Geology 100 Ch 15 and 16
Fossil fuels are those which derive their energy from _____.
Fossil photosynthesis
In contrast to Gould's Punctuate Equilibrium evolutionary theory, Darwin's original concept of continuous evolutionary changes is called _____.
Gradualism
The concept of a "species" is a population of genetically related individuals that can _____.
Interbreed
Which of the following is a waxy substance found in shale, which could be a source of hydrocarbons?
Kerogen
The most probable cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) mass extinction resulting in the effects as shown, was ___________________
Meteorite impact
Pure copper ore (and all pure element ores) is referred to as _____ copper.
Native
In the nuclear chain reaction of Uranium-235, illustrated below, each nucleus releases two _____.
Neutrons
Which of the following alternatives to fossil fuels is NOT a renewable resource?
Nuclear
The following forms of energy are in common use EXCEPT ______, which is so far undeveloped.
Ocean wave power
Placer mineral deposits, such as shown in the figure below, CANNOT be found in one of the following sites:
On mountain tops
Which of the following is NOT a mode of fossilization?
Optimization
Which of the following gases were NOT likely contained in Earth's primary atmosphere?
Oxygen
Which of the following is NOT one of the three Domains of Life recognized by biologists?
Paramecium
The first oil well, shown in the photograph, was drilled in _____.
Pennsylvania
Molecular oxygen in the atmosphere originated mostly from plants, as shown below, as a by-product of _____.
Photosynthesis
Coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian, Illinois and Western Interior coal basins, as shown on the map below, include up to 60 layers of coal, which miners term _____.
seams
In order for mammalian life to succeed, oxygen levels as shown in the graph of at least ______ percent are required.
10
The fissioning of one gram of nuclear fuel produces heat equivalent to _____ grams of oil.
2 million
The most ancient fossils are found in sediments that are _____ _ billion years old:
3.5
After the Neandertals disappeared, the oldest group of Homo sapiens appeared in Europe approximately _____ years ago.
30,000
The largest tar sand deposits with rock such as shown in the photograph, are in _____.
Alberta
The 29 carbon-based compounds that are the essential building blocks of all life are _____.
Amino acides
The first terrestrial vertebrates, which never became completely free from water habitat, were _____.
Amphibians
The oldest hominids that were definitely bipedal were in the genus _____.
Australopithecus
__________ is NOT a category of Earth's resources.
Capital resources
Ninety percent of the silver produced in the United States is produced as a byproduct of _____ mining.
Copper
Fossilized feces are termed _____.
Coprolites
The first fish venturing onto land belonged to the group called _____.
Crossopterygii
Which of the following is NOT a way in which organisms obtain energy _____.
Cryogenesis
Stromatolites, as seen in cross section below, are formed by _____.
Cyanobacterial calcite
Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?
Enriched uranium
Which of the following is NOT a credible hypothesis for the rapid diversification of Cambrian life?
First toothed sharks
The basic difference between gymnosperm and angiosperm plants (as shown below), is the development of _____ in the latter.
Flowers
The original source of petroleum is ocean _____.
Phytoplankton
Which of the following is a category of mineral deposit that produces gold from gravel?
Placer deposits
Rudimentary, single-celled life forms without organized nuclei are _____.
Prokaryotes
Which of the following is NOT a critical need for life on land?
Protective camouflage
The most successful early flying vertebrates were winged reptiles called _____.
Pterosaurs
Geothermal energy is produced in the Earth by _____.
Radioactive decay
The "Cambrian Explosion" refers to _____.
Rapid diversification of animal groups
DNA is critical to life as a mechanism of _____.
Replication
The mammals evolved most directly from the _____ vertebrate group.
Reptiles
Fossil fuels are trapped in ____ rock.
Sedimentary
Salt deposits are part of the _____ category of mineral deposits?
Sedimentary evaporite
A(n) _____ is NOT one of the geological oil or gas traps shown in the following figure.
Slate trap
The Burgess Shale in British Columbia is famous for containing _____.
Soft-bodied fossils
_____, _____, and _____ are the geological components necessary to have a petroleum resource.
Source rock, reservoir rock, cap rock
_____ is (are) an example(s) of "unconventional oil."
Tar sands and oil shales
The characteristic animals of the Cambrian Period, as shown below, which left some of the oldest skeletal fossils, were _____.
Trilobites
_____ is NOT an important non-metal mineral resource.
Tungsten
Which of the following products is NOT derived from petroleum?
Turpentine
The Earth's secondary atmosphere most likely developed from _____.
Volcanic gases
The major unsolved problem in using nuclear fission is:
Waste disposal
_____ is an indirect means of harnessing current solar energy.
Wind power
_____ grade coal is one step higher in rank than bituminous coal.
anthracite
Eukaryotes are recognizable because they all have _____, _____, and ____.
nuclei, organelles, DNA
In general most living resources are _____.
renewable
All of the following are nonrenewable resources derived from minerals except _____.
soil
The civilization on Easter Island was apparently decimated by the man-made loss of _____.
trees