GEOL 110 Midterm 3 and 7-14
The following are some of the impacts of Oil exploration and usage: - Oil spills - Harmful materials produced during refining - Non-renewable so resources potentially limited - Production of greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 - All of the Above
- All of the Above
When will world oil production begin to decline? - Depends on the Hubbert curve. - Within the next 10 years - Within the next 20 years - Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods
- Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods
Fossil fuels are found in what rock type? a. Sedimentary. b. Metamorphic. c. Hydrothermal. d. Porphyry. e. Shale.
a. Sedimentary.
As of 2016, renewable resources made up approximately what % of all energy used in the United States? - 1% - 11% - 25% - 50%
- 11%
A common problem with renewable resources is - Higher CO2 generation compared to fossil fuels - A lack of good storage mechanisms: the generated energy must be used immediately - Local environmental pollution - Very expensive to build renewable resources power generation,
- A lack of good storage mechanisms: the generated energy must be used immediately
all of the following are necessary for petroleum for formation EXCEPT: - Very long time periods (millions of years) - High temperatures (>100˚C) - A salt, such as sodium chloride - Organic matter in the form of plankton
- A salt, such as sodium chloride
The primary environmental risks with "fracking" operations are: - Water Pollution - Groundwater contamination & depletion - Induced Earthquakes - All of the above
- All of the above
In your opinion, the recent (2019-2020) increase in the price of gold will, likely, result in ..... - Increased investment to find new gold deposits - Will make deposits that were previously subeconomical to become economical, and therefore profitable to mine - Will not be matched by increased supply because there have not been many new gold deposits found in the last 10-15 years. - All the above are likely to happen
- All the above are likely to happen
The city of Venice, Italy is sinking at at rate of 1 millimeter per year (that's 4 inches in 100 years). https://www.livescience.com/19195-venice-sinking-slowly.html Together with sea level rise due to climate change, Venice is seeing increasingly large floods. Venice was build in a lagoon at the mouth of the Po River. Why do you think Venice is likely sinking? - Because it has too many buildings and people and sinks. - Because the rising sea level is pushing the city down. - Because of sediment compaction and subsidence - Because of all the canals that are build in the city
- Because of sediment compaction and subsidence
part of Mr. King Hubbert's prediction was that: - US oil production would grow slowly at first due to low demand and primitive extraction techniques - US oil production would accelerate rapidly due to increase in demand and extraction techniques - US oil production would keep up with demand - Both A and B - Both B and C
- Both A and B
The organic matter that eventually forms oil is: - Buried slowly in the abyssal plain. - Buried slowly on the continental shelf. - Buried rapidly on the abyssal plain. - Buried rapidly on the continental shelf. - Buried rapidly at a river delta.
- Buried rapidly on the continental shelf.
The breaking of bonds to make hydrocarbon chains smaller and smaller is called: - Hydrofracturing. - Cracking. - Fracking. - Denaturing. - Hydrocracking.
- Cracking.
The number of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain found in fossil fuels: - Decreases by a factor of 2 for every 10 C degrees temperature decrease. - Increases with increasing Temperature. - Decreases with increasing Temperature. - Changes as a function of Pressure, but not Temperature. - Increases with time of burial.
- Decreases with increasing Temperature.
Planet Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon. One of the reasons for this is that Venus has very high Albedo, 0.7, meaning It reflects 70% of the sunlight that hits the planet. Earth on the other hand has an Albedo of 0.3, meaning that only 30% of the sunlight is being reflected out, and the rest is being absorbed. The Temperature on Venus is very high, in order of 400 C, compared to Earth that is around 17 C(on average). Based on the above, What do you conclude ? - Higher Albedo = Higher temperature, so this is consistent with all the class information, - Higher Albedo = Lower Temperatures, so something else other than Albedo must be responsible for the high temperature on Venus. - Venus is closer to the sun so it receives more sunlight, that's why it is warmer. The Albedo has nothing to do with it. - None of these statements is correct.
