food would save energy involved with [agricultural production] as it would reduce the energy that goes into producing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 4. Consolidation in the food system means that there are fewer food processing operations, which increases energy used in [transportation] by increasing the distance between food sources and consumers. 5. Purchasing locally grown produce would reduce energy used in [transportation]. 6. Eating less meat would reduce energy used in [agricultural production]. 7. Buying frozen convenience food in bulk could increase energy used in [household storage and preparation.] 8. The U.S. food system is rather inefficient as it consumes almost [8] times as much energy in producing, processing, packaging, and transporting food than it makes available as food energy output.
Chinese rural residents have access to about _____ the energy made available to city dwellers.
1/2
Approximately how much of the world's oil and natural gas reserves are believed to be in the arctic?
1/4
The Aral Sea is now _____ of its original size.
1/4
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?
100 atoms
The gradient, or slope, of a riverbed is found by dividing the change in elevation between two points on the river in meters by the distance between the two points in kilometers. What is the gradient of the stream channel between placemarks A and B? (Answer to the nearest 10 meters per kilometer.)
100 meters per kilometer
On average, how far do agricultural products travel from farm to plate in the United States?
1400 miles
It has been estimated that confined animal feeding operations contribute to about _____ of world carbon dioxide emissions.
15%
From 400,000 to 50,000 years ago, the carbon dioxide levels fluctuated between ___________.
180 and 280 ppm
The Trade Winds are one type of prevailing wind pattern. How many other types of prevailing winds are there among earth's global wind patterns?
2
Which of the placemarks in the Stream Order folder is labeled with the most accurate stream order number?
2
How are the valleys in this area shaped?
Almost all of the valleys are U-shaped.
Which of the placemarks in the Yellowstone National Park folder is the best example of a mud pot?
A?
What main characteristics are used to distinguish the two types of mountain belts?
Age and degree of erosion
Which of the following features on Mars is/are volcanic in origin?
Alba Mons
If a rock contains ten different kinds of fossils, which of the following must be true?
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
If a sequence of sedimentary units is cut by a fault, what does the principle of cross-cutting relationships tell a geologist?
All of the sedimentary units must have been deposited and lithified before being cut by the fault.
An igneous dike cuts through limestone, but not through the overlying sandstone. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
First, the limestone was laid down, then intruded by the igneous dike, and lastly the sandstone was deposited.
Which of the following describes the principle of original horizontality?
Folded sedimentary layers were originally laid down flat and later deformed.
What is one assumption behind China's push for biogas production?
Forests should be protected.
What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships?
Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through.
What are the two most important driving forces of metamorphism?
High heat and pressure
Which cultural region in the United States borders another country?
Hispanic borderlands
What term best describes the landform marked by placemarks A and B?
Hook or spit
According to what we know about the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services, which of the following statements best describes how humans should interact with tropical rainforest?
Humans should leave primary growth forests and their residents intact, and ensure that secondary growth forests have a chance to regrow.
Which of the following statements concerning humus is NOT true?
Humus is readily leached from the B horizon in weakly acidic, soil solutions.
________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.
Igneous
Why has the size of the Aral Sea decreased?
Rivers were diverted to provide water for cotton.
In the images below, which contains a disconformity?
Rock 3 rock 2 rock 1
Which image is an example of an angular unconformity?
Rock 6
What is one obstacle to methane fuel production on rural Chinese farms?
Rural farmers are often poor.
Why are farmers in the Aral Sea region primarily having trouble growing crops?
Salt and dust from the Aral Sea ruin fertile soil.
Can you determine where each sample was from? Use what you know about relative salinity and its global variation. Label the samples accordingly and complete the two sentences with labels that correctly describe seasonal sea ice melt and seawater freezing and the relationship to salinity. Samples were collected at the locations of the circles on the map.
Seasonal Seawater freezing- INCREASED SALINITY Seasonal ice melting- DECREASED SALINITY Sample A- Just east of the Bahamas Sample B-Of the west coast of Africa near the equator Sample C- Red Sea Sample D- Baltic Sea
How are slumps and slides related?
Slumps are a type of slide in the special case where the rupture surface is curved.
Which of the following would indicate that a home is using solar power to generate electricity and is NOT using batteries?
There are solar panels on the roof and power lines going to the home.
Evaluate the ridges at placemark E in the context of what we have explored thus far. Which of the following statements best describes the nature of those ridges?
These small ridges above a plain are similar to the sea stacks present offshore.
Which of the following is true of Earth's continents?
They are relatively flat and have an average elevation that is quite close to sea level.
What is one problem with China's large-scale energy projects, like the Three Gorges Dam?
They ignore the needs of rural areas.
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding tsunamis?
They occur in the open ocean, wavelengths are many miles or kilometers and wave heights are only a few feet.
Which of the following is true when comparing the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station and Barrow, Alaska CO2 concentration curves?
They show opposite seasonal curves.
Why are countries like Russia, Canada, and the United States interested in securing legal rights to the arctic?
They want to access oil and natural gas found in the arctic.
What is the air that sinks at latitudes of 30 degrees north and south like?
This air is cool and dry.
Which of these statements describes what is shown in the image below?
This image shows a small impact crater that formed after a large impact basin was formed.
Identify the statement that is most strongly supported by the evidence seen in the landscape associated with the Past Glacial Processes placemark.
This location is a remnant of a Pleistocene Era pluvial lake, which has subsequently been reduced in size. Submit
Which of the following statements does not plausibly explain the observed changes to Sandy Point?
Wave size increased and larger volumes of sediment were delivered from farther offshore.
Name the epoch, period, era and eon in which we currently live.
We live in the Holocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period, which is part of the Cenozoic Era and Phanerozoic Eon.
________ is the process by which rocks break down in place to produce soils and sediments.
Weathering
What is the name of the current that is blanked out in Figure 1?
West Wind Drift Submit
In the climate system diagram, modeling results show that observed changes in temperature closely align with __________.
a combination of both natural and human effects