Geology 100 Ch 15 and 16

Fossil fuels are those which derive their energy from _____.

Fossil photosynthesis

In contrast to Gould's Punctuate Equilibrium evolutionary theory, Darwin's original concept of continuous evolutionary changes is called _____.

Gradualism

The concept of a "species" is a population of genetically related individuals that can _____.

Interbreed

Which of the following is a waxy substance found in shale, which could be a source of hydrocarbons?

Kerogen

The most probable cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) mass extinction resulting in the effects as shown, was ___________________

Meteorite impact

Pure copper ore (and all pure element ores) is referred to as _____ copper.

Native

In the nuclear chain reaction of Uranium-235, illustrated below, each nucleus releases two _____.

Neutrons

Which of the following alternatives to fossil fuels is NOT a renewable resource?

Nuclear

The following forms of energy are in common use EXCEPT ______, which is so far undeveloped.

Ocean wave power

Placer mineral deposits, such as shown in the figure below, CANNOT be found in one of the following sites:

On mountain tops

Which of the following is NOT a mode of fossilization?

Optimization

Which of the following gases were NOT likely contained in Earth's primary atmosphere?

Oxygen

Which of the following is NOT one of the three Domains of Life recognized by biologists?

Paramecium

The first oil well, shown in the photograph, was drilled in _____.

Pennsylvania

Molecular oxygen in the atmosphere originated mostly from plants, as shown below, as a by-product of _____.

Photosynthesis

Coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian, Illinois and Western Interior coal basins, as shown on the map below, include up to 60 layers of coal, which miners term _____.

seams

In order for mammalian life to succeed, oxygen levels as shown in the graph of at least ______ percent are required.

10

The fissioning of one gram of nuclear fuel produces heat equivalent to _____ grams of oil.

2 million

The most ancient fossils are found in sediments that are _____ _ billion years old:

3.5

After the Neandertals disappeared, the oldest group of Homo sapiens appeared in Europe approximately _____ years ago.

30,000

The largest tar sand deposits with rock such as shown in the photograph, are in _____.

Alberta

The 29 carbon-based compounds that are the essential building blocks of all life are _____.

Amino acides

The first terrestrial vertebrates, which never became completely free from water habitat, were _____.

Amphibians

The oldest hominids that were definitely bipedal were in the genus _____.

Australopithecus

__________ is NOT a category of Earth's resources.

Capital resources

Ninety percent of the silver produced in the United States is produced as a byproduct of _____ mining.

Copper

Fossilized feces are termed _____.

Coprolites

The first fish venturing onto land belonged to the group called _____.

Crossopterygii

Which of the following is NOT a way in which organisms obtain energy _____.

Cryogenesis

Stromatolites, as seen in cross section below, are formed by _____.

Cyanobacterial calcite

Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

Enriched uranium

Which of the following is NOT a credible hypothesis for the rapid diversification of Cambrian life?

First toothed sharks

The basic difference between gymnosperm and angiosperm plants (as shown below), is the development of _____ in the latter.

Flowers

The original source of petroleum is ocean _____.

Phytoplankton

Which of the following is a category of mineral deposit that produces gold from gravel?

Placer deposits

Rudimentary, single-celled life forms without organized nuclei are _____.

Prokaryotes

Which of the following is NOT a critical need for life on land?

Protective camouflage

The most successful early flying vertebrates were winged reptiles called _____.

Pterosaurs

Geothermal energy is produced in the Earth by _____.

Radioactive decay

The "Cambrian Explosion" refers to _____.

Rapid diversification of animal groups

DNA is critical to life as a mechanism of _____.

Replication

The mammals evolved most directly from the _____ vertebrate group.

Reptiles

Fossil fuels are trapped in ____ rock.

Sedimentary

Salt deposits are part of the _____ category of mineral deposits?

Sedimentary evaporite

A(n) _____ is NOT one of the geological oil or gas traps shown in the following figure.

Slate trap

The Burgess Shale in British Columbia is famous for containing _____.

Soft-bodied fossils

_____, _____, and _____ are the geological components necessary to have a petroleum resource.

Source rock, reservoir rock, cap rock

_____ is (are) an example(s) of "unconventional oil."

Tar sands and oil shales

The characteristic animals of the Cambrian Period, as shown below, which left some of the oldest skeletal fossils, were _____.

Trilobites

_____ is NOT an important non-metal mineral resource.

Tungsten

Which of the following products is NOT derived from petroleum?

Turpentine

The Earth's secondary atmosphere most likely developed from _____.

Volcanic gases

The major unsolved problem in using nuclear fission is:

Waste disposal

_____ is an indirect means of harnessing current solar energy.

Wind power

_____ grade coal is one step higher in rank than bituminous coal.

anthracite

Eukaryotes are recognizable because they all have _____, _____, and ____.

nuclei, organelles, DNA

In general most living resources are _____.

renewable

All of the following are nonrenewable resources derived from minerals except _____.

soil

The civilization on Easter Island was apparently decimated by the man-made loss of _____.

trees