- Higher Albedo = Lower Temperatures, so something else other than Albedo must be responsible for the high temperature on Venus.
The price of a commodity is controlled by supply and demand. The recent (2020) fast increase in the price of gold is most likely due to: - Increased demand for a safe haven commodity due to economic uncertainty - Cuts in the supply chain due to market disruptions. - Lack of supply due to decrease in reserves (for examples, we past "peak Gold").
- Increasd demand for a safe haven commodity due to economic uncertainty `
the units depicted by axis A most likely: - Increase downwards - Increase upwards - Change as a function of B axis - Axis A has no numerical value - Depend on the geothermal gradient.
- Increase downwards
The recent increase in the price of gold will likely result in: - Steady supply of gold in the market - Increase in gold reserves, through Reserve Growth - Increase in the price of gold - decrease in gold reserves due to increased supply in the market
- Increase in gold reserves, through Reserve Growth
The surge of earthquakes in Oklahoma the last decade is due to..... - Oklahoma being on a plate tectonic boundary. - Increased injection of waste water from drilling back into the ground - Lots of gas wells and removal of gas from underground reservoirs - Acts of God.
- Increased injection of waste water from drilling back into the ground
over the past decade, energy reserves in the United States have been - Increasing - Decreasing - Staying about the same - We do not know, it is a closely held secret on national security.
- Increasing
Most petroleum reserves are found: - In North America, primarily Alaska - Middle East - Soviet Union - Asia
- Middle East
the composition of fracking fluid - Well documented. - Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it. - Heavily regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). - Public domain knowledge
- Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it.
the yellow area E is: - The amount of natural gas produced - The amount of oil produced - Water - The carbon to hydrogen ratio in the hydrocarbons - None of the above
- None of the above
Which of the following energy sources is NOT renewable? - Solar - Geothermal - Hydropower - Nuclear - Wind
- Nuclear
All else being the same, if Planet A has a higher albedo than Planet B .... - Planet A will have lower average temperatures - Planet B will have lower average temperatures - the temperatures on the planets will be equal - Planet A wil have more dark areas on average
- Planet A will have lower average temperatures
Fossil fuels are found in what rock type? - Sedimentary. - Metamorphic. - Hydrothermal. - Porphyry.Shale.
- Sedimentary.
natural gas deposits are found in what rock type? - Metamorphic. - Igneous - Hydrothermal. - Sedimentary.
- Sedimentary.
The original source of energy contained in fossil fuels is: - Nuclear energy. - Geothermal energy. - Accretion energy. - Solar energy. - Gravity energy.
- Solar energy.
Seismic imaging is used to locate possible petroleum reservoirs. It works by: - X-rays - Light waves - Sound waves - Air waves.
- Sound waves
what mechanism explains the thick sedimentary deposits in the Gulf of Mexico? - Subduction - Subsidence - Suspension - Suction
- Subsidence
the axis marked A on the side represents: - The amount of oil/gas produced. - Temperature or Pressure - Energy per unit mass of hydrocarbon - Carbon to Oxygen ratio - Fraction of lipids remaining.
- Temperature or Pressure
If solar radiance and Albedo are not the MAIN drivers of the planetary temperature differences (at least for planets in close proximity to each other like Earth, Venus and The Moon), then..... - It must be internal heat from the planet that warms the surface, like planet Mustafar in Star Wars (where Obi-Wan fought and defeated Anakin Skywalker, before Skywalker becomes Darth Vader). Venus has large volcanoes so its surface is warmer than Earth - The composition of the atmosphere must play a role in retaining heat on the surface through the "greenhouse effect". - It must be the way the planet orbits and wobbles around the sun. Atmosphere cannot have such a large effect on temperature - None of the above statements is correct.
- The composition of the atmosphere must play a role in retaining heat on the surface through the "greenhouse effect".
In the US, the cost of gasoline at the pump is mostly controlled by: - Seasonal variability. - The cost of refining oil to make gasoline. - The cost of oil (exploration and extraction) - Local and state taxes.
- The cost of oil (exploration and extraction)
Looking at the chart with the price of gold (right chart), in the last 30 years, when do you think there were likely more gold mines operational? - The last 10 years - Between 1990 and 2000. - It depends on the price of gold. - Between 2000 and 2010
- The last 10 years
the axis marked B at the top represents: - Temperature - The relative amount of a substance produced - Pressure - Carbon to hydrogen ratio of the hydrocarbons - Depends on the geothermal gradient.
- The relative amount of a substance produced
The country / region that is producing the highest amount of CO2 per person is.... - India - the European Union - USA - China
- USA
If Atmosphere controls the surface temperature of planetary bodies close to each other, then with Venus being so hot....... - Venus must have thin atmosphere - Venus must have thick atmosphere - Venus must have high concentration of Greenhouse gases (CO2, water) in its atmosphere - None of these are correct statements.
- Venus must have high concentration of Greenhouse gases (CO2, water) in its atmosphere
During the hydraulic fracturing process, what is used to fracture the shale formation? - Water, sand and chemicals - Water and salt. - Propants only - Horizontal drilling
- Water, sand and chemicals
fracking is needed when - a source rock has low permeability/porosity - a source rock has high permeability/porosity - a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity - a reservoir rock has high permeability/porosity
- a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity
To make a good oil reservoir, it is sufficient to have: - a source rock - a permeable rock - a migration pathway - a trap / cap rock - all of the above are needed
- all of the above are needed
"Based on surveys of Earth Scientists and reviews of peer-reviewed literature, the percentage of climate scientists who agree global warming is happening is" - approximately 25% - approximately 50% - approximately 75% - approximately 95%
- approximately 95%
petroleum reserves - are those economically recoverable - may change due to evolving technologies - have already been discovered - all of the above - none of the above
- are those economically recoverable
in order for a rock to be a good reservoir rock, from which oil can be pumped it must have - high porosity - low permeability - high permeability - both A and C
- both A and C
Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... - found in an impermeable rock - capped by an impermeable rock - siting upon an impermeable rock
- capped by an impermeable rock
Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... - found in an impermeable rock - capped by an impermeable rock. - siting upon an impermeable rock.
- capped by an impermeable rock.
Milankovitch cycles influence global temperatures by:.... - changing the amount of CO2 that is present in the atmosphere - changing how much solar input is delivered to Earth's surface - controlling how much sunlight is reflected back to space - influencing how much solar input is absourbed by the ground
- changing how much solar input is delivered to Earth's surface
"If the amount of ice on Earth's surface were to suddenly double, as a result of albedo global temepratures would:... - increase - decrease - remain the same - Depends on CO2 because CO2 controls albedo
- decrease
The basic reaction that takes place in a nuclear power plant is ________ . - supernova - explosion - fission - nuclear explosion
- fission
All of the following are drawbacks to hydroelectric power except: - downstream loss of water for agriculture, habitat - high production of CO2 - displacement of people due to flooding of land - large upfront cost
- high production of CO2
All of the following are ways to determine what temperatures were prior to the year 1700 EXCEPT: - fossils of plants and animals that lived in specific temperature conditions - tree rings - isotopes of water - human records of measured temperatures
- human records of measured temperatures
Complete the sentence: Greenhouse gases absorb radiation...... - in the wavelengths emitted by the sun - in the same wavelenghts as each other - in the wavelengths emitted by the Earth - In wavelengths depending on the color spectrum
- in the wavelengths emitted by the Earth
"Based on the NASA Institute for Space Studies Climate model, observed temperature increases are best represented when it includes the influences of " - orbital changes - solar changes - anthropogenic aerosols - increases in greenhouse gases
- increases in greenhouse gases
geothermal energy - is most effective at very localized hot spots - produces higher CO2 levels than coal or natural gas - is very expensive compared to other energy sources - is not a renewable resource
- is most effective at very localized hot spots
Most of the CO2 that humans put into the atmosphere.... - stays in the atmosphere - is pumped underground for long term storage - is taken up by land plants and the ocean - is due to land use changes
- is taken up by land plants and the ocean
"Compared to the Gen X generation, the following generation is more likely to think that global warming is personally important" - silent generation - boomer generation - millenial generation
- millenial generation
Complete the sentence: The time scales for oil formation are - relatively short at high Temperatures - relatively long at high Temperature - much longer than needed to cover demand - not a function of temperature
- much longer than needed to cover demand
Name one approach for assessing what percentage of the scientific community agrees that global warming is happening - official position of worldwide scientific organizations - television debates between two scientists holding different opinions - reading online opnion statements
- official position of worldwide scientific organizations
Biomass used as a renewable energy source works by: - organic matter being decomposed into methane or biogas - burning biomass to heat water and create steam to turn a turbine - purifying liquid organic waste through specialized filters - all of the above methods can be used
- organic matter being decomposed into methane or biogas
Which of the following is NOT a factor in determing Milankovitc cycles? - precession (wobble) of the Earth's axis. - eccentricity of the Earth's orbit - position of the continents - tilt of the Earth's axis
- position of the continents
What has been the main cause of reserve growth for oil and gas produced in the US? - consistently high oil prices - the advent of new extraction technologies - the dominance of imported oil - all of these
- the advent of new extraction technologies
The chemicals oil is made out of, are derived from . . . - the bodies of dead plankton and algae - accumulations of woody plants and mosses. - the bodies of land animals (mainly dinosaurs). - accumulations of shells.
- the bodies of dead plankton and algae
Most climate scientists agree that golobal warming is occuring and caused by humans - true - false
- true
Renewable resources have nearly inexhaustible supply of energy, but are limited by the amount of energy that can be generated at a given moment. - TRUE - FALSE
- true
The greenhouse gas that makes the largest contribution to global warming is.... - water vapor - carbon dioxide - methane - Sulfur dioxide
- water vapor
The units depicted by axis A most likely....: a. Increase downwards b. Increase upwards c. Change as a function of B axis d. Axis A has no numerical value e. Depend on the geothermal gradient.
a. Increase downwards
During the hydraulic fracturing process, what is used to fracture the shale formation? a. Water, sand and chemicals b. Water only c. Propants only d. Horizontal drilling
a. Water, sand and chemicals
The breaking of bonds to make hydrocarbon chains smaller and smaller is called: a. Hydrofracturing. b. Cracking. c. Fracking. d. Denaturing. e. Kraken
b. Cracking.
The composition of fracking fluids is...... a. Well documented. b. Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it. c. Heavily regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). d. Public domain knowledge
b. Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it.
What mechanism explains the deep sedimentary basin in the Gulf of Mexico? a. Subduction b. Subsidence c. Suspension d. Suction
b. Subsidence
The axis marked A on the graph likely represents: a. The amount of oil/gas produced. b. Temperature or Pressure c. Energy per unit mass of hydrocarbon d. Carbon to Oxygen ratio e. Fraction of lipids remaining.
b. Temperature or Pressure
the horizontal axis marked as B on the graph represents? a. Temperature b. The relative amount of a petroleum substance produced c. Pressure d. Carbon to hydrogen ratio of the hydrocarbons e. The local geothermal gradient.
b. The relative amount of a petroleum substance produced
Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... a. found in an impermeable rock b. capped by an impermeable rock. c. siting upon an impermeable rock.
b. capped by an impermeable rock.
The number of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain found in fossil fuels: a. Decreases by a factor of 2 for every 10 degree temperature decrease. b. Increases with increasing Temperature. c. Decreases with increasing Temperature. d. Changes as a function of Pressure, but not Temperature. e. Increases with time of burial.
c. Decreases with increasing Temperature.
The organic matter that eventually forms oil is: a. Buried slowly in the abyssal plain. b. Buried slowly on the continental shelf. c. Buried rapidly on the abyssal plain. d. Buried rapidly on the continental shelf. e. Buried rapidly at a river delta.
d. Buried rapidly on the continental shelf.
When will world oil production begin to decline? a. Depends on the Hubbert curve. b. Within the next 10 years c. Within the next 20 years d. Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods
d. Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods
The original source of energy contained in fossil fuels is: a. Nuclear energy. b. Geothermal energy. c. Accretion energy. d. Solar energy. e. Gravity energy.
d. Solar energy.
The area labeled as "E" represents: a. The amount of natural gas produced b. The amount of oil produced c. Water d. The carbon to hydrogen ratio in the hydrocarbons e. None of the above
e. None of the above
The Moon has a much lower albedo, 0.12, than the Earth, 0.3. The moon rotates around the earth so on average it has the same distance from the sun as earth, so it receives the same amount of sunlight as the earth. The temperature on the Moon is far colder than the temperature of the Earth. Which statement below best describes how the surface temperature of the planet is being controlled? - Lower Albedo = Higher Temperature, so something other than albedo must control the temperature of the Moon. -Since the incoming radiation from the sun is the same for Earth and the Moon, and the Moon has lower albedo, the Moon should be warmer than Earth, but it is not. So something else other than distance and albedo must control the temperature of the Moon, and Earth. - The Earth has a lot of volcanoes that warm the planet relative to the Moon. - None of these statements is correct.
-Since the incoming radiation from the sun is the same for Earth and the Moon, and the Moon has lower albedo, the Moon should be warmer than Earth, but it is not. So something else other than distance and albedo must control the temperature of the Moon, and Earth.
Over the past decade, energy reserves in the United States have been A. Increasing B. Decreasing C. Staying about the same D. We do not know, it is a closely held secret on national security.
A. Increasing
The chemicals that make up oil are derived from . . . A. the bodies of dead plankton and algae B. accumulations of woody plants and mosses. C. the bodies of land animals (mainly dinosaurs). D. accumulations of shells.
A. the bodies of dead plankton and algae
The surge of earthquakes in Oklahoma the last decade is due to: A. Oklahoma being on a plate tectonic boundary. B. Increased injection waste water from drilling back into the ground C. Lots of gas wells and removal of gas from underground reservoir D. Extensive fracking for the production of natural gas.
B. Increased injection waste water from drilling back into the ground
Most petroleum reserves are found: A. In North America, primarily Alaska B. Middle East C. Russian Federation D. Asia
B. Middle East
Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... A. found in an impermeable rock B. capped by an impermeable rock C. siting upon an impermeable rock
B. capped by an impermeable rock
What has been the main cause of reserve growth for oil and gas produced in the US? A. consistently high oil prices B. the advent of new extraction technologies C. the dominance of imported oil D. all of these
B. the advent of new extraction technologies
All of the following are necessary for petroleum formation EXCEPT: A. Very long time periods (millions of years) B. High temperatures (>100o C) C. A salt, such as sodium chloride D. Organic matter in the form of plankton
C. A salt, such as sodium chloride
Seismic imaging is used to locate possible petroleum reservoirs. It works by: A. X-rays B. Light waves C. Sound waves D. Making sensitive readings with laser guns
C. Sound waves
In the US, the cost of gasoline at the pump is mostly controlled by: A. Seasonal variability. B. The cost of refining. C. The cost of oil (exploration and extraction) D. Local and state taxes.
C. The cost of oil (exploration and extraction)
Fracking is needed when: A. a source rock has low permeability/porosity B. a source rock has high permeability/porosity C. a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity D. a reservoir rock has high permeability/porosity
C. a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity
Complete the sentence: The time scales for oil formation are...... A. relatively short at high Temperatures B. relatively long at high Temperature C. much longer than needed to cover demand D. not a function of temperature
C. much longer than needed to cover demand
The graph below compares global surface temperature changes (red line) and the Sun's energy received by the Earth (yellow line) in watts (units of energy) per square meter since 1880. The lighter/thinner lines show the yearly levels while the heavier/thicker lines show the 11-year average trends. Eleven-year averages are used to reduce the year-to-year natural noise in the data, making the underlying trends more obvious. The amount of solar energy received by the Earth has followed the Sun's natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs. Based on this figure and focusing at the recent temperature increase on the surface of earth from 1950 to 2020 select the answer that best explains this figure. A: The recent Temperature increase on Earth is driven by increase in solar radiance. B: Solar radiance has increased over time together with surface temperature C: Changes in solar radiation do not result in the recent observed Temperature increase on Earth; D: Solar radiance keep decreasing since 1880
C: Changes in solar radiation do not result in the recent observed Temperature increase on Earth;
You have two natural gas deposits: The Rattle, and the Snake. Both are found in sandstone. The Rattle deposit has also water with it. The Snake deposit does not. Which of the following statements is likely true: (you can consult the image from the class notes below, it may or may not be useful). A: The Rattle deposit is a tight gas B: The Snake deposit is a shale C: The Snake deposit is a tight gas D: the Rattle deposit is a shale gas
C: The Snake deposit is a tight gas
The primary environmental risks with "fracking" operations are: A. Water Pollution B. Groundwater contamination & depletion C. Induced Earthquakes D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Part of Mr. King Hubbert's prediction was that: A. US oil production would grow slowly at first due to low demand and primitive extraction techniques B. US oil production would accelerate rapidly due to increase in demand and extraction techniques C. US oil production would keep up with demand D. Both A and B E. Both B and C
D. Both A and B
Gas deposites are typically found in what kind of rock type? A. Metamorphic. B. Igneous C. Hydrothermal. D. Sedimentary.
D. Sedimentary.
Petroleum reserves ...... A. are economically recoverable B. may change due to evolving technologies C. have already been discovered D. all of the above E. none of the above
D. all of the above
In order for a rock to be a good reservoir rock from where oil can be pumped, it must have . . . A. high porosity B. low permeability C. high permeability D. both A and C
D. both A and C
The following are some of the impacts of Oil exploration: A. Oil spills B. Harmful materials produced during refining C. Oil is Non-renewable, so resources are potentially limited D. Production of greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 E. All of the Above
E. All of the Above
To make a good oil reservoir, it is sufficient to have: A. a source rock B. a reservoir rock C. a migration pathway D. a trap / cap rock E. all of the above are needed
E. all of the above are needed
This figure shows the combined impact of "natural" sources (changes in orbit, changes in solar radiance, emissions from volcanoes) on the planet's temperature, as well as that of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4). Based on the data shown in this figure and the information from the lecture, which of the following is likely correct: A: If there were no anthropogenic emissions, the temperature on the planet would most likely have stayed constant. B: The effect of volcanic emissions is to cool the planet in the short term. C: Increase in Surface Temperature best correlates with Greenhouse emissions. D: In the last 125 years the effect of orbital forcing on the surface temperature is negligible E: All of the above are correct F: Not all of the above can be correct at the same time
E: All of the above are correct
Suppose you are in Grady county, Oklahoma, and you have two natural gas deposits: The Spur, and the Horseshoe. The Spur deposit has a permeability of 100 mD (millidarcy). The Horseshoe deposit has a permeability of 0.01 mD (millidarcy). Which of the following statements is likely true? (you can consult the image from the class notes below, it may or may not be useful). A: The Spur deposit is likely a tight gas deposit B: The Horseshoe deposit is likely a tight gas deposit C: The Spur deposit likely requires fracking to extract gas D: The Horseshoe deposit likely requires fracking to extract gas E: Both A and C are correct F. B and D are correct
F. B and D are correct
Oil deposits form in deep sedimentary basins, where several kilometers of sediments are deposited. Given the following definitions of processes, which process do you think is responsible for the formation of such deep sedimentary basins? Subsidence: The gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land. Subduction: The sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate. Suspension: The state of being dispersed in a fluid. Suction: The production of a partial vacuum by the removal of air in order to force fluid into a vacant space or procure adhesion. - Subsidence - Subduction - Suspension - Suction
Subsidence